SGOT Levels Research Articles

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) skin extract reduced levels of SGPT and SGOT and improved the liver tissue structure of Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) fed a high-cholesterol diet

Background: This study determined the effect of adding grape skin extract (Vitis vinifera L.) to the diet of Wistar rats fed with high cholesterol on levels of SGPT and SGOT and the structure of liver tissue. Methods: This study used 5 groups, namely control (standard diet), P1 (high cholesterol diet), P2 (high cholesterol diet and extract of grape skin as much as 100 mg/200 gBW/day), P3 (high cholesterol diet and extract of grape skin as much as 250 mg/200 gBW/day) and P4 (high cholesterol diet and extract of grape skin 500 mg/200 gBW/day). The study began with the production of extracts, the extracts dosage determination, high cholesterol diet preparation, sample (animals) preparation, extract addition to animals, SGPT and SGOT levels measurement, rat liver histopathology preparation and histopathological features observation, then ended with data analysis. Results: The results showed that administration of grape skin extract in Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet affected the levels of SGPT and SGOT, as well as parenchymatous degeneration of hepatocytes. Administration of grape skin extract as much as 500 mg/200 g BW/day had the lowest mean levels of SGPT and SGOT and the lowest parenchymatous degeneration of hepatocytes. Conclusion: Thus, the extract of grape skin (Vitis vinifera L.) has the potential of hepatoprotector because it contains anthocyanin, which functions as an antioxidant and protects against liver damage.

ANTIULCER, ANALGESIC AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF HYDROALCOHOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF JURINEA DOLOMIAEA BOISS

The herb Jurinea Dolomiaea Boiss, which is a member of the Astraceae family, has long been used in Ayurveda to treat liver diseases and as an anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic. The antiulcer, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss aqueous and hydroalcoholic root extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats were investigated in this work. The experimental rats were given Jurinea dolomiaea root hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o.) daily for seven days. By measuring SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin, the hydroalcoholic extract of Jurinea dolomiaea roots was examined for its hepatoprotective properties. The toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride was greatly reduced in the rats treated with the hydroalcoholic extract of Jurinea dolomiaea roots by restoring the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin compared to the toxicant control. Jurinea dolomiaea root hydroalcoholic extract shown notable hepatoprotective effects.

Study on Status of Serum Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in COVID-19 Positive Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents clinically a variety of pathological and clinical organ dysfunctions, ranging in severity from asymptomatic to fatal. The care and monitoring of COVID-19 patients may benefit from the use of biochemical and hematological markers.
 Objective To observe the alteration of serum biochemical and hematological parameters in COVID-19 positive patients, attending a Tertiary Care Hospital.
 Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all COVID-19 positive patients attending Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal from 15th December 2021 to 15th February 2022. The test results of different serum biochemical and hematological parameters done for these patients were recorded in clinical laboratory services and obtained retrospectively for the analysis. The data were entered in MS excel and analyzed by SPSS version 20.
 Result Out of 1537 COVID-11699 declared positive patients, 712 (46.32%) were male and 825 (53.68%) female. Mean age of COVID positive patients was 40.03±20.08 years. The level of serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP and GGT was significantly elevated in 39.9%, 42.8%, 32.3% and 47.2% of COVID positive patients respectively. Blood Urea, creatinine, uric acid and sugar level were significantly elevated in 63%, 56.1%, 33.1% and 47.6% patients respectively. The serum level of LDH, D-dimer, CRP and procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly increased in 52.1%, 75.9%, 71.6% and 61.2% of patients respectively. The serum value of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL were significantly lowered in 52.2%, 43.8%, 70.1% and 60.3% of patients respectively. RBC concentration and level of hemoglobin was reduced in 56.6% and 53.6% of COVID positive patients respectively whereas total leukocyte count was elevated in 80.7% with increase in neutrophil in 87.9% and decrease in lymphocyte in 79.4%.
 Conclusion A portion of COVID-19 positive patients showed drastically altered test results for various serum biochemical and hematological markers, although many of them had normal findings.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Andrographolide and its Semi-Synthetic Derivatives

The extensive of liver disease is increase the delight of natural products to treat hepatic diseases. This research aimed to evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of semi-synthetic derivative of andrographolide obtained from Andrographis paniculate (Acanthaceae) generally known as king of bitter. Andrographolide was isolated from the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata. In recently various derivative synthesized from andrographolide for pharmacological activity like anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-feedant, anti-viral and so on. In this research 3,19(4-bromo benzylidene) andrographolide were derivatized from andrographolide and evaluate its hepatoprotective potentiality. In this compound 3-19(4-bromo benzylidene andrographolide showed comparatively solubility than andrographolide. In the in- vivo experiment, 3-19(4-bromo benzylidene) andrographolide showed significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing the level of bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and transminases and histogram support the result. Experimental results showed that 3-19(4-bromo benzylidene derivative able to treat hepatic disease with low toxicity and improved efficacy.

THE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF Moringa oleifera LEAF EXTRACT ON HEPATOTOXIC CASE REVIEWING FROM CADMIUM, SGOT AND SGPT BLOOD LEVELS IN WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus) INDUCED WITH CADMIUM (Cd)

Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) is part of herbal plants that have been known for their good natural chelating agent and hepatoprotective properties, especially in hepatotoxic events due to cadmium (Cd) exposure, where flavonoid compounds are contained in the form of quercetin and kaempferol, vitamin A, vitamin C and several phenol components that can inhibit the accumulation of cadmium metals and neutralize free radicals by lowering SGOT and SGPT levels, so this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) against hepatotoxic in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with cadmium. This study was expected to provide potential of Moringa leaves in hepatotoxic case at dose 400 mg/kgwb, 500 mg/kgwb and 600 mg/kgwb in white rats. This research was an experimental study with quantitative analysis conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya Health Laboratory Center, and Bakti Analisa Laboratory in November 2021 – July 2022. The independent variable was the dose of Moringa leaf extract and the dependent variables were levels of cadmium, SGOT and SGPT in white rat blood. Analysis of blood cadmium levels using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and analysis of SGOT SGPT levels using the BS-200 Chemistry Analyzer. The results showed that the average blood cadmium, SGOT and SGPT levels in treatment group 1 were 0.0605 μg/dL, 260.175 U/L, and 143.85 U/L; in treatment group 2 were 0.075 μg/dL, 250.925 U/L and 77.575 U/L; in treatment group 3 were 0.08125 μg/dL, 171.475 U/L and 66.075 U/L. Based on statistical analysis of One-way Anova test, sig. p value > 0.05, there was no significant difference in cadmium and SGOT levels. Then, the results of the Kruskal wallis test on SGPT levels showed sig. p value > 0.05, there was no significant difference in all treatments. Moringa leaf extract at a dose of 600 mg/kgbw/day had the best effect as chelating agent and hepatoprotective compared to doses of 400 mg/kgbw/day and 500 mg/kgbw/day at cadmium induction for 10 days. From this study, we recommend to consume about 66,522 g/day Moringa fresh leaves as the natural chelating agent and hepatoprotector for overcoming acute hepatotoxic case.
 
 INDEX TERMS Moringa Leaves, Cadmium, SGOT, SGPT, Rattus norvegicus, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Chemistry Analyzer

Role of tumour derived exosomes in manuring the metastatic niche in patients with lung cancer liver metastasis: Beyond seed soil hypothesis

Metastatic lung cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage and is widely known to metastasize to the liver in the Asian population, but the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. Tumour derived exosomes (TDEs) play an important role in metastasis and its contributions to the development of the pre-metastatic niche formation is of utmost importance. In this study serum, derived tumour exosomes form lung cancer liver metastatic patients showed active incorporation by A549 cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner and induced migratory/invasive properties. Moreover, it was observed that cellular uptake of exosomes was increased during G2/M phase stimulating the cells to enter cell cycle phases leading to cell proliferation. Further, we observed that E-cadherin, beta catenin, VEGFA, CDKN2A and TGFBR2 were differentially expressed in treated A549 cells demonstrating an important role of these TDEs in altering the tumour microenvironment. In vivo model demonstrated an increase in serum SGPT and SGOT levels whereas the histopathological examination showed patches of pneumonitis in lungs and advanced inflammation in the liver. Conclusively, our results depict an undisputable role of these exosomes as key modulators in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche required for the colonization of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) ultimately leading to distant metastasis.

Effect of Azolla cristata with or without enzyme supplementation on blood biochemistry and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chicken

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of partially replacing soybean protein with Azolla (AZ) with or without enzyme on blood biochemistry and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chicken. The experiment was performed on 210 Cobb broiler chicks randomly assigned to 7 treatment groups each replicated 3 times with 10 birds in each replicate. Basal diet was offered to the control (T1) group, whereas soybean protein was replaced with 5 (T2), 10 (T3) and 15% (T4) AZ and the other three groups, i.e. T5, T6 and T7 contained the respective inclusion levels of AZ, but were supplemented with cocktail enzyme. The results revealed that there was no statistical difference on blood glucose, cholesterol, protein, SGPT and SGOT levels among various treatment groups including control. Also there was a no significant effect in villus height (V), crypt depth (C) and V/C ratio among various treatment groups when compared to control. Highest villus height was observed in the control group (T1) and there was reduction in villus height in all the groups wherein AZ was included in the diet either alone or with enzyme supplementation. It is thus concluded that dietary inclusion of AZ had no adverse effect on the blood biochemistry and intestinal histomorphology when provided alone or in combination with enzyme supplementation, indicating that AZ could be included up to 15% level in the diet of broiler chicken without any adverse effect.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of chirata in alloxan-induced diabetic rat model

The present study was performed for evaluating the anti-diabetogenic effect of chirata extract in alloxen induced rat model which has rarely been done by any researcher previously. Diabetes was induced by injecting Alloxen (ALX) @ 120 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously to swiss albino mice. The sixteen rats were divided into four groups named Group A (non-diabetic) for the negative control, Group B (diabetic) for positive control, Group C treated with aqueous extract of chirata@ 125 mg/kg body wt and Group D treated with metformin (anti-diabetic drugs) @150 mg/kg body wt.). The duration of the experiment was 16 (sixteen) days. Finally, the research showed that the final body weight of positive control (diabetes induction) Group B (43.0±0.90) was significantly decreased from the treatment of negative control Group A (43.5±1.80) and similarly followed by treatment with a synthetic anti-diabetic agent such as metformin group D (44.50±1.70) and herbal drugs as chirata treatment Group C (44.0±1.95). The creatinine level in Group A, B, C and D were 0.85±0.07 mg/dL, 1.15±0.07 mg/dL, 0.95±0.08 mg/dL and 0.9±0.14 mg/dL respectively. The SGPT level in Group A, B, C, and D was 19±1.41 U/L, 27.44±2.82 U/L, 26.5±2.12 U/L, and 20.5± 2.12 U/L respectively. The SGOT level in Group A,B,C and D were 30±2.82 g/dL, 90±3.53 g/dL, 70±1.41 g/dL and 45±2.83 g/dL respectively. In alloxen-induced mice, a fall in SGPT levels was observed in the groups treated with aqueous extract of Chirata and Metformin. Aqueous extract of Chirata decreased SGOT levels compared with a diabetic control group. The body weight of the swiss albino mice was increased significantly in those treated with chirata extraction in the diabetic group. The synthetic drug metformin-treated group improved the body weight of the swiss albino mice model. The antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Chirata is comparatively lower than the synthetic anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin. Thus the above observations suggested that extracts, from Swertia chirata possess anti-diabetic principal and can presumably be used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

POTENCY OF SOURSOP LEAF (ANNONA MURICATA L.) DECOCTION WATER AS A TRIGGER FOR MICE (MUS MUSCULLUS) LIVER CELL REGENERATION MARKED BY CYCLIN D1 EXPRESSION DUE TO RHODAMINE B INFECTION

Soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) is one of the plants that contains chemical compounds such as acetogenins, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and glycosides where this group of chemical compounds has the potential as antioxidants to ward off free radicals. This study aimed to determine the effect of soursop leaf decoction in regenerating liver cells of male mice of the Balb/C strain induced by rhodamine B through the expression of cyclin D1. The 25 mice were divided into 5 groups, namely group I was given standard feed, group II was given standard feed and rhodamine B 0.4 mg/ml, groups III, IV and V were given standard feed, rhodamine B 0.4 mg/ml, and water. soursop leaf decoction with doses of 3.64 mg/g BW, 7.28 mg/g BW, and 10.92 mg/g BW for each group. The treatment was carried out for 14 days by giving soursop leaf boiled water after rhodamine B induction for 7 days. The results showed that the boiled water of soursop leaves at a dose of 10.92 mg/g BW had a significant effect on reducing levels of SGOT and SGPT (p<0.05) and could regenerate mice liver cells through the expression of cyclin D1. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the antioxidant content of soursop leaf boiled water can prevent liver cell damage in mice and increase cell regeneration power

Hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction and thrombocytopenia in children admitted with malaria in tertiary care centre in Bundelkhand region - An observational study

Vivax malaria is long considered to have a benign course. It is known for multiple relapses and falciparum infection was associated with complicated malaria. However in the past few years there is a changing trend in the clinical manifestations of vivax malaria namely severe or complicated disease; sometimes even causing death. Objective: To study the hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction and incidence of thrombocytopenia in malaria in childhood in Bundelkhand region. Design: Observational study in a Pediatric ward of tertiary care hospital in Jhansi Material and Methods: 100 patients between the age groups of 1 to 15 yrs, whose peripheral smear were positive for malarial parasite have been included in the study group. A detailed history and clinical examination was followed by investigations like hemogram, platelet counts, general blood picture, reticulocyte count, serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase, blood urea, serum creatinine. Results: Raised level of SGPT, SGOT and total serum bilirubin seen were 31%, 30%, 53% respectively. In our study 11(11%) of cases had raised level of blood urea or serum creatinine or both. 88 cases (88%) had platelet count < 1.5 lac/mm3.

Modulation of EphA7 and pEphA7 Protein Expression: Potential Biomarkers for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading drivers of cancer-related mortality in the world. As a result, researchers are constantly looking for ways to optimize the screening and diagnosis of the said malignancy. To establish the mice model of hepatocellular carcinoma with the administration of a suitable dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and examine the utility of EphA7 and pEphA7 as ideal diagnostic markers in HCC. Swiss Albino (BALB/c) mice of around 10-12 weeks old were exposed to a known hepatocarcinogen-diethylnitrosamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight at weekly intervals for a period of 4, 8, 12, & 16 weeks. Blood was collected from mice of different experimental groups, and age-matched control and serum were separated from whole blood samples. The liver homogenate was prepared after completion of treatment, and the resulting supernatant was used for enzyme assays. A range of liver biomarker enzyme assays such as Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), Acetylcholine esterase (AChE), GPx activity and GSH level, Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), GPC3 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level along with the expression of Caspase-3, EphA7 and pEphA7 were evaluated. An elevation in body weight and relative liver weight across the treatment period (4, 8, 12, 16 weeks) was observed in DEN-treated mice. Significant differences in GGT levels between control and DEN treated mice were noted in the present study (P < 0.005). In the 16th week of the treatment period, a significant difference in AchE level was noted between the treated and control group (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of SGOT and SGPT levels between the control and DEN treated groups (P > 0.001). Lower GSH and GPx levels were demonstrated in the treated mice as compared to control over all the treatment period. Loss of Caspase-3 expression and significant differences in expression of HO-1 activity in treated vs. non-treated group of mice were observed. Significant differences in EphA7 and pEphA7 protein expression levels were noted in the DEN-treated vs. control groups across all the treatment periods (4 weeks: P < 0.05; 8 weeks: P < 0.05; 12 weeks: P < 0.005; 16 weeks: P < 0.05). The present study indicated that EphA7 and phosphoEphA7 over-expression might contribute to the malignancy transition, invasion development, and metastasis of HCC. As a result, along with the known markers such as AFP and others, EphA7 and pEphA7 could be a very putative biomarkers of HCC, particularly at a very early stage of cancer development.

The Effect of Wet Cupping (Al-hijamah) and Limonene on Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Rats

Background: According to the international diabetes federation, 629 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. Wet cupping therapy is a combination of bleeding and dry cupping and has been used in traditional medicine as a complementary therapy for diabetes. Limonene was shown to have both antioxidant and antidiabetic activity but its potential alongside other treatments has not been thoroughly explored. Objectives: Although wet-cupping therapy is widely used under different conditions, its potential in the treatment of diabetes is not well-examined. Methods: Male Wistar rats were then injected with alloxan and nicotinamide to induce diabetes. After cupping, the rats’ serum nitric oxide, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, GPX, urea, and HDL levels were determined. The glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and protein level of the serum, renal, and liver were then measured. Results: The results showed a significant differences in serum glucose levels among the diabetic rats receiving wet cupping and limonene, in serum glutathione levels in diabetic rats receiving limonene or limonene and wet cupping compared to the diabetic rats, in liver GSH levels in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping, in the liver GPX activity in control rats receiving limonene, and in liver catalase activity in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping compared to control group. There was no significant change in serum NO, protein, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, triglyceride MDA, urea, catalase, HDL, renal GSH, MDA, catalase, liver protein, and MDA Level. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggested that a combination of limonene and wet cupping therapy could be presented as an agent to lower elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the findings.

Hepatoprotective and Anti-Oxidant Study of Mukta Bhasma (Calx of Cultured Pearls) Against CCl4-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats (In-Vivo).

Mukta Bhasma (MB) is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation for upper respiratory and lower respiratory conditions, eye disorders, powerful cardiac tonic, immune-regulator, mood elevator and known to promote strength, intellect and semen production. Mukta bhasma is prepared using direct heat as a media of transformation. Mukta Bhasma was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in wistar albino rats. Mukta Bhasma (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg) was administered to experimental rats for 10 days. Silymarin (25mg/kg) was given as the standard drug. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various serum biochemical parameters like (SGOT), (SGPT), Total and Direct bilirubin (TB and DB), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total Triglycerides (TG) and Total Cholesterol (TC). Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Reduced Glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) were determined to explain the antioxidant activity of Mukta Bhasma. The substantially elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, TB and DB, ALP, TG and TC due to CCl4 treatment were restored towards near normal by Mukta bhasma (MB) of 200mg/kg dose. Administration of MB 200mg has shown significant reduction in the biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Bilirubin, Total cholesterol and Total triglycerides with significance of p&lt;0.001 in all the parameters when compared to CCl4 group. Also, they were near to the standard Silymarin group. Mukta bhasma 200mg has shown significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in the LPO level, increase in CAT and GSH representing significant antioxidant activity of Mukta bhasma. The histopathological study showed reduction in fatty degeneration of liver in MB 200mg/kg body weight. Thus, results revealed that Mukta bhasma afford significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in CCl4 induced hepatic damage.&#x0D;

Effect of quercetinon drug induced hepatotoxicity

Objectives-The present study was designed 1. To achieved maximum yield of bioactive extract from the plant through extraction process. 2. To investigated phytochemicals constituents. 3. To determined pharmacological screening of quercetin against hepatotoxicity. Methods- Crude extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves were prepared using various solvents using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol in succession using soxhlet apparatus. The plant extracts were subjected for photochemical analysis, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The extracts were then subjected to column chromatography followed by TLC. The isolated compound was subjected to experimental animals and hepatoprotective activity was studied. Results-The ethanol extract showed the presence of higher flavonoid content when compared with other solvent extracts. The ethanol extract was subjected to fractionalization by column chromatography. The eluted fractions were run in TLC mobile phase with the different solvent ratio. Chromatographic fingerprinting showed the presence of flavonoids. It was found that there was significant decrease in the SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Total Bilirubin level in animal by giving quercetin of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera plant. Conclusion - The present investigation revealed that the extract containing quercetin of Moringa oleifera showed excellent hepatoprotective activity against Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOURSOP (Annona muricata L.) BOOKING WATER ON BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL LEVELS OF MOUSE (Mus musculus) INDUCED RHODAMIN B

This study aimed to determine the effect of giving soursop (Annona muricata L.) boiled water for 14 days on biochemical blood levels, including SGOT, SGPT, urea, and creatinine in the balb-C strain mice induced by rhodamine B orally. Twenty-five male mice were divided into five groups, namely groups I and II as negative control and positive control. Group III was treated with soursop leaf boiled water at 3.64 mg/mouse, and group IV was treated with soursop leaf boiled water at 7.28 mg/mice. Mice, while group V was treated with 10.92 mg/mouse of soursop leaf boiled water. The treatment was carried out for 14 days by giving soursop leaf boiled water seven days after administration of rhodamine B. On days 1, 7, and 14, the mice took intracardially, and then the levels of SGPT, SGOT, urea, and creatinine were measured. The data were then analyzed using the One way ANOVA test and continued with the LSD test. One-way ANOVA test results showed that giving soursop leaf boiled water had a significant effect on reducing SGOT, SGPT, urea, and creatinine (p&lt;0.05). The results of the LSD test showed significant differences between levels of SGOT SGPT, urea, and creatinine in the group before treatment, after administration of rhodamine B, and after administration of soursop leaf boiled water. It concludes that the treatment of soursop (Annona muricata L.) cooked in the water had the most practical effect in neutralizing the damage to liver and kidney cells of mice exposed to rhodamine B. Because it contains antioxidants, the water that boiled with soursop leaf provided a cytoprotective effect by neutralizing the free radicals caused by rhodamine B

Novel substituted isoindolinones derived from lawsone: synthesis, characterization, theoretical, biological activity and docking studies

An efficient Mannich type multicomponent reaction approach was developed for the synthesis of a series of novel substituted isoindolinones derived from Lawsone, 2-formyl benzoic acid, and various primary amines. This protocol features direct construction of C-N and C-C bonds via metal-free method at room temperature using an environment-friendly solvent. The synthesized isoindolinone compounds 4a-4m were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and ESI-MS. Computational studies were carried out by the DFT method using B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) basic set as a tool to analyse the chemical reactivity parameters and comprehend the molecular interaction. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), dipole moment, chemical reactivity, and stability features of investigated isoindolinones revealed that 4i, 4j, 4l, and 4m could be promising candidates for further biological activity. The cytotoxic activity of selected compounds was evaluated using MTT assay against HepG2 cell lines (Human liver cancer cell line). The data revealed that screened compounds displayed excellent to moderate activity. The docking examination was executed on a promising liver cancer-associated Alpha fetoprotein (AFP). It showed a positive outcome with minimum binding energy and hydrogen bond interaction. Furthermore, In vivo studies ascertained that synthesized isoindolinone derivatives can lead to enhanced cancer cell death and prevention of tumor growth by restoring serum SGOT and SGPT levels near to normal. It further restores matrix metallopeptidase (MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels) near to control confirms the effectiveness of the compound.

Qualitative Assessment of a Customized Anti-hepatic Herbal Formulation in Bangladesh

Qualitative assessment of herbal formulations is used in pre-health care of many diseases. The potency, composition and safety of herbal formulation are serious concerns in Bangladesh. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the qualitative assessment of a customized anti-hepatic herbal formulation in Bangladesh. Isolation of compounds, toxic metals analysis, phytochemical screening, microbial test and determination of SGPT and SGOT level of hepatic model rats were focused in this study. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenol, saponins and tannins. In chemical study, four known compounds were isolated from the formulation (Sodium benzoate, methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hyroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy- 3-methoxybenzaldehyde). The results of microbial purity and toxic metals analysis were in favorable limit although the levels of SGOT and SGPT were raised non-significantly. So, based on the study it has been concluded that quality assessment is urgently required for this type of customized herbal formulations. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(1): 59-67, 2022 (June)

EVALUATION OF IN VIVO ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ROOT OF CRATAEVA MAGNA LOUR., ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of the ethanolic extract of root of Crataeva magna Lour., on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) was used to induce the diabetes mellitus in rats. Afterward, the diabetic rats will be divided into four groups Group I rats served as diabetic control rats, Group II rats were induced diabetes and treated with standard drug through oral intragastric tube, Group III and Group IV were treated with ethanolic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg). Glibenclamide as reference was to evaluate the effect of the extract. Results: The administration of extract decreased the fasting blood glucose and body weight as well as increased level of total cholesterol and triglycerides which and decreased and HDL level. SGPT and SGOT level were significantly reduced in treatment group. Blood urea and creatinine were a significant difference in blood urea and creatinine. Conclusion: The extract of C.magna Lour. exhibited significant anti-diabetic activity evident from blood glucose level, body weight, serum cholesterol profile, SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, and serum urea level.

Repurposing PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil and sildenafil as anticancer agent against hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting key events of glucose metabolism and multidrug resistance.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged asone of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide and is caused due to contamination of diets with aflatoxin B1 and chronic viral hepatitis. Recent reports suggest that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i) exhibits anticancer properties against several forms of cancer but till now has not been evaluated against HCC. We aimed to evaluate the anticancer property of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) tadalafil and sildenafil against aflatoxin B1 HCC. Rats of HCC group were fed with 5% alcohol via drinking water for 3 weeks, followed by administration of AFB1 (1 mg/kg/bw, i.p.) at an interval of two subsequent days. PDE5i (tadalafil and sildenafil, 10 mg/kg bw) was administered along with drinking water after 6 weeks of treatment with AFB1 for 2 weeks. In the present investigation, in HCC elevation in the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and urea vis-à-vis activity of key glycolytic enzyme LDH and mRNA expression of c-myc, Akt, LDH-A, and PFKFB3 was noted. Similarly, the level of multidrug resistance protein (MDR) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) was elevated along with increased expression of angiogenesis marker (HIF-1α, VEGF, andTGF-β1) in HCC. Post-treatment with PDE5 inhibitor (tadalafil and sildenafil) downregulated and brought back the above parameters towards normal and out of two PDE5i (tadalafil and sildenafil), sildenafil effect was more potent as compared to tadalafil. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that PDE5 inhibitors tadalafil and sildenafil are able to prohibit the development and progression of aflatoxin B1 induced HCC.

Analisis Risiko Kadar Enzim SGOT dan SGPT pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that occur due to abnormalities in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. In type 2 diabetes mellitus there is a decrease in glucose absorption by the body due to insulin resistance. Energy metabolism from glucose is processed through the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver (cytosol). The process that occurs continuously causes the accumulation of lipids in the liver or "fatty liver" so it is necessary to check the levels of transaminase enzymes which include SGOT and SGPT. The purpose of this study was to analyze the levels of SGOT and SGPT enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the analytical observational method. The results of the examination of SGOT and SGPT levels from 30 patients who were taken randomly at Dr. Soetomo Surabaya will be analyzed with bar graphs and diagrams. Of 30 random samples, 20 samples (66.67%) had SGOT levels above the normal value, and 12 samples (40%) had SGPT with results above normal values. This study concludes that there is an increase in the levels of SGOT and SGPT enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.