Subordinate Level Research Articles

Measuring students’ coping with the Brief COPE: An investigation testing different factor structures across two contexts of university education

Appropriate instruments are required for professionals in the field of educational psychology to measure students’ strategies to cope with stress. As the results of previous studies are inconsistent, the purpose of the present manuscript was to examine the factor structure of the situational version of the Brief COPE as an economic and flexible coping measure to be used in the domain of university education and health psychology. In a sample of 508 university students, three factor structures were compared across two contexts of university education. Results show that a hierarchical two-level factor structure fits the data best, with relatively stable coping dimensions at superordinate levels and a variety of specific strategies and acts at subordinate levels. The findings support the applicability of the situational version of the Brief COPE in research and non-clinical practice.
 Received: 11 November 2021Accepted: 16 January 2023

Semantic guided level-category hybrid prediction network for hierarchical image classification

Hierarchical classification (HC) assigns each object with multiple labels organized into a hierarchical structure. The existing deep learning-based HC methods usually predict an instance starting from the root node until a leaf node is reached. However, in the real world, images impaired by noise, occlusion, blur, or low resolution may not provide sufficient information for the classification at subordinate levels. To address this issue, we propose a novel Semantic Guided level-category Hybrid Prediction Network (SGHPN) that can jointly perform the level and category prediction in an end-to-end manner. SGHPN comprises two modules: a visual transformer that extracts feature vectors from the input images, and a semantic guided cross-attention module that uses categories word embeddings as queries to guide learning category-specific representations. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we construct two new datasets in which images are at a broad range of quality and thus are labeled to different levels (depths) in the hierarchy according to their individual quality. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed HC method.

Hierarchical categorization learning is associated with representational changes in the dorsal striatum and posterior frontal and parietal cortex.

Learning and recognition can be improved by sorting novel items into categories and subcategories. Such hierarchical categorization is easy when it can be performed according to learned rules (e.g., "if car, then automatic or stick shift" or "if boat, then motor or sail"). Here, we present results showing that human participants acquire categorization rules for new visual hierarchies rapidly, and that, as they do, corresponding hierarchical representations of the categorized stimuli emerge in patterns of neural activation in the dorsal striatum and in posterior frontal and parietal cortex. Participants learned to categorize novel visual objects into a hierarchy with superordinate and subordinate levels based on the objects' shape features, without having been told the categorization rules for doing so. On each trial, participants were asked to report the category and subcategory of the object, after which they received feedback about the correctness of their categorization responses. Participants trained over the course of a one-hour-long session while their brain activation was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Over the course of training, significant hierarchy learning took place as participants discovered the nested categorization rules, as evidenced by the occurrence of a learning trial, after which performance suddenly increased. This learning was associated with increased representational strength of the newly acquired hierarchical rules in a corticostriatal network including the posterior frontal and parietal cortex and the dorsal striatum. We also found evidence suggesting that reinforcement learning in the dorsal striatum contributed to hierarchical rule learning.

The culture of perceptual expertise and the other‐race effect

In our commentary, we propose that the ORE can be viewed as a form of perceptual expertise. Like experts, we recognize own-race faces at the subordinate level as individuals and novices when recognize other-race faces at the basic level of race. Applying a perceptual expertise account, we explain the ORE in terms of its cognitive, neural, and motivational factors. We suggest that by creating a culture of "other-race" expertise, improvements in other-race face recognition can be achieved.

Understanding Maternal Rewards and Their Subtypes between Gender and Culture with Adolescents

Abstract The effects of parent rewards on youth outcomes have been studied extensively; however, research has not systematically categorized parent rewards. Centralizing the analysis of rewards within a given study would help compare the prevalence of reward types at superordinate and subordinate levels. Moreover, it could reveal which level is the most effective for assessing cultural group similarities and differences in a globalizing world. Mother-child conversations between European-American (n = 51) and Hispanic-American (n = 44) dyads were transcribed. A content analysis assessed material and social reward talk themes and created new subthemes. A series of 2 (culture) × 2 (gender) ANCOVAs assessed cultural differences in reward talk themes and subthemes. Results revealed the prevalence of certain reward subthemes, like praise, significantly differed by cultural group. In conclusion, investigations with different cultural groups should consider reward talk on a subordinate level rather than superordinate.

The Privileged Status of Peer Faces: Subordinate-level Neural Representations of Faces in Emerging Adults.

Faces can be represented at a variety of different subordinate levels (e.g., race) that can become "privileged" for visual recognition in perceivers and is reflected as patterns of biases (e.g., own-race bias). The mechanisms encoding privileged status are likely varied, making it difficult to predict how neural systems represent subordinate-level biases in face processing. Here, we investigate the neural basis of subordinate-level representations of human faces in the ventral visual pathway, by leveraging recent behavioral findings indicating the privileged nature of peer faces in identity recognition for adolescents and emerging adults (i.e., ages 18-25 years). We tested 166 emerging adults in a face recognition paradigm and a subset of 31 of these participants in two fMRI task paradigms. We showed that emerging adults exhibit a peer bias in face recognition behavior, which indicates a privileged status for a subordinate-level category of faces that is not predicted based on experience alone. This privileged status of peer faces is supported by multiple neural mechanisms within the ventral visual pathway, including enhanced neural magnitude and neural size in the FFA1, which is a critical part of the face-processing network, that fundamentally supports the representations of subordinate-level categories of faces (in terms of developmental stage). These findings demonstrate organizational principles that the human ventral visual pathway uses to privilege relevant social information in face representations, which is essential for navigating human social interactions. It will be important to understand whether similar mechanisms support representations of other subordinate-level categories like race and gender.

The foundations of a personality-oriented approach in art pedagogy

Introduction. The article deals with the psychophysiological aspects of the personality-oriented approach in art pedagogy. A person-centered approach is a broader concept than an individual approach to learning, but the former is unthinkable without the latter.Purpose setting. The individual approach is based on differences in the motor profiles of students. Individual motor profile is a system of relations of individual motor levels in the student»s motor skills, according to the concept of N. A. Bernstein. This concept has been further elaborated in the works of modern researchers. According to this approach, human activity is a hierarchical system, at the head of which is the symbolic level, and at the base – the lower motor levels. In different individuals, the development of certain motor levels can vary significantly. Taking into account these differences should form the basis for the formation of an individual approach in art education.Methodology and methods of the study. The study uses a systematic approach. One circumstance that was not taken into account by N. A. Bernstein at the time is being investigated. According to his classical concept, the highest motor level in the hierarchy acts consciously, and the subordinate levels work outside the actual consciousness. But the motor hierarchy has the same properties as other complex hierarchies. It is capable to generate systemic inversions, as a result of which the lower motor level takes precedence in this system. This is evident in many areas of fine art.Results. System inversions are especially evident in those areas of art that can be called marginal; for example, abstract expressionism or hyperrealism. In such art movements, the highest symbolic coordination level acts as a service level; it only supplies material to the lower motor levels, through which the artistic intent is carried out. But marginal artistic trends are only an example that demonstrates the potential diversity of motor skills in visual art activity.Conclusion. The described diversity of motor inclinations allows students with a variety of motor skills profiles to achieve self-realization in the visual arts.

The state of legal regulation of the material direction of social protection for customs officials

The article is devoted to clarifying the current state of legal regulation in Ukraine regarding the material direction of social protection for customs officials. First, the author analyzes the special features of the material direction of social protection for the relevant circle of employees. This is done through the prism of the mechanism of legal regulation of social protection for customs officers. It is established that the material direction of social protection for customs officials is regulated by the norms of legislative acts as well as at the subordinate level. In accordance with current legislation, the main guarantor of social protection for customs officials in Ukraine (in the context of their material security) is the state. It follows from the current legislation that the main form of social protection for customs officials is in the context of the material direction of their social protection measures for the calculation and payment of wages (which consist of the main and ad ditional components). Other material forms of social protection for customs officials are measures for the accrual and payment of monetary funds for the purpose of compensation by the state for the harm caused to the employee; and material assistance to the employee. It is established that the current state of legal regulation of the material direction of social protection for customs officers is characterized by a variety of problems that prevent the full-fledged operation of the principle of legal certainty of the norms of legislation on social protection for such workers. An author proposes to create a conceptual and strategic document addressing the social protection of customs officials in order to address these problems. This document should pay attention to the problems of regulatory regulation in the material direction of social protection for workers and outline the main guidelines for solving these problems. It is also proposed to make numerous changes to the Customs Code of Ukraine, namely: to clarify the list of additional components of the salary of customs officials; to expand the possibility of acquiring the right to receive funds (as a result of the state compensation procedure) by all customs officials; and to regulate the right to financial assistance, as well as to determine the grounds, conditions, and general procedure for receiving financial assistance by customs officials (who are civil servants). Separately, the author justified the need to create and approve a rewritten resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on “Some issues of remuneration of customs officials”.

Analizing The English Teacher Talk In Efl Classroom Interaction

The study used qualitative research design. The purpose of this study was to identify and explore information about teachers' conversation in classroom interaction at SMAN 1 Banuhampu. The key informant of this research is the 11th grade English teacher at SMAN 1 Banuhampu. Furthermore, the supporting informants are the 11th grade students of SMAN 1 Banuhampu. To collect data, observation and interview were used. Based on the findings, the research questions are answered. First, what are the formal features of teachers' speech? The formal features of teachers' speech in class 11 of SMAN 1 Banuhampu are that teachers have slow speaking speed, long pauses, frequent pauses, exaggerated pronunciation, simplified pronunciation, basic vocabulary, slow level of subordination, declarative statements that are often repeated, and often independent. Furthermore, the functional features of teacher speaking in class 11 of SMAN 1 Banuhampu are that the teacher speaks the most in class I, the teacher uses teacher speech in asking questions, and the teacher also uses teacher speech in giving feedback.

Deep variance gamma processes

Lévy processes are useful tools for analysis and modeling of jump‐diffusion processes. Such processes are commonly used in the financial and physical sciences. One approach to building new Lévy processes is through subordination, or a random time change. In this work, we discuss and examine a type of multiply subordinated Lévy process model that we term a deep variance gamma (DVG) process, including estimation and inspection methods for selecting the appropriate level of subordination given data. We perform an extensive simulation study to identify situations in which different subordination depths are identifiable and provide a rigorous theoretical result detailing the behavior of a DVG process as the levels of subordination tend to infinity. We test the model and estimation approach on a data set of intraday 1‐min cryptocurrency returns and show that our approach outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art subordinated Lévy process models.

Exemption from liability of participants in public procurement: balance of interests of the parties

A noticeable increase in the number of state (municipal) contracts concluded every year hinders the contractual obligations’ fulfillment due to various circumstances beyond the control of the supplier. The state supports the stable functioning of the public procurement system by establishing anti-crisis measures, in particular, the obligation to write off the amounts of penalties (fines, penalties) accrued to the supplier, according to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 783. This article discusses the grounds and conditions for writing off penalties under state (municipal) contracts and analyzes judicial practice. The purpose of the study is to analyze the grounds for writing off accrued and unpaid penalties (fines, penalties) under government (municipal) contracts, to identify problems and features of the application of grounds for writing off penalties under government contracts, and to determine the interests of participants in public procurement. Based on the analysis of the current legislation and law enforcement practice, it was concluded that the write-off of accrued amounts of penalties (fines, penalties) by legal nature is a case of releasing the supplier from civil liability for violation of its obligations. Such exemption from liability is provided at the subordinate level, ensures a balance of public and private interests with an indefinite period of validity.

The development of political Augustinism in the context of the conceptualization of the idea of a Christian state

In the article on the theory of state and law, the development of political Augustinism is studied in the context of the conceptualization of the idea of a Christian state. When summarizing the philosophical and political thought of Augustinism as a development of the ideas of dualism of the idea of “two cities”, the following main points established during the study were noted: 1) in the theocratic concept of the work “On the City of God”, the author justifies the existence of the state as a system of subordination. For Augustine, man is by no means a political, but a social being. The need for submission arose due to the fall of man; by nature, man was created not to obey, but to communicate with other people at the social, and not at the political level of domination and subordination. God did not instill in people the necessity of subordinating some people to others; 2) developing the thought of Blessed Augustine, Pope Gregory the Great and other followers of political Augustinism came to the conclusion, quite obvious to them, that power originally came from God, existed from the moment the world was created, and was established as paternalistic. The concept of political Augustinism determines that people are inherently equal, and there is no need to use coercive mechanisms in relation to others. However, each society required the mechanisms of government necessary for its existence; This argument is supported by the fact that the angelic hierarchy, that is, the hierarchical model of the heavenly world, is based on similar principles. Sin, on the other hand, has influenced the fact that the need for coercion is inevitable and the force of coercion begins to act. Subsequently, the Augustinian idea of the supernatural city of heaven was distorted by the fact that it was associated with the earthly Church for the purpose of subordinating secular authority to the church, which led to the confrontation between the state and the Church in medieval Western Europe.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ РАБОЧЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ НАУЧНЫХ РАБОТНИКОВ

The article analyzes the features and specifics of the working hours of scientists in a comparative analysis with the features of the working hours of scientific and pedagogical workers. In the course of the study, it was found that there are no legal norms in the legislation regulating the working hours of scientists. The article concludes that in connection with the technological development in the country, significant transformation occurred in the conduct of scientific work which can be carried out both in strictly defined places (laboratories, offices), and at home and other conditions that do not require the presence of scientists in the established working environment. place. All of it suggests that in such conditions the activities of a research worker often do not fit into the usual 40-hour work schedule. Therein it is necessary to reform the system of working hours of scientists, its optimization in order to achieve the efficiency of its use. It seems appropriate in the normative documents of the subordinate level regulating the working hours of science workers to provide for the right of the employer to establish the most rational combination of laboratory/office work and remote work using electronic communication systems for the scientific organization

Investigative jurisdiction of the criminal case: general condition of the preliminary investigation or a set of organizational-management rules?

The article deals with the phenomenon of investigative jurisdiction as a legal property of a criminal case, which determines its inclusion in the competence of a certain police station or investigative department. An analysis is made of the legal nature of investigative jurisdiction and its role as a general condition for a preliminary investigation. Arguments are given about the purely organizational and managerial purpose of the rules of investigative jurisdiction, about the need to use these rules only for the rational distribution of criminal cases between different bodies of preliminary investigation and the solution of other similar tasks. At the same time, an opinion is expressed about the absence of a “high” legal significance of investigation jurisdiction, which contradicts the regulation of these norms only in federal law. In this regard, the conclusion is formulated about the need to transfer the norms of investigation jurisdiction to the subordinate level.

THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF CONTROL OVER TAX LIABILITY SETTLEMENTS OF BUDGETARY INSTITUTIONS

Purpose – the aim of the study was to assess the impact of digital technologies on the organization of control over tax liability settlements of state-financed institutions in the general fiscal discipline system. Research methodology – specific methods of accounting and control of tax liabilities were used: Pareto analysis; cluster analysis of EU countries by fiscal discipline level. Findings – the study proved a direct relationship between the extent at which digital technologies are applied in the control of tax liabilities and the level of fiscal discipline in the country. The clustering of the EU-27 countries confirmed the cophenetic correlation between the fiscal discipline violation rate and the total averaged amount of taxes. Research limitations – caused by a large number of budgetary institutions and the difference in the territorial structure of the EU-27 countries, due to which federal Germany and unitary Bulgaria have different levels of subordination of budgetary institutions. Practical implications – the study is analytical and managerial in nature; its results assess the contribution of the digital component in the overall decision-making system. Originality/Value – the study is particularly useful for analysing the achievements, challenges and opportunities for digital transformation of the tax control system of the EU-27 in the field of control over public finance management.

ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR PREVENTING CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING EFFECTIVE REGULATION OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

The article is devoted to the research of the impact of the phenomenon of “corruption” in the state authorities on the functioning of the healthcare system in Ukraine. The article considers not only the impact of corruption on the functioning of the healthcare system in general, but also such issues as state regulation of medical institutions, redistribution of management functions in the healthcare system, granting autonomous status to medical institutions (autonomization), and financing of the healthcare system in general. The article describes the Ukrainian legislative anti-corruption regulators, institutional levers of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, local administrations and executive authorities. The author presents an organizational and economic mechanism for preventing corruption in the healthcare sector. The mechanism is based on the system of institutional and legislative regulators, and also reveals their subordination and sequence of influence. The main elements of the organizational and economic mechanism for preventing corruption in the healthcare sector are anti-corruption legislation, legalization of the healthcare market, decentralization of the healthcare management system, autonomy of healthcare institutions, openness of financial and economic activities, and transparency of information and communication activities. The presented scheme of the mechanism reflects the elements of regulatory prevention of corruption, as well as the subordination and sequence of activation of elements in healthcare management. the proposed mechanism for preventing corruption in healthcare allows for effective and anti-corruption management of healthcare institutions at all levels of subordination to state and local authorities. The author formulates conclusions regarding the possibility of corruption’s impact on the functioning of the healthcare sector. The author analyses the possibility of creating and implementing a rational organizational and economic mechanism for preventing corruption in public authorities in the context of ensuring effective regulation of the healthcare system.

Gender diversity advantage at middle management: Implications for high performance work system improvement and organizational performance

AbstractResearch on women in leadership positions has largely focused on the board or top management team (TMT) leadership level, showing that increased female representation at these levels can benefit organizational performance. However, the strategic implications of female representation at middle management have been largely neglected. The current study addresses this issue in relation to High Performance Work System (HPWS) improvement and organizational performance (profitability). By analyzing the multi‐wave (2009, 2011, and 2013) Workplace Panel Survey (WPS) data collected from 1101 organizations in South Korea, we found a gender diversity advantage at middle management; that is, a higher level of gender diversity of middle management translated into a higher level of organizational performance due to HPWS improvement. However, this advantage appeared only in the presence of a high level of subordinates' gender diversity. Our findings have important implications for gender diversity and strategic human resource management.

Understanding the De‐internationalization of Entrepreneurial SMEs in a Volatile Context: A Reconnoitre on the Unique Compositions of Internal and External Factors

AbstractIn recent years, the global business environment has witnessed a wave of de‐internationalization not only among multinationals but also among small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). This disengagement of cross‐border activities is deemed to be driven by various firm‐specific factors, as well as by external factors. Building on the premise of the non‐linear internationalization debate and focusing on the dynamic capabilities view and institutional theory, this paper aims to disentangle the extent to which internal factors (IFs) and external factors (EFs) drive SMEs towards de‐internationalization. To do this, we take advantage of a hybrid multilayer decision‐making mathematical modelling approach to explore SME de‐internationalization at two levels. Our findings at the exhaustive level contribute to the de‐internationalization literature by proposing distinct frameworks that highlight the interrelationship amongst IFs and EFs. And our results at the subordinate level constitute the identification of four unique compositions leading to different de‐internationalization modes. In this vein, we define two categories of factors, namely reducing and terminating factors, which drive SMEs into respectively partial and full de‐internationalization.

Playing politics or playing right: Impacts of reputation-seeking on short-term disruptions management

When disruptive events cripple a firm's operational capacity, the decision-making dynamics relating to recovery management become complex. In this study, we examine how the reputation-seeking behavior of managers involved in disruptions management impacts their recovery decisions. We explore this issue from both an analytical and an empirical perspective. Our results from our analytic models demonstrate how recovery decisions made by a reputation-seeking manager differ from those by an efficiency-seeking manager (i.e., a manager who uses a cost-optimizing decision calculus). To test our theoretical findings, we collected data from senior executives and managers to obtain 281 usable responses. Our empirical analysis corroborates our theory, and shows that reputation-seeking managers, relative to their peers who are efficiency-seeking, recover capacity at a higher level. Managers who have a greater propensity for reputation seeking give higher directives to, and participate less in teamwork with, their subordinates during recovery from disruptive events. We also find that the directives stipulated by reputation-seeking managers for their subordinates (i.e., the work demanded from the subordinates) depend on the effort level of subordinates. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings and highlight avenues for further research on the relationship between reputation-seeking behaviors and disruptions management.

The barriers and challenges that hinder the quality implementation in Tripoli – Lebanon hospitals

Quality in healthcare is achievable through quality management systems and enhances service quality, operations, and management. Health organizations that realize quality implementation have high staff satisfaction, client satisfaction, employee cooperation, and commitment from managerial to subordinate levels. However, health systems must address barriers and challenges to attaining desired quality. This study explores Tripoli hospitals’ challenges and obstacles affecting the implementation of quality management systems. It used a quantitative methodology with a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection to interview respondents comprising managerial, directorial, and administrative personnel. The hospital’s management staff consisted of nursing medical quality and general directors. Results from the semi-structured interview indicated that hospital directors in Tripoli city’s healthcare systems face barriers and challenges related to human resource management and organization structure to achieving quality using quality management systems. A total of 189 participants drawn from directorial capacities in Tripoli city’s hospitals participated in the study. Most participants (I = 115) asserted that lack of staff involvement and motivation were primary barriers to hospital quality implementation. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were proved using correlation analysis, but hypothesis 2 was statistically insignificant. The findings recommended that human resource management practices such as staff motivation, fair compensation, and involvement in decision-making are necessary for quality improvement. Furthermore, managerial professionalism and specialty are crucial for spearheading quality implementation, while robust quality policies, protocols, and systems are necessary for quality implementation in Tripoli hospitals. Despite these funds, further research was necessary to align findings with previous studies (achieve generalizability), which attributed that time is the primary barrier to quality implementation in hospitals situated in the region.