Levels Of Tannins Research Articles

Comparative Analyses of Biologically Active Substances and Antioxidant Activity in Fresh and Stored Fruits of Apple Varieties from the Republic of Tajikistan

Our purpose was to carry out a comparative phytochemical analysis of fruits (both fresh and stored for 1 month) of two local apple varieties of the Republic of Tajikistan. Assays were carried out to quantify total phenolic compounds, flavonols, catechins, tannins, phenolcarboxylic acids, pectins, and protopectins by UV spectrometry and ascorbic acid by titration. The profile and levels of phenolic compounds were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antiradical activity was quantitated by means of free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). In fresh fruits, total levels of tannins (19 mg/g) and phenolcarboxylic acids (15 mg/g) (including chlorogenic acid: 451 μg/g) and of a flavonol (quercetin: 26 μg/g) and two catechins [epigallocatechin (173 μg/g) and L-epicatechin (50 µg/g)] were shown to be higher in the Surkhseb apple variety than in the Kosimsarkori variety. The antioxidant activity of water–ethanol extracts from Surkhseb apples (20 mg/mL) was also higher in comparison with Kosimsarkori apples. In the latter, concentrations of other detected biologically active substances, such as flavonols (0.78 mg/g), ascorbic acid (65 mg/100 g), and pectins (37 mg/g), were found to be higher, suggesting that the fruits of this apple variety have biological effects other than antioxidant, potentially anti-inflammatory, or antidiabetic. Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Kosimsarkori fruits may identify these other potential biological effects that may be useful in the prevention of disease. Fruits of the analyzed apple varieties should preferably be consumed fresh because after the apples were stored in the refrigerator for 1 month, indicators of antioxidant activity (22 mg/g in Surkhseb apples) and levels of almost all biologically active substances (tota) levels of tannins (14 mg/g), phenolcarboxylic acids (9 mg/g) (including chlorogenic acid: 250 μg/g) and catechin L-epicatechin (30 µg/g) in Surkhseb apples decreased. This study highlights the importance of conserving local, unique varieties of major worldwide crop plants because they may unearth novel combinations of compounds beneficial to humanity.

Biophysical and biochemical parameters of Sorghum associated to shoot fly resistance

The sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Muscidae: Diptera), represents a significant biotic constraint to sorghum production, leading to considerable yield losses globally. This study aimed to systematically classify sorghum genotypes based on their resistance to A. soccata infestation. A total of 188 genotypes were subjected to rigorous evaluation employing standardized screening methodologies. The analysis revealed substantial variability in resistance levels across the genotypes. Based on damage assessments in field trials, 14 genotypes were selected for further investigation under controlled pot culture conditions. Comprehensive biochemical analyses were conducted on each genotype under both uninfested and infested scenarios. Among the evaluated genotypes, IS 10588 and IS 8380 exhibited high levels of resistance, IS 12787 demonstrated moderate resistance, while TNFS 230 was classified as moderately resistant to A. soccata infestation. Critical morphological and biochemical traits associated with resistance were identified, including trichome density, leaf glossiness, and enzyme activity levels of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), tannins, and phenolic compounds. The study concludes that these morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics contribute significantly to the resistance mechanisms in sorghum against A. soccata. Thus, these identified genotypes may serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at enhancing resistance to A. soccata in sorghum.

Evaluation of Dermal Wound Healing Potential: Phytochemical Characterization, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut. Latex.

This study investigates the wound-healing potential of Euphorbia guyoniana latex (EGL) in male Wistar rats, along with its biochemical composition and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis identified moderate levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, with HPLC revealing five phenolic compounds. EGL demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in DPPH assays, surpassing ascorbic acid in protecting red blood cells. Its performance in the ß-carotene-linoleic acid assay was robust, though its FRAP assay results were weaker. EGL also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, comparable to Acetylsalicylic acid, and showed antibacterial effects against Listeria innocua. In Vivo, EGL-infused ointments accelerated wound healing, reducing epithelialization periods to 12-16 days, with a higher wound contraction rate compared to controls. The study concludes that EGL, rich in bioactive compounds, holds potential as a promising natural agent for wound healing, owing to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

The Impact of Supplemental UV-B Radiation on Growth and Biochemical Constituents in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp and Pisum sativum L.

This study investigates the impact of UV-B radiation on plant growth and biochemical constituents in Vigna unguiculata and Pisum sativum plants grown from non-irradiated and UV-B-irradiated seeds. The results show that plants grown from UV-B-irradiated seeds for 30, 60, and 90minutes experienced significant reductions in plant height, root length, and shoot length compared to non-irradiated seeds. Additionally, plants with UV-B-irradiated seeds had less fresh and dry weight. The decline was particularly pronounced in plants exposed to UV-B radiation for 90minutes. Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll (a+b) dropped significantly in plants grown from seeds exposed to UV-B radiation for 30, 60, and 90minutes. The reduction was particularly significant in plants exposed to UV-B radiation for 90minutes. Moreover, plants with higher levels of total free phenolics and tannins had higher contents compared to non-irradiated seeds. The level of total free phenols is higher in irradiated seeds of P. sativum than V. unguiculata. The plants exposed to UV-B radiation for 90minutes showed a noticeable increase.

Effect of Drying Methods and Harvest Age on the Quality of Sliced Tiwai Onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) as A Potential Functional Food

Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) is renowned for therapeutic properties due to the bioactive constituents, including polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize water content, ash, fat, protein, polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, and antioxidant capacity, as well as to observe the functional groups and morphology of dried tiwai powder. The methodology comprised 2 factors, namely harvest age and drying methods. The results showed significant effects of harvest age and drying methods on water, fat, total phenol, total flavonoid, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity, while ash, protein, and tannin content were not significantly affected. In Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, changes in functional groups were observed, although not significant in wave numbers range of 1,800 - 1,350 and 1,200 - 950 cm−1. Specifically, an increase was observed in signals from C-C, C-O, and C-O-C vibrations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at 1000x magnification showed that air drying at 5 months of harvest age produced dense granules, while electric oven and microwave drying of older harvests led to a flatter structure and crumbly texture. HIGHLIGHTS Tiwai Onion's Medicinal Properties: Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) is traditionally used in Indonesia for its medicinal properties, including high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its antioxidant potential, protecting cells from free radicals and supporting overall health. Impact of Drying Methods: The study compares three drying methods-air, electric oven, and microwave-on the water content and bioactive compounds in tiwai. Microwave drying is shown to preserve bioactive compounds like phenols and flavonoids better, while air drying is more suited for heat-sensitive products. Chemical Content Variability: The drying method and harvest age significantly affect the chemical composition of tiwai, including water, fat, protein, and phenolic content. Microwave drying at 5 and 7 months resulted in the highest total phenol content, while air drying retained the most flavonoids at 9 months. Antioxidant Capacity: Despite the different drying methods, no significant variation was observed in the antioxidant capacity of tiwai at different harvest ages. However, microwave drying shows promising results in preserving the active compounds and antioxidant properties. Microstructural Effects: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that air drying leads to denser, irregular granules with lower solubility, while microwave drying creates more brittle, compact structures, improving solubility and rehydration capacity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Crop Biofortification of Finger Millet Through Agronomic Approaches to Enhance Bioactive Compounds for Human Health and Nutrition

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) is a gluten-free cereal crop widely grown in Africa and Asia, recognized for its rich bioactive compounds and health benefits. It contains high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins with potent antioxidant properties, which help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage. These compounds also have anti-inflammatory effects, potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, finger millet is a valuable source of essential minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium, crucial for bone health, cognitive function, and body immune. Its high dietary fiber content aids gastrointestinal health, regulates blood sugar and reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity and heart disease. Finger millet is particularly high in essential amino acids, making it an excellent protein choice for vegetarians. Agronomic biofortification, which involves adding zinc, calcium, and iron to the soil and leaves of plants can increase the mineral content of the grain. This review investigates different approaches of agronomic biofortification of finger millet and explore the health and nutritional benefits of bioactive components with a focus on their role as a functional diet in the prevention and management of chronic diseases.

Influence of microwave processing on nutritional, anti-nutritional, antioxidant and sensory characteristics of kachnar powder and supplemented flatbreads

This study examines the impact of microwave processing on Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata) powder and its application in flatbreads. Microwave treatment reduced anti-nutrient levels of alkaloids, phytates, tannins, and saponins by 83–90 %, enhancing safety. Incorporation of microwaved kachnar powder (MwKP) into flatbreads at 2.5–10 % replacement levels improved nutritional profiles, with increases in ash (0.4–0.9 g/100 g), dietary fiber (2–3 g/100 g), protein (8–9 g/100 g), and minerals such as Fe (3–4 mg/100 g), Zn (3.2–3.9 mg/100 g), Na (3–10 mg/100 g), K (378–388 mg/100 g), Ca (30–45 mg/100 g), and Mg (125–145 mg/100 g). Antioxidant activity also increased significantly (p < 0.05) as measured by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Sensory evaluation showed a decline in acceptability for MwKP levels ≥7.5 %, though 5 % supplementation was well-received. The findings suggest that microwave processing is an effective method for reducing anti-nutrient content in Kachnar while improving its nutritional and antioxidant properties, making it a viable ingredient for enhancing baked goods.

New Technology of Rumen-Protected Bypass Lysine Encapsulated in Lipid Matrix of Beeswax and Carnauba Wax and Natural Tannin Blended for Ruminant Diets

Tannins are compounds present in forage plants that, in small quantities in the diet of ruminants, produce protein complexes that promote passage through the rumen and use in the intestine. This study tested the hypothesis that beeswax (BW) and carnauba wax (CW) lipid matrices are effective encapsulants for creating bypass lysine (Lys) for ruminants, with tannin extracted from the Mimosa tenuiflora hay source enhancing material protection. Microencapsulated systems were made using the fusion–emulsification technique with a 2:1 shell-to-core ratio and four tannin levels (0%, 1%, 2%; 3%). The following eight treatments were tested: BWLys0%, BWLys1%, BWLys2%, BWLys3%, CWLys0%, CWLys1%, CWLys2%, and CWLys3%. Tannin inclusion improved microencapsulation yield and efficiency. CWLys3% had the highest microencapsulation efficiency and retained Lys. Lysine in BW and CW matrices showed higher thermal stability than in its free form. Material retention was greater in BW than CW. Rumen pH and temperature remained unaffected, indicating that BW and CW as the shell and tannin as the adjuvant are efficient encapsulants for Lys bypass production. The formulation CWLys3% is recommended as it is more efficient in protecting the lysin amino acid from rumen degradation.

Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Banana Bract Lehya

Banana Bract Lehya, a traditional Ayurvedic formulation, has gained recognition for its potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate the physicochemical properties and biological activities of Banana Bract Lehya. The lehya was prepared using banana bract powder (Musa paradisiaca), jaggery, tamarind, and a blend of spices including cumin, ajwain, ginger, fennel, and black pepper. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, with high concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and moderate levels of tannins and terpenoids. Physicochemical analysis showed a pH of 6.20, loss on drying of 70%, total ash content of 3.2%, and total solid content of 96%. Organoleptic evaluation indicated a light brown and black color, pungent and spicy taste, and jelly-like texture. The total phenolic content was 78.5 ± 3.2 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 42.3 ± 2.1 mg QE/g. Antioxidant activity, assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, showed an IC50 value of 127.6 ± 5.4 μg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid's 23.8 ± 1.2 μg/mL. Glucose adsorption capacity increased with rising glucose concentration, suggesting potential anti-diabetic effects. The lehya exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 156.3 ± 7.2 μg/mL and 143.7 ± 6.5 μg/mL, respectively, compared to acarbose's 83.2 ± 3.8 μg/mL and 95.6 ± 4.1 μg/mL. These findings provide valuable insights into the composition, physicochemical properties, and potential health benefits of Banana Bract Lehya.

Physical and biochemical characteristics of tropical grass and legume pastures grazed by lambs

AbstractLarge areas of tropical grass pastures are not grazed by lambs because of the difficulties in managing high growth rate swards with high selective animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and biochemical characteristics of tropical pastures offered to lambs in continuous grazing. An upright grass and a shrub legume were set out in three pasture types and grazed by lambs: (1) aruana grass monoculture (AG—Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. IZ‐5), (2) pigeon pea monoculture (PP—Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp. cv. Anão) and (3) contiguous swards (CS), half of the paddock with AG (CSAG) and half with PP (CSPP). The pastures were evaluated for structural characteristics, production, nutritional composition and antioxidant concentrations in four periods over 92 days of continuous grazing by lambs. Hand plucking samples, similar to animal diet, were collected for chemical analysis. Regarding height, the PP legume monoculture after 42 days of grazing had uncontrollable growth by the lambs, reaching 1.2 m in height. This same legume but as a CS beside AG (CSPP) was maintained at a lower and similar height throughout the experimental periods. In general, the leaf:stem ratio of the different pastures decreased over the experimental periods from 0.7 to 0.2. In most periods, the CS showed intermediary nutritional quality compared to AG and PP. The alpha‐tocopherol content was similar among swards, with an average of 137.2 ± 13.67 mg/kg of green matter (p &gt; .05). Pigeon pea showed the highest levels of total tannin and condensed tannin at 63 and 92 days (p &lt; .05). The use of tropical grass together with a legume provides a better physical structure of the pigeon pea for grazing lambs than when monoculture of this species.

Phytochemicals and Toxicity of the Extract from Cosmos caudatus Leaves

The efficacy of traditional medicines is related to the complexity of the chemical properties of the drugs. Cosmos caudatus Kunth is a traditional medicinal plant with therapeutic properties. This study aimed to determine the chemical compounds contained in C. caudatus Kunth leaves and their toxicity. Toxicity tests were conducted on 24 male mice (Mus musculus) divided into one control group consisting of aguadest and five treatment groups consisting of C. caudatus Kunth ethanol extract at doses of 125mg/kg bw, 250mg/kg bw, 500mg/kg bw, 1g/kg bw, and 2g/kg bw. Phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins. The highest levels of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids were found in the ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves fractionated with aqua, while the highest level of saponins was found in the aqua fractionation extract. The highest test dose of 2g/kg bw did not cause poisoning or death in mice. There were no significant differences in liver weight (p=0.14), kidney weight (p=0.44), or creatinine (p=0.21) between the control and treatment groups. Histopathological examination of the liver showed severe hydropic degeneration that was not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. Renal histopathology showed significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves contains alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids and saponins. A dose of 2 g/kg bw of ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves was not toxic to mice, but most of the mice's livers experienced severe damage.

Diversity Of Physical Grain Quality Traits In Tropical Sorghum Genotypes

The current study envisioned to assess the physical traits of sorghum grain for selected sorghum genotypes. Seed for the genotypes was sourced from the Lupane State University Gene Bank and grown during the 2022/23 agricultural season at Lupane State University Farm experimental plots. At maturity, laboratory tests on kernel/grain hardness, 100 kernel weight, bulk density, kernel diameter, colour and determination of presence of tannins through qualitative tests were done for all the 24 sorghum genotypes. Results from analysis of variance demonstrated highly significant differences (P&lt;0.001) on kernel weight, kernel diameter, kernel hardness and grain hardness showing a great diversity of physical traits among all the 22 genotypes and 2 commercial varieties of sorghum. Mean 100 kernel weight was 2.59g, kernel diameter was 3.49mm, bulk density was 1.23g/cm3 and kernel hardness was 28.9%. Visual assessment was done on grain colour and seed was classified under red, cream, white and brown sorghums, and mixed colours. A chi-square test found a significant relationship between grain colour and presence of tannins. Genotypes NPGRC3124, IS9405 showed moderate levels of tannins while IS13996, IS29925, NPGRC1699, NPGRC1156 and NPGRC1478 had high levels. A highly significant strong positive correlation was shown for sorghum genotype between kernel diameter and kernel weight (r=0.81 at p≤0.05). Highly significant positive correlation was also observed between bulk density and kernel weight (r=0.4173 at p≤0.001). Kernel hardness has a strong positive correlation with bulk density (r=0.6242). Quantification of tannins is recommended to prevent negative effects on human and livestock health.

Bioactive Compounds Investigation and Antioxidant Activities in Extracts and Fractions of Tamarindus Indica (Aradib) From Sudan

Tamarindus indica is commonly used interest in Sudan for edible plant and medicinal use. This study aimed to determine bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities in extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp grown in Sudan. The powdered plant was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone using an ultrasonic technique. The residue of the ethanol extract was fractionated using successive solvents. The extracts and fractions were determined for their phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents, and analyzed bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer, and also evaluate their antioxidant activities using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods. The results show that the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total tannins levels were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction than in other extracts and fractions. GC-MS analyses of extracts and fractions showed a variety of bioactive compounds such as Hexadecanoic acid, Stigmasterol, Maltol, Sitosterol, Vitamin E, Allose, Tartaric acid, and Vaccenic acid. All the extracts and fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities. The extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp are sources of natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, which are beneficial effects on human health and the possibility of application in the pharmaceutical industry.

PSXIII-5 Behavior and blood urea nitrogen in cattle grazing meadow bromegrass and supplemented with condensed and hydrolizable tannins

Abstract The nutritional value of grasslands declines as the season progresses, negatively impacting cattle nutrition. Protein supplementation may reverse this trend, although high rates of ruminal proteolysis reduce the efficiency of N utilization. Tannins decrease protein degradability in the rumen, although they are also plant defenses with potential to influence animal behavior. The objective of this study was to determine in protein-supplemented cows grazing meadow bromegrass (MB) the influence of tannins on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and on behavioral levels of activity. Twenty-four Black Angus cow [body weight (BW) = 614 ± 20 kg]-calf (BW = 244 ± 4 Kg) pairs were allotted to six 9-acre paddocks (4 pairs/paddock); animals in the Control (Ctrl; n = 3) and Tannin treatments (TT; n = 3) grazed meadow bromegrass (MB) and had a supplement of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; (1 kgּ cow-1ּ d-1), with the addition of a mix of condensed (2/3): hydrolizable tannins(1/3; SilvaTeam) at 0.4% of the diet for TT. Grazing occurred from July to September 2023 with four experimental periods of 15 d each, the first being the adaptation period (no tannins; Baseline). Data were analyzed as a mixed-effects model with repeated measures and paddock as the experimental unit. Cows were fitted with accelerometers on their left back leg to determine activity, and blood samples were collected from all animals at the end of each period to estimate BUN. Representative samples of grass and supplement were collected from each period and paddock and analyzed for CP and fiber content. Herbage availability (DM basis) in each paddock was assessed before and post-grazing during each period using a rising plate meter and calibration curves. neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (62.9 to 65.1 ± 0.5%) and and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (38.7 to 43.9 ± 0.3%) increased, whereas CP (6.8 to 3.9 ± 0.1%) declined from Period 1 to 4 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Initial biomass was 5,272 ± 211 Kg/ha and it declined after grazing (Period 4) to 2,319 ± 94 Kg/ha (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with no differences between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). No differences between treatments were observed on motion index, number of steps taken per day, and the proportional percentage of time cows spent standing (9,379 ± 740, 2,611 ± 300, and 54.9 ± 0.02%, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.05), suggesting that cows in TT did not invest extra time in searching activities or resting relative to Ctrl. It was only detected a greater percentage of transitions from lying to standing in TT than in Ctrl (7 to 3.4 ± 0.003%; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Values for BUN did not differ between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05), although they declined from Baseline to Period 4 by 28 % (8.2 to 5.9 ± 0.2mg/dL) in TT and by 2.6 % (5.75 to 5.6 ± 0.01 mg/dL) in Ctrl (P &amp;lt; 0.05). These results suggest that the addition of low levels of tannins to a protein supplement in cows grazing a low-quality grass diet reduces ruminal proteolysis without adversely influencing biomass removal or animals’ levels of activity.

PSXII-29 Effect of tannins level and diet type on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of four levels of a commercial product based on quebracho that contains tannins (Table 1) on three types of diets: Feedlot, Dairy Cattle, and Grazing, using the in vitro gas production technique on ruminal fermentation, dry matter digestibility and methane (CH4) production to determine its potential use as a greenhouse gas mitigation strategy in ruminants. An in vitro trial was carried out in a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of 4 [dose: 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 % of Protein Enhancer (PE)] x 3 [diet types: low (LFD), medium (MFD) and high forage (HFD)]. The fermentation of each treatment was carried out in triplicate in 120 mL amber antibiotic bottles, containing 0.5 g of substrate previously deposited in nylon bags (24 µm pore size) and 60 mL of a mixture of medium and rumen fluid from three Holstein cows. Incubations were replicated in two independent runs (blocks). The gas pressure (PSI) was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours of incubation. Gas pressure data were converted to gas volume (y = mL of gas; x = gas pressure PSI). Subsequently, pH was measured, and subsamples for analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) by gas chromatography were collected. Methane was analyzed with a Crowcon Gas-Pro detector, while ammoniacal nitrogen with a hybrid multimodal microplate reader. The data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS, and the comparison of means was analyzed with Tukey and with orthogonal polynomials for doses. An interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) was observed between diets and PE levels for CH4 concentration (%), where the diet with a greater level of forage and the greatest level of PE (0.75%), showed the least concentration (30%, P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared with the control diet of dairy cattle. On average, CH4 production [mL CH4/g dry matter (DM)] were 83.3, 63.6, and 35.3 for LFD, MFD, and HFD, respectively (Table 2). As the dose of PE increased, rumen pH and N-NH3decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and the total VFA concentration increased (linear effect, P &amp;lt; 0.05; Table 3). Methane production was less (30%) with the grass-based diet and the greatest level of quebracho-based product with condensed tannins, compared with the dairy cattle diet with 0% condensed tannins. The diet for feedlot cattle was more digestible and, therefore, produced more gas and a greater concentration of CH4, in contrast to the grass-based diet, which produces less CH4. It is necessary to carry out in vivo trials, particularly in grazing cattle, to evaluate the effect of the quebracho-based product on performance and in vivo methane emission. This study was partially funded by PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM (grant IN212523).

Dynamic Changes of Active Components and Volatile Organic Compounds in Rosa roxburghii Fruit during the Process of Maturity.

Rosa roxburghii (R. roxburghii), native to the southwest provinces of China, is a fruit crop of important economic value in Guizhou Province. However, the changes in fruit quality and flavor during R. roxburghii fruit ripening have remained unknown. Here, this study investigated the changes of seven active components and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the ripening of the R. roxburghii fruit at five different ripening stages including 45, 65, 75, 90, and 105 days after anthesis. The results indicated that during the ripening process, the levels of total acid, vitamin C, and soluble sugar significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the levels of total flavonoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and soluble tannin significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the content of total phenol exhibited a trend of first decreasing significantly and then increasing significantly (p < 0.05). A total of 145 VOCs were detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS at five mature stages, primarily consisting of aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and alkenes. As R. roxburghii matured, both the diversity and total quantity of VOCs in the fruit increased, with a notable rise in the contents of acids, ketones, and alkenes. By calculating the ROAV values of these VOCs, 53 key substances were identified, which included aromas such as fruit, citrus, green, caramel, grass, flower, sweet, soap, wood, and fat notes. The aromas of citrus, caramel, sweet, and wood were predominantly concentrated in the later stages of R. roxburghii fruit ripening. Cluster heatmap analysis revealed distinct distribution patterns of VOCs across five different maturity stages, serving as characteristic chemical fingerprints for each stage. Notably, stages IV and V were primarily characterized by a dominance of alkenes. OPLS-DA analysis categorized the ripening process of R. roxburghii fruit into three segments: the first segment encompassed the initial three stages (I, II, and III), the second segment corresponded to the fourth stage (IV), and the third segment pertained to the fifth stage (V). Following the variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 criterion, a total of 30 key differential VOCs were identified across the five stages, predominantly comprising ester compounds, which significantly influenced the aroma profiles of R. roxburghii fruit. By integrating the VIP > 1 and ROAV > 1 criteria, 21 differential VOCs were further identified as key contributors to the aroma changes in R. roxburghii fruit during the ripening process. This study provided data on the changes in quality and aroma of R. roxburghii fruit during ripening and laid the foundation for the investigation of the mechanism of compound accumulation during ripening.

Evaluation of Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Cola cordifolia Seeds

Cola cordifolia is a natural substance rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. It is important to incorporate it into the diet to prevent certain metabolic diseases and to improve the nutritional and health status of populations. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and antioxidant properties of C. cordifolia seeds for their potential use in the dietary field. The seeds were fermented for 6 days and then sun-dried for 15 days. Nutritional and antioxidant properties were determined using referenced methods. Nutritional analysis showed that the seeds are rich in calcium (880 mg/100g), magnesium (600 mg/100g), iron (50 mg/100g), proteins (17.93%), and lipids (10.85%). Seeds exhibited significant levels of polyphenols (705.15 mg/100g), tannins (267.52 mg/100g), and flavonoids (20.17 mg/100g), with an antioxidant activity of 62.45% inhibition of DPPH. This study suggests that C. cordifolia seeds could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent metabolic diseases.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Stachys maritima via Quantum Dots and Molecular Docking.

Stachys maritima is a species of plant belonging to the Lamiaceae, commonly known as common sea lavender. The extraction of S. maritima involves drying the aerial parts, grinding them into powder, followed by extraction with methanol. ST-CQDs (S. maritima carbon quantum dots) were synthesized from S. maritima extract via pyrolysis. An optimal synthesis condition of 7 hours of pyrolysis was determined to yield ST-CQDs with high absorption in the visible-UV range. Characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) confirmed the spherical and homogeneous nature of the carbon quantum dots. S. maritima methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) IC50 value of 0.114±0.001 mg/mL. Similarly, ST-CQDs showed strong antioxidant properties with a DPPH IC50 value of 0.69±0.03 mg/mL. Moreover, the methanol extract of S. maritima demonstrated antimicrobial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with effective MIC values of 25 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. However, ST-CQDs did not show antimicrobial effects against the tested microorganisms (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and C. albicans ATCC 10231). Molecular docking simulations suggested that compounds derived from S. maritima (such as 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and palmitic acid) could interact effectively with TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha), indicating potential anti-inflammatory properties. This study highlights that the methanol extract of S. maritima possesses potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and ST-CQDs exhibit similar antioxidant properties. However, ST-CQDs did not demonstrate antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. Molecular docking simulations also suggest potential anti-inflammatory properties of compounds derived from the plant.

Drought stress enhances phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer properties in Pandanus tectorius

Global warming is responsible for increasing temperatures and reducing rainfall in many regions of the world. Due to insufficient rainfall or lack of water in the soil, plants experience a range of morphological and biochemical alterations when they are exposed to drought conditions. Interestingly, the cells of drought-stressed plants can serve as a potential source for discovering new drugs. These secondary metabolic products have important biological functions that determine how plants interact with the environment and help them accommodate alterations. Present research has shed light on the response of Pandanus tectorius induced drought stress at 8th and 16th days. The studies observed the levels of various secondary metabolites in plants under drought-induced stress. Among the secondary metabolites analyzed, total alkaloids exhibited the highest overall concentration at 26.19 ± 0.83a. Furthermore, the observations found that drought stress had a significant impact on the plant's secondary metabolism. This resulted in increased levels of total alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics compared to the control plant. Especially the concentration of phenolics showed the most significant increase, with a remarkable 64.99% rise observed at the 16th day of treatment. The concentration of phenolics reached (20.52 ± 0.181c) at this level. Moreover, compared to control, P. tectorius exhibits significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, molecular docking, and anticancer effects against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line inhibitory concentration IC50 values (48.91 ± 0.95 μg/mL) at 16th day treated plants. Consequently, the positive responses of P. tectorius drought stress enhance secondary metabolites. This research focus on drought stress stimulus prompts an urge in the production of secondary metabolites in P. tectorius, leading to an increase in its anticancer and anti-diabetic properties and treatments for type-2 diabetes and against fighting for cancer with minimal side effects and helping prevent diseases.

Evaluation of Proximate, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Capacity, Enzymatic Inhibition, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Avocado Seed Meal as Potential Feed Additive

This study examined the proximate composition, phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, enzymatic inhibition, and anti-inflammatory properties of avocado seed meal. The proximate analysis revealed that avocado seed meal is rich in protein (17.32%), fat (15.33%), and carbohydrates (48.73%), with moderate levels of moisture (10.26%), ash (2.39%), and crude fiber (5.97%). Phytochemical analysis indicated high contents of phenols (111.56 mg/g), saponins (96.94 mg/g) and flavonoids (66.66 mg/g), but lower levels of alkaloids (14.60 mg/g), tannins (1.17 mg/g), and steroids (0.89 mg/g). The antioxidant properties assessed showed significant DPPH (50.05%) and FRAP (63.04%) free radical scavenging activities, though lower inhibition of lipid peroxidation (34.88%) and vitamin C content (0.03 mg/g). Enzymatic inhibition assays demonstrated alpha-lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-amylase inhibition rates of 31.46%, 27.56%, and 50.88%, respectively. Anti-inflammatory properties were also notable, with 24.02% albumin denaturation inhibition and 37.99% antiprotease activity. These findings suggest that avocado seed meal holds considerable potential for nutritional and therapeutic applications as natural feed supplement for livestock and humans.