Levels Of Student Engagement Research Articles

Validitas dan Reliabilitas Skala Student Engagement

Research on student engagement has been incrase in recent years. Therefore, to determine the high or low level of student engagement, a valid and reliable measuring instrument is required. This means that the measuring instrument of student engagement must measure only the construct of student engagement reliably and consistently in measurement. The purpose of this research was to test the validity and reliability of the student engagement construct based on Fredrick et al theory. The components of student engagement that are used as a reference for making measuring instruments consist of behavioral engagement, emotional engagement, and cognitive behavior. The study was conducted on 100 high school students using a proportional sampling technique. The measuring instrument is constructed using a semantic differential scaling model. The validity and reliability test used the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach with the help of PLS 3.2.9 software. The results showed that the student attachment measurement tool was declared valid and reliable to be used as a measuring tool. The convergent and discriminant validity tests have met the standards, with loading factor score value of P> 0.5, while the Cronbach alpha reliability score is 0.753 and the composite reliability is 0.835. This measuring instrument is also declared fit with an RSMR value of 0.033. 7 items dropped out of the 18 items tested. Keywords :Student Engagement, Validity,Reliability, Measurement

The effect of autonomy training on student engagement in junior high school students

The Purpose of this study was determine the effect of Autonomy training on student of “X” junior high school in Bandung. The Sample of this study was 20 students who were classified as having low student engagement degrees were choosen used purposive sampling method. The Student Engagement instrument (SEI) adapted from theory J. Appleton, S. Christenson, D. Kim, dan A. Reschly (2017)is self-repot measure of cognitive and affective. Criterion Validity of this Instrument is 0.302- 0.877 and reliability is 0.747. Behavioral Engagement instrument adapted from theory J. Appleton, S. Christenson, D. Kim, dan A. Reschly (2017), with criterion validity is 0.317- 0.605 only for this research. The result showed there was an increase in the level of student engagement before and after training, statistical test show Asymp Sig <0.05 (N=-3.923) indicates the Hi is accepted, there is a difference in student engagement through autonomy training on student. The suggestion of this research is that student are expected to able to apply this training activity to daily life such as the method of making plans, goal and effort before the beginning of the school semester, So that they can be regular to make targets by themeselves and achieve them.

Let’s Get Engaged: The Nexus between Digital Technologies, Engagement and Learning

The nexus between digital technologies, engagement and learning is often cited as being correlational, but is widely misunderstood. Research is clear that engagement can lead to better academic outcomes and improved learning, but less clear about the role of digital technologies in engaging students and the impact of digital technologies on student learning. Recent research suggests that in light of the increase in digital technologies in education that we must recognize the inherent challenges in increased use of digital technologies. In this article a small-scale case study was conducted to ascertain the level of student engagement and distraction during lectures. The study was repeated for two different cohorts of teacher education students to establish consistency of results. The authors sought to determine the level of academic engagement by having students record the number of digital distractions they encountered throughout the lecture. The students self-reported their distractions during a ~100 min lecture. The researchers found consistency between the two cohorts when looking at the number of self-reported distractions per student. The findings suggest that technology was a major distraction and further could be seen, due to the number of distractions, to be causing disengagement. In this article the authors use this case study to start a conversation about the possible perils of digital technologies with regard to engagement and learning and what this means in a future that may be dictated by technology-enhanced learning.

A randomised control trial for measuring student engagement through the Internet of Things and serious games

The combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) with Serious Games is an academic domain of research increasing in popularity. Combining Serious Games with the interconnected hardware and middleware driven ecosystem of IoT develops data-driven games that source data from the local or extended physical environment to progress in the virtual environment of gaming, better-informing players through the game experience. The following paper presents the evaluation of a software framework defined for combining Serious Games and IoT, achieved using a semester-long experiment with a randomised control trial. The study aimed to produce an effective method of measuring student engagement using sensor-based information and a game environment but not improve the level of student engagement with their related academic programme. The results of the empirical experiment provide perceived evidences in the measure of engagement when compared to academic performance. The experiment results are not statistically significant due to the small sample size and the empirical nature of the work. The findings of this paper validate the effectiveness of a software framework for combining Serious Games and IoT and encourages new real-world applications of Smart Serious Games that include healthcare, education, simulation and others.

Engagement with Science Across the Middle Years in New Zealand

International and national studies have revealed a sharp decline in student science engagement during the middle years of schooling. In Aotearoa New Zealand, over 20 years of cross-sectional evidence has repeatedly shown high levels of student engagement with science in primary school and lower levels in high school, but very little evidence in-between. In this study, we conducted an engagement survey (n = 429) across Years 7–10 (11–15 yo) to better understand this gap. We found that decreasing engagement with science was only apparent when considering school science, but not in other contexts like choosing science careers or science outside of school. Contrary to common rhetoric of a ‘decline’ in student engagement with science, we suggest that the middle years are marked with uncertainty about the role of science in students’ lives, which would benefit from a shift toward contextualised curricula.

The Relationship of Affective, Behavioral and Cognitive Engagements in ESL Higher Learning Classroom

The 21st Century learning deems various transformative skills learners in order to equip the fresh graduates for the demand of the fast changing industry. One of the ways to ensure an effective learning environment is by establishing strong student engagement in the classrooms. Student engagement can be observed in several dimensions; behavioral, affective and cognitive. The present study uncovered the levels of student engagement in these three dimensions and their relationship with each other in an ESL course in a public university in Malaysia. The population was 180 undergraduates of the second semester and 120 undergraduates were randomly selected by cluster sampling. The researchers adopted a mixed-method approach that focused more on the quantitative approach. A questionnaire with 5-Likert scale items and open-ended questions were utilized. The analysis revealed a moderate level of engagement during instruction and affective engagement as the highest form of engagement among the students in the classroom. Pearson Correlation analysis presented moderate to strong, significant and positive relationships among the three dimensions. This study proves the importance of student engagement in higher education learning as an element that demands to be considered in the teaching instruction, and program administration planning.

Facial emotion recognition using temporal relational network: an application to E-learning

E-learning enables the dissemination of valuable academic information to all users regardless of where they are situated. One of the challenges faced by e-learning systems is the lack of constant interaction between the user and the system. This observability feature is an essential feature of a typical classroom setting and a means of detecting or observing feature reactions and thus such features in the form of expressions should be incorporated into an e-learning platform. The proposed solution is the implementation of a deep-learning-based facial image analysis model to estimate the learning affect and to reflect on the level of student engagement. This work proposes the use of a Temporal Relational Network (TRN), for identifying the changes in the emotions on students’ faces during e-learning session. It is observed that TRN sparsely samples individual frames and then learns their causal relations, which is much more efficient than sampling dense frames and convolving them. In this paper, single-scale and multi-scale temporal relations are considered to achieve the proposed goal. Furthermore, a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) is also tested as a baseline classifier. The proposed framework is end-to-end trainable for video-based Facial Emotion Recognition (FER). The proposed FER model was tested on the open-source DISFA+ database. The TRN based model showed a significant reduction in the length of the feature set which were effective in recognizing expressions. It is observed that the multi-scale TRN has produced better accuracy than the single-scale TRN and MLP with an accuracy of 92.7%, 89.4%, and 86.6% respectively.

The effect of educational virtual reality game on primary school students’ achievement and engagement in mathematics

ABSTRACT Recently, virtual reality seems to be deevloping rapidly. However, it can be said that virtual reality is in the early days of adoption for education. Studies show that using virtual reality in education can positively affect students’ learning experiences. In this study, the effect of an educational virtual reality game, named “Keşfet Kurtul”, on fourth-grade students’ academic achievement in fractions and their engagement to mathematics was investigated. The experimental study was carried out using a quasi-experimental design. The educational VR game was used in the treatment group (N = 32). In the comparison group (N = 32), the method applied in school, which includes predominantly mobile applications developed in fractions, were used. As a result of the research; the educational VR game “Keşfet Kurtul” was found to increase academic achievement and to maintain the level of student engagement in mathematics. It was determined that the experimental method has the same effect as the method applied in school in the comparison group, in terms of academic achievement and student engagement to mathematics. Besides, in terms of social sub-dimension of student engagement, it was observed that Keşfet Kurtul was more effective than the method applied in school.

Teaching through Experiential Learning Cycle to Enhance Student Engagement in Principles of Accounting

This paper aims to investigate structuring classroom activities in experiential learning cycles to facilitate first-year Business and Accounting students’ engagement in principles of accounting course. The levels of student engagement and achievement in understanding accounting concepts are measured at the end of the course. The content of fundamental accounting is structured into experiential learning cycles to provide a practical model for learning accounting concepts. Two models of students learning are tested in this study are the Kolb Experiential Learning Model and Burch Engagement Model. A quasi - experimental study is implemented to test the effectiveness of an experiential learning model in improving student engagement. Lessons on Business Accounting is structured into an experiential learning cycle and delivered to an experimental group to measure the improvement in students’ engagement. Burch Engagement Model which measures students’ cognitive, emotional, and physical engagement is applied in measuring their engagement level. A pre and post-test design are employed to measure the difference in their engagement level between the control and the experimental group. The respondents of this study are a total of 112 students in Principles of Accounting course. Questionnaires and test sets are the measurement instruments used for data collection. After an eight-week exposure to experiential learning strategy, the post -test score for students’ engagement show an increase in means of the four dimensions of student engagement, with the highest mean in the cognitive in-class engagement, followed by cognitive out-of class, physical and emotional engagement. Improvement in the cognitive score is concluded to be significant across the cognitive levels of Bloom Taxonomy mainly in understanding, application, and analysis. The implications of this study involve improvement of the support system to materialize the experiential learning strategy.

Flipped classroom: An investigation into learner engagement during non-face-to-face components

This paper investigated student engagement on the non-face-to-face component of the flipped approach in a critical thinking and writing class. Drawing from flipped approach and learner engagement literature and using an adapted version of Chi and Wylie’s Interactive, Constructive, Active, Passive (ICAP) framework (2014), the study looked specifically at student engagement in non-face-to-face activities and tasks, namely video lectures, readings, tutorial materials, quizzes, and discussion forums. A total of 71 respondents were involved in the study. A self-perception survey designed to understand the level of student engagement was administered. Findings show that for activities of viewing e-lectures and doing assigned readings, most respondents displayed passive engagement, with a good proportion exhibiting active and constructive behaviours. However, there is an increased number of respondents who showed active and constructive engagement in going through materials in preparation for face-to-face tutorials, as well as in completing the online quizzes. Interactive engagement is not obvious. This study suggests that more strategic scaffolding provided for students could result in a higher level of effectiveness in learner engagement as well as a need to re-look at the design of the materials, activities, and tasks if the intent is to mediate interactive engagement.
 Keywords: Flipped classroom, ICAP framework, Online learning, Scaffolding, Student engagementHow to cite this article:Lee, K.C., Goh, H., Teng, J. & Wong, K.W. 2020. Flipped classroom: An investigation into learner engagement during non-face-to-face components. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South. 4(2): 118-137. https://doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v4i2.116.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Iteration in an Inquiry-Based Undergraduate Laboratory Strengthens Student Engagement and Incorporation of Scientific Skills

The advantages of active learning approaches have prompted national recommendations for the development of inquiry-based laboratories to replace traditional laboratory classes. However, there is little consensus for the most-effective implementation strategies. Frequently, a single inquiry-based exercise is incorporated at the end of a traditional course and students have little opportunity to repeat the experience before moving on to new courses. To test whether multiple-rounds of inquiry would be beneficial, we incorporated three rounds of inquiry-based experiments during a redesign of a traditional upper-level undergraduate developmental biology laboratory class. After the second and third round of inquiry, students gave slideshow presentations of their projects and received peer and instructor feedback. We then designed and validated a scoring rubric to assess student use of scientific skills. Substantial improvements were observed in five of seven categories of scientific skills when comparing student performance from the third round of projects to the second round. Surprisingly, prior knowledge of the rubric did not diminish these gains. Anecdotal evidence and responses to student questionnaires revealed substantial levels of student interest and engagement in the course. Overall, these results indicate that incorporating iterative rounds of inquiry-based laboratories is a promising strategy for teaching scientific skills, enhancing student engagement, and promoting learning.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Online Peer-based Formative Assessments (PeerWise) to Enhance Student Learning in Physiology: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Guidelines

Due to the emerging demands on shifting focus towards the development of more student-centered and engaging learning experiences, this systematic review elucidates the effectiveness of PeerWise introduction into the blended learning model in Physiology education based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty electronic databases were utilized to access related studies between years 2010 to April 2020. A total of eight recent articles on PeerWise in physiology were analyzed. Three studies were conducted among medical students, and five studies were among other courses (i.e., Pharmacy, Biomedical Science, Optometry, and Human Physiology). Majority of the study designs were of cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative studies. Data extracted from the articles include (i) the pattern of PeerWise usage, (ii) the association between PeerWise and academic achievement, (iii) the level of student engagement, (iv) the quality of questions created and (v) students’ perceptions. Four emerging themes were identified among students' perceptions; (i) learning competency, (ii) fun learning experience, (iii) engagement with peers, and (iv) motivation. Methodological quality and risk of biased were assessed; and research gaps, limitations and recommendations were addressed. The present review serves as a guide for new authors to refine their knowledge and improve future research in the topic area.

N-Gage

The study of student engagement has attracted growing interests to address problems such as low academic performance, disaffection, and high dropout rates. Existing approaches to measuring student engagement typically rely on survey-based instruments. While effective, those approaches are time-consuming and labour-intensive. Meanwhile, both the response rate and quality of the survey are usually poor. As an alternative, in this paper, we investigate whether we can infer and predict engagement at multiple dimensions, just using sensors. We hypothesize that multidimensional student engagement level can be translated into physiological responses and activity changes during the class, and also be affected by the environmental changes. Therefore, we aim to explore the following questions: Can we measure the multiple dimensions of high school student's learning engagement including emotional, behavioural and cognitive engagement with sensing data in the wild? Can we derive the activity, physiological, and environmental factors contributing to the different dimensions of student learning engagement? If yes, which sensors are the most useful in differentiating each dimension of the engagement? Then, we conduct an in-situ study in a high school from 23 students and 6 teachers in 144 classes over 11 courses for 4 weeks. We present the n-Gage, a student engagement sensing system using a combination of sensors from wearables and environments to automatically detect student in-class multidimensional learning engagement. Extensive experiment results show that n-Gage can accurately predict multidimensional student engagement in real-world scenarios with an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.788 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.975 using all the sensors. We also show a set of interesting findings of how different factors (e.g., combinations of sensors, school subjects, CO2 level) affect each dimension of the student learning engagement.

Fostering engagement and historical understanding with a digital learning environment in secondary education

The use of educational technology and digital learning environments in secondary education can offer multiple opportunities to go beyond the traditional approach frequently used in history education. This paper provides the result of a three-week intervention in two Spanish public schools with 86 fourth-year compulsory secondary education history students. The study examined the results of the implementation of a digital learning environment about the Spanish transition to democracy, and analyzed the effects of an intervention focused on the development of historical understanding and the use of digitized historical sources in student engagement and knowledge acquisition. Data obtained through the use of questionnaires were examined quantitatively and qualitatively using a mixed methods approach and different categories. Participants reported a positive perception of the methodological approach used during the sessions and high student engagement levels were detected after the intervention, which was supplemented by improvement in knowledge acquisition after the intervention. It is concluded that the intervention allowed students to become more engaged in a traditional discipline such as history by using a disciplinary approach, and that the use of the digital learning environment was useful in promoting historical understanding about the period under examination.

Women’s Daily Performance, Enjoyment, and Comfort in Male-Dominated Majors: The Role of Social Interactions in Classes

Women drop out of male-dominated majors (MDMs) at a higher rate than men (Blickenstaff 2005). Research is needed to better understand contextual factors in the major, such as social interactions in major classes, that may increase women’s engagement in MDMs and ultimately reduce attrition (Lawson et al. in Sex Roles 78:542–560, 2018). The present study examined whether women in MDMs differed from men in MDMs and women in gender-neutral majors (GNMs) in terms of (1) levels of daily student engagement in major classes; and (2) the association between daily social interactions in classes and student engagement. Daily data were collected from 120 students (40 women in MDMs, 40 men in MDMs, 40 women in GNMs) about social interactions (talking to a peer, interacting with a professor one-on-one, and class discussions) and student engagement (perceived performance, enjoyment, and feelings of comfort) in major classes at the end of the day over a two week period. Results indicated that women in MDMs reported lower levels of daily engagement in major classes, relative to their peers. Talking with a peer and class discussions were associated with higher levels of student engagement, but these associations were qualified by group. Overall, the daily association between social experiences and student engagement were stronger for women in MDMs, relative to their peers. Results support the social-contextual model of prejudice (Murphy et al in Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci 5:66–74, 2018) in that classroom experiences disadvantaged women in MDMs, but daily social interactions may be particularly beneficial for women in these contexts.

From criminology to gerontology: case studies of experiential authenticity in higher education

This article discusses two examples of higher education teaching interventions with evidence of high levels of student engagement resulting from experiential authenticity – the Prison: Learning Together module and an intergenerational module about ageing (NUAGE). The article outlines the aims and objectives of the two programmes and discusses the core findings from the module evaluations. The findings demonstrate that creating communities of practice using experiential authenticity enhances the learning journey for students, resulting in greater participation. Experiential authenticity has been identified as distinct from other forms of experiential learning with common features thought to result in sustained student engagement included collaboration with peers, an authentic experience of working with learners from outside the university, and reciprocal respect between members of diverse groups. We make suggestions as to how these engagement themes could be applied to other higher education settings whilst acknowledging the challenges involved.

Climate change advocacy: exploring links between student empowerment and civic engagement

Purpose This study identified the attitudes and behaviors of college students regarding their advocacy for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Specifically, perceptions of climate change were assessed and advocacy activities were identified for climate change and/or other topics. Design/methodology/approach Using convenience sampling, students (n = 440) from three universities in the Midwest, the USA, completed surveys assessing their level of agreement with activities related to civic engagement, climate change and policy. Semantic differential scales focused on “learning about climate change,” “advocating for climate change mitigation” and “advocating for climate change adaptation.” Three open-ended questions were used to identify student experiences with civic engagement and/or service-learning, as well as topics in which they advocate and how they advocate. Findings Regarding advocacy in general, over 50% of the sample did not advocate for any topic, with 24.5% of students stating they advocated for the environment/climate change. Students who identified as female, democratic and 1st or 2nd year in school were more likely to be engaged with environmental advocacy. Regarding civic engagement, seniors were more actively engaged with their communities and also more likely to vote in local, state and national elections. Research limitations/implications Time of data collection was a potential limitation with schools conducting data collection at different time periods. Students who identified more progressive politically were also more likely to participate in the study. Originality/value While research exists regarding student civic engagement levels, this research project identified ways in which students engaged in advocacy, identifying potential links with civic engagement and enhanced participation in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Exploring Engagement as a Predictor of Success in the Transition to Online Learning in First Year Chemistry

Rapid campus closure and unexpected transition to emergency online teaching of a large first year chemistry unit provided an opportunity to explore the level of student engagement and factors associated with success in this online transition. Here, we compared the standard offering in 2019 to the online version in 2020 by examining the completion of weekly assessment tasks and the uptake of learning activities. In spite of a preference for face-to-face learning, we found that students were able to quickly adapt to using the technology, with high levels of access to live streamed and recorded lectures, in-class polling, and online tutorials, together with large increases in discussion forum use. The change in level of engagement in low stakes assessment tasks over the course of the semester was similar for both years. Each form of engagement was associated with increased likelihood of success in the unit, whether this was being taught face-to-face or online. Of the multiple forms of engagement measured, only tutorial participation had a significantly lower impact on student success in the online compared to the face-to-face environment.

Facilitating Success: Using Self-Regulated Learning and Servant Leadership in the College Classroom


 Student-centered pedagogy shifts the power dynamics, function of content, role of the educator, responsibility for learning, and purpose of evaluation within the classroom. By redirecting student effort toward self -regulated learning activities within a learning management system (LMS), educators can focus on the application of material during in-person class meetings. Moving from a traditional role of lecturing to a more contemporary role of facilitating learning , educators are better equipped to embrace the philosophy of a servant leader and put student needs first through the utilization of self-regulated learning activities within an LMS. This reflective essay will focus on the application and benefit of self -regulated learning activities with a focus on the use of LMS-based activities and a flipped-classroom
 strategy utilized by two business communications faculty members. The discussion of classroom activities and online self-regulated learning activities will be backed up with research related to reports of student stress levels decreasing, connection to educators increasing, and student engagement levels increasing with the use of student-centered pedagogy and servant teaching practices in the college classroom.

Community Matters: Student–Instructor Relationships Foster Student Motivation and Engagement in an Emergency Remote Teaching Environment

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted face-to-face instruction in educational institutions all over the world. As instructors we had to scramble to completely change courses to emergency remote delivery, sometimes with only a few days’ notice. Herein, we present reflections on the successes and challenges we encountered following the sudden and unexpected transition to remote delivery. We also address ways that we managed the obstacles faced, from overcoming technological issues posed by remote delivery to adaptation of laboratory content for emergency remote delivery. In addition, we discuss successful strategies for assessment of student learning and student engagement in the online environment. Overall, we found that students’ motivation was high, as indicated by online class attendance and engagement with course activities. We believe that the existing strong student–instructor relationships at our small liberal arts and sciences campus contributed to the unexpectedly high level of student engagement.