Levels Of Social Organization Research Articles

Time budget methods for behavioral community psychology

Obtaining reliable and cost-efficient data on everyday behavior occurring in community settings presents a formidable problem for behavioral community psychologists. This article (a) describes a set of methods, called time budgets, for recording sequences of everyday behaviors and their social and physical contexts; (b) discusses the quality of data yielded by these methods; and (c) illustrates their utility for behavioral community psychology. Time budgets meet important criteria for behavioral assessment in community settings by permitting direct assessments of ecobehavioral systems at various levels of social organization. Data from these methods can be used in diagnosing problems, planning interventions, and evaluating outcomes. An application of time budgets in research on the elderly is presented to illustrate one use of the method. Time budgets provide a dependable, flexible, and cost-efficient alternative to naturalistic observation for many assessment situations in behavioral community psychology.

MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES

The U.S. mental health service delivery system consists of a broad array of inpatient and ambulatory services operated under governmental, corporate, nonprofit, and entrepreneurial auspices. Granted this complex mixture of control patterns, a primary question to be addressed by this paper is the degree to which this set of services can be conceptualized as a system at any level of social organization beyond a single control point for a subset of services. This paper will also explore the utility of systems formulations, including cybernetic processes, for addressing the question of whether mental health services can be controlled and directed to such a degree that they act in concert across different control points. Reference will be made to exogenous systems, such as public and private reimbursement programs, that may influence control processes. Some directions for future research will also be explored.

A Sociological Perspective of Sport.

1.Introduction to the Sociology of Sport. Some Brief Observations of the Social Significance of Sport. Sport as a Concept. Sport in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Sociological Theories of the Relationship Between Sport and Society. 2.A Brief History of American Sport. 1600 - 1700. 1700 - 1800. 1800 - 1850. 1850 - 1918. 1919 - Present. Characteristics of Modern Sport. How Sociological Theories Explain the Rise of Sport. Industrialization, Urbanization, and Mass Communication. A Brief Chronology of Sport Sociology. 3.Sport and Culture. Culture. Culture and Values. Values in American Society. Values in Sport. Cross Cultural Differences: Sport as a Mirror of Dominant Societal Values. Sport Heroes Reflect Dominant Cultural Values. Immortality via Sport. 4.Sport and Social Organization. Levels of Social Organization: Interpersonal, Group, and Societal. Sport Organizations as Associations. Sport as a Social Institution. Key Sociological Concepts for Understanding the Social Organization of Sport. The Professional Athlete. 5.Sport and Socialization. Socialization into Sport. Socialization via Sport. Organized Youth Sport Programs. 6.Sport and Social Deviance. Structural Sources of Sport Deviance. The Relativity of Social Deviance. Eufunctions and Dysfunction's of Sport Deviance. Theories of Social Deviance. A Sociological Theory of Social Deviance: Anomie Theory. Drugs in Sport. Crime and the Athlete. Domestic Violence Perpetuated by Athletes Violence in Sports. 7.Sport and Social Stratification. Characteristics of Social Stratification. Sport Stratification Is Social. Sport Stratification Is Ancient. Sport Stratification Is Ubiquitous. Social Stratification Is Diverse. Sport as a Social Mobility Mechanism. Disengagement from Sport. Social Stratification Has Sport Consequences. Favorite Sports by Social Class. Attendance at and Participation in Various Sporting Activities. The Fitness Revolution: Some Sociological Observations. Sportsfan Index. Life Chances. 8.Sport and Race/Ethnicity The Meaning of Race. A Brief History of African-Americans in Professional and Amateur Sport. Statistical Trends Documenting African-Americans' Involvement in Sport. Discrimination in Sport. Performance Differentials. Rewards and Authority Structures. 9.Sport and Gender. The Social Organization of Gender in Society. The Dynamic Relationship Between Sport and Gender. Current Issues and Trends. 10.Sport and Education. College Athletics. Some Academic Considerations. Organizational Deviance. Reforming the College System. Interscholastic Athletics. 11.Sport and Economics. Emergence of Corporate Sport. The Professional Sports Owner. The Size and Profitability of the Professional Sport Industry: Determinants and Mechanisms. The Financing of Sport Facilities. The Costs of Ownership. Sport as a Monopoly. 12.Sport and Politics. The Olympics as a Case Study in Power Politics. Politics at the State, National, and International Levels. 13.Sport and Religion. Defining Religion. Functions of Religion. Characteristics of Institutionalized Religion. Connections Between Religion and Sport. Sport as Civil Religion. Uses of Religious Practices in the World of Sport. 14.Sport and the Mass Media. Popular Culture and Sport. Functions of Media Sport and Theories of the Media's Influence. The Print Media. The Electronic Media: Broadcasting. The Electronic Media: Television. How Television Has Affected Sport. The Economic Impact of Television and Sports. Some Consequences of Television Sport Coverage. Recent Television Sport Coverage. Television Sportscasters and Sports Journalism. The Future of Television and Sports. 15.Sport, Collective Behavior, and Social Change. A Case Study of Collective Behavior in Sport. Theories of Crowd Behavior. Theories Explaining Sport Spectator Violence. A Theory of Collective Behavior. Social Movements in Sport. More Recent Social Movements in Sport.. 16.Epilogue. Social Change. Two Futuristic Sport Scenarios. Department of Sports? Author Index. Subject Index.

Advancement for Women in Hierarchical Organizations: A Multilevel Analysis of Problems and Prospects

Women's problems and prospects for advancement to upper level positions in hierarchical organizations are analyzed within a five-level framework of social organization. The five levels are (1) societal; (2) institutional; (3) organizational; (4) role; and (5) individual. Corresponding units of analysisfor each level are identified and discussed. To illustrate the framework, two problems confronting women are identified for each level, along with possible corrective actions. Conclusions are that (1) fundamental change in women's status in hierarchical work organizations will require simultaneous efforts on all five levels of social organization; (2) change in any realm requires political action against ideological justifications and claims for women's exclusion; and (3) the division of labor between the sexes in relation to work and child/family/home responsibilities must change before women can receive equitable treatment in the workplace. The authors call for more research on the interrelations between influences and factors across levels of social organization.

The Prehistoric Landscape of Dartmoor Part 2: North and East Dartmoor

This paper describes the distribution of reaves (Bronze Age land boundaries) on North and East Dartmoor (cf. Fleming 1978a for South Dartmoor). It is suggested that they form a pattern which reflects the territorial arrangements of several communities distributed around the edge of Dartmoor. Each of these territories tended to be about 3–4 km in breadth and to include a single block of enclosed land laid out on one axis, sometimes covering over 1000 ha. The scale of territories here is more independent of the incidence of major geographical features than is the case on South Dartmoor. There is normally a simple division between enclosed land and upland pasture, without the intermediate settled valley zones which are important on the South Moor. Classic parallel reave systems occur, but so do simpler ‘block systems’, and this variability can best be conceptualized as a continuum, within a broad tradition of laying out enclosed land on a major axis and in rectangular parcels. It is suggested, mainly on the basis of the interdependence of the pattern's components, that most boundaries on Dartmoor were laid out in response to a single decision taken around 1300 bc (1700/1600 BC), although some cross-ridge reaves may be earlier in date. Some details of the layout reflect different levels of social organisation — what are here termed the neighbourhood group, the community, and the regional level of organisation. The paper also discusses the settlement history of different regions of Dartmoor, suggesting that a third major upland common, the East Moor, should be considered equivalent to the North Moor and the South Moor in terms of the development of land use. The East Moor was eventually encroached upon by the Rippon Tor parallel reave system, probably the largest prehistoric field system known in Britain.

Levels of social organization and male-female bonding in the genus Papio.

Pair-bonding in the genus Papio seems to be the result of fusion of troops as well as fission. When troop segments regularly split and join again, males who permanently maintain exclusive access to a few females may have an advantage over males who compete for all females who are in estrus. When two or more troops regularly fuse, this advantage may be greatly increased.

A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. IX. Use of groups consisting of a mating pair and sterile diploid caste members

This paper and the next member of the series, deal with genetical mechanisms responsible for the evolution of eusociality (a level of social organization that includes differentiated sterile castes) among the “social” insects. Eusociality has evolved in a number of different species. Two different types of genetic systems are represented among these species: diplodiploidy (both sexes diploid) and haplodiploidy (haploid males and diploid females). The present paper examines the evolution of a sterile caste system in the context of diplodiploidy, and the next paper considers the evolution of eusociality in the context of haplodiploidy. The present study demonstrates that if the sterile diploid caste members are related to the reproductive members of the group, eusociality can evolve. This is true because the caste associate gene effects are included in the function determining gene frequency change (i.e. Δp i ). Also, since the caste gene effects are expressed only through the associate dimension of gene activity, they can cause morphological and behavioral adaptations to occur which are peculiar to the caste members, and need not be expressed in the reproducing members of the group. Thus caste differentiation is possible.

A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuate. X. Use of groups consisting of a mating pair together with haploid and diploid caste members

This paper and the previous member of the series, deal with genetical mechanisms responsible for the evolution of eusociality (a level of social organization that includes differentiated sterile castes) among the “social” insects. Eusociality has evolved in a number of different species. Two different types of genetic systems are represented among these species: diplodiploidy (both sexes diploid) and haplodiploidy (haploid males and diploid females). The previous paper examined the evolution of a sterile caste system in the context of diplodiploidy, and the present paper considers the evolution of eusociality in the context of haplodiploidy. The present study demonstrates that selection operating with regard to random groups within the haplodiploid inheritance system cannot result in the evolution of a sterile caste system. Thus haplodiploidy, in itself, is not sufficient for the evolution of eusociality. However, if the sterile caste members are related to the reproductive members of the group, the appropriate caste associate gene effects are included in the function determining gene frequency change (i.e. Δp i ), and therefore, eusociality can evolve. This is true for both haploid and diploid castes. In comparing the two modes of inheritance, it is demonstrated that haplodiploidy provides up to 37·5% increased selection efficiency relative to diplodiploidy in evolving a social caste system in the absence of inbreeding.

A Plainview Kill/Butchering Locale On The Llano Est Acado-The Lubbock Lake Site

AbstractThe Lubbock Lake site is a multi-component, stratified locality on the Llano Estacada (Southern High Plains). Part of a Plainview (Paleo-Indian) period bison kill/butchering locale is being excavated. Cultural designation is based on recovered projectile points, stratigraphic position, and radiocarbon dates. Tool assemblage consists of lithic and bone expediency tool kits. Geological, faunal, and paleoenvironmental settings create an interpretative framework for the cultural event. Only part of the Plainview lifeway system is reflected at the site. The locale represents a different level of social organization than seen at other Plainview period bison kill sites. Preliminary statements include a few differences and similarities between excavated Plainview sites.

The Shaping of World Order Studies: A Response

The highest function of criticism is to stimulate an author to think harder, to go further, to reconsider, and, possibly, to try again. At times, often unwittingly, author and critic join in a species of tacit collaboration. I regard Stanley Michalak's generally helpful critique of A Study of Future Worlds in this spirit.The overall ambition of world order studies has been to work out an intellectual framework useful for understanding and acting upon the great global challenges of our time—the menace of large-scale warfare, the scandal of large-scale poverty, the outrage of acute injustice, the dangers of environmental decay, and the burden of inhumane and/or ineffectual governance at all levels of social organization (from family to planet).

Contributions to Psychohistory: II. Toynbee's Study of History: A Contribution to the Psychology of Crisis Cults and Religion

The premise in the psychology of religion which maintains that religion is a response to an unmanageable stress or threat is shown to have applicability above the level of the individual. It is shown to be inherent in the function of institutionalized religion for families. Oppressed minorities, marginal classes, and primitive tribes show similar responses when their security is endangered. This is manifested by crisis cults, millennial cults, and nativist churches. Reference is made to the historical works of Arthur Toynbee, and it is suggested that high civilizations likewise evolve a buffering religion when endangered or disintegrating. A principle of behavior true at all levels of social organization can be considered to be an axiom in the psychology of religion.

Time Differences and International Interaction

Physical distance appears to act as a restraint on interaction at all levels of social organization. However, there is one specific problem connected with high-speed in teraction over great distance in the international system - that of time differences. In international travel the 'jet lag' causes fatigue and related phenomena. (The problem of a sudden change of climate associated with rapid North-South movements has not been studied to the same degree, but appears to be less serious.) In attempting to cir cumvent these unpleasant effects by interacting through telecommunication (moving information rather than moving people), one runs into a related problem - that of non-overlapping office hours. Informal data from several organizations with interna tional activities are cited as examples of how these problems are dealt with. Technologi cal and social 'solutions' to the problem of time differences are discussed. Several of these raise new problems, among them the possibility of an emerging 'time imperialism'- with dominant nations, organizations, and individuals imposing their own time cycles on their dependent individuals and groups - seems particularly ominous.

Theoretical model for sociological analysis

In this paper we propose a theoretical model for sociological analysis of general scope that respects the imperatives of abstractness, simplicity and multidimensionality. The model has two components: conceptual and methodological. The conceptual scheme consists of six categories defined in a matrix with three rows and two columns: the three relational levels of social organization (micro, meso and macro) and the two modes of relational patterning (factual and normative). In the methodological scheme are identified and characterized the three main modes of connection between these levels: by aggregation, structuring and power effects.

Functions of the state: concepts, classifications, scientific interpretations

In the article the concept of state functions, realizing which the state carries out a targeted management impact on various spheres of a public life. They show that the government should do to achieve and implement the goals and tasks that lie before him in a certain historical period. Purposes of the functions of the state are the results that must be obtained in implementing the functions, goals can be immediate, intermediate, ultimate. On one stage of historical development, priority may be given to economic, the other political or socio-cultural functions, the third function of defense, etc. At the beginning of its inception, the state played a very small list of functions. The contents of most of them was of a pronounced class character. The functions manifest national characteristics of the country, because the state is obliged to provide the geopolitical interests of the ethnic group, to support the development of national culture, language, and the like. The contents and the list of functions to a large extent depend on the nature of the state, its social purpose in public life. The main duty of the state to maintain a level of social organization that would ensure not only the preservation of the integrity and prosperity of society as a whole, but also the needs of individuals. The article studies scientific approaches with respect to interpretation of the concept of functions, given the existing classification of state functions: the areas of activities of the state, duration and the like. The analysis of existing functions in Ukraine. The human rights function is currently the most relevant. Advocacy function has the expression in activities that are aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the rule of law and the rule of law in all spheres of public and political life. The peculiarities of exercise of the functions of the state are divided into legal and organizational. The legal form is a homogenous activity of state bodies related to the adoption of legal acts. Organizational form is a homogenous activity of the state aimed at creating organizational conditions to ensure functions of the state. In Ukraine there are three main forms of implementation of the activities of the state depending on types of activities: legislative, Executive, judicial. The basis for this separation is the provision of the Constitution of Ukraine, which is highlighted in these branches of government. In the implementation of all main functions of the state are actively involved all types of public power in Ukraine.