Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Levels Research Articles

Liver protection and hemostatic effects of medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst extract in a rat model

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst. (AE) is a Chinese medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat various circulatory diseases. It exhibits certain effects, such as the promotion of blood circulation and cooling, rash clearance, and detoxification. Aim of the studyThis study was designed to explore the hepatoprotective and hemostatic effects of the ethyl acetate extract of AE in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Materials and methodsWistar rats were treated via oral gavage with different doses of the ethyl acetate extract of AE (3.5, 7, or 14 g kg−1·day−1) for 14 consecutive days, following which hemostatic and liver function tests were conducted. For the hemostatic tests, the platelet count, blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (PF-4) secretion from blood platelets, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen levels were measured at the end of the treatment period. For the liver function tests, 0.25 mL/200 g (1.25 mL kg−1·day−1) of olive oil was injected into the abdominal cavity of the control rats, whereas 15% CCl4 plus olive oil (prescription: 7.5 mL CCl4 + 42.5 olive oil) was injected into that of the treated rats at 1 h after extract administration on day 6, 13, and 20. Additionally, food and water were withheld from all the animals. On the following day, the rats were anesthetized and their albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels among the groups were determined using a one-way analysis of variance. ResultsThe platelet count and blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and PF-4 secretion levels were significantly increased in the (3.5 g kg−1 day−1) AE group as compared to those in the control group (all p < 0.001; for the 7 and 14 g kg−1 day−1 AE groups, all p > 0.05, respectively). Although the PT and aPTT were not affected by the AE extract (all p > 0.05), the TT was reduced and the FIB levels were significantly increased in all AE groups (p < 0.05). Liver function tests showed that CCl4 caused significant liver damage, thereby decreasing the albumin, SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GR, and GPx levels, while increasing the AST, ALT, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, LDH, ROS, and MDA levels (all p < 0.001). By contrast, treatment with the different doses of AE extract reversed the CCl4 effects on all these parameters. Compared with the levels in the CCl4 group, the GSH and GR levels in the three AE groups (3.5, 7, and 14 g kg−1·day−1) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the differences in the other parameters for these three groups were all at the significance levels of p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively. ConclusionsAE extracts administered orally exhibited hepatoprotective activity by affecting platelet production and blood coagulation and ameliorating liver function-damaging modifications. Specifically, a dosage of 3.5 g kg−1·day−1 resulted in the most optimal effects.

Molecular mechanisms of Agardhiella subulata attenuates hepatic fibrosis by modulating hepatic stellate cell activation via the reduction of autophagy

In this study, we investigated the effects of Agardhiella subulata extract (ASE) and its underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Rats induced hepatic fibrosis with CCl4 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activated rat hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-T6) was used. The results showed that ASE (oral, 10 or 50 mg/kg) effectively attenuated liver fibrogenesis in the rats. This was evidenced by decreases in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels, histopathological changes, decreased collagen deposition, and extracellular matrix formation. ASE significantly reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, Kupffer cell activation, and the levels of fibrogenic molecules such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen. Furthermore, ASE downregulated the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and concomitantly inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells by reducing autophagy and inducing the regeneration of lipid droplets both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, ASE inhibited various mechanisms that are important targets in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis.

Look Out for Fever: Clinical Profile of Dengue in Young Adults in a Tertiary Care Center in North India.

Background Dengue fever (DF) is a common viral disease, clinical manifestations of which vary from influenza-like illness (DF) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The aim of this article was to study the clinical profile of DF in young adults. Material and Methods This was an observational study conducted in the department of medicine over a period of 2 years (January 1, 2013-December 31, 2014). Patients aged between 18 and 30 years with serology proven (nonstructural protein 1 [NS1]/dengue immunoglobulin M [IgM]) DF were included in this study. The clinical and laboratory data was recorded and analyzed. Results Out of 418 cases, the incidence of DF, DHF, and DSS was 87.32, 7.66, and 5.02%, respectively. The most common presentations were fever (99.76%) followed by vomiting (29.43%), pain abdomen (17.94%), myalgias (13.16%), petechial rash (12.92%), and bleeding (10.29%). Dengue NS1 and IgM antibodies were positive in 87.3% and 88.12% of the patients, respectively. Ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pleural effusion, gall bladder wall edema, and pericardial effusion were present in 8.13, 6.94, 6.70, 5.98, 2.63, and 0.72% of the patients, respectively. Complications included bleeding (10.29%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (1.67%), myocarditis (1.44%), seizures (1.44%), hemarthrosis (0.24%), and encephalopathy (0.24%). The mortality rate was 3.35% with death of 14 patients. Shock, bleeding, and elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels predicted adverse outcome. Conclusion DF can present with a plethora of clinical manifestations in endemic areas. Adverse outcome is more likely if patients have elevated SGOT levels, shock, and bleeding. Continuous seroepidemiological surveillance is essential to control outbreak and minimize morbidity and mortality.

Antidiabetic and wound healing potential of biologically fabricated chitosan nanoparticles of aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata

Background: Hunteria umbellata (HU) is a tropical rainforest shrub in the Apocynaceae family, with various medicinal properties. Nanostructured systems improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of bioactive compounds. The current study evaluates the antidiabetic and wound healing efficacy of Hunteria umbellata-chitosan nanoparticles (HUCNPs). Methods: Aqueous seed extract was prepared from mature HU pods. Chitosan nanoparticles of H. umbellata were created by ionic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions (TPP) and characterized using Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and wound excision model were used to investigate the antidiabetic activity and wound healing efficacy of HUCNPs. Serum biochemical marker enzymes and antioxidants from kidney and liver tissues were quantified. Result: FT-IR confirmed the successful cross linkage of bioactive compounds to the chitosan nanoparticles. HUCNPs had particle size of 408.6 ± 1.5 nm, zeta potential of 32.4 ± 1.6, and polydispersity index of 0.47. Rats treated with HUCNPs had a significantly reduced mean fasting blood glucose level. Serum levels of Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase were closer to normal than diabetic control. Catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were higher in HUCNPs-treated liver and kidney tissues, while lipid peroxidase (LPO) levels were lower. The topical application of the HUCNPs ointment significantly accelerated wound healing (81.6 %) and prevented the microbial invasion of the wound surface. Conclusion: This study suggests HUCNPs as an excellent strategy for targeted drug delivery for diabetes management and accelerated wound healing.

A Combination of Virgin Coconut Oil and Extra Virgin Olive Oil Elicits Superior Protection Against Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity in Rats

The use of the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin (DOX) is associated with free radical formation that may lead to cardiotoxicity. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are plant-based oil that is rich in antioxidants. This study examined the protective effects of VCO and EVOO combination to reduce DOX acute cardiotoxicity in rats. Twenty-five male rats (180-200 g) were divided into the following groups: Group I as a control, group II was given DOX i.p. injection of 25 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), group III to V received peroral administration of either VCO, EVOO or VCO-EVOO (1:1) combination at a dose of 10 mL/kg b.w. for 6 days before receiving DOX i.p. injection. After 24 hours from DOX injection, blood samples and organs were collected. Cardiac biomarkers, such as serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase-MB (CKMB) were analyzed followed by histopathological examination. The administration of EVOO alone was found to reduce the marked elevation of SGOT, LDH, and CKMB levels in DOX-treated rats (p<0.05), while VCO administration only significantly reduced LDH and CKMB levels. However, when both oils were used in combination, the protective effect was shown to be more powerful since all cardiac biomarker levels were maintained at near-normal levels (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed a significant improvement in the myocardial tissue structures after pre-treatment with VCO-EVOO combination. The administration of VCO and EVOO in combination was superior to elicit protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity compared to their individual application in rats.

Differences of SGOT-SGPT Levels in Serum and EDTA Plasma in Hepatitis B Patients

Hepatitis is a disorder in liver inflammation that can be caused by infection with parasites, protozoa, bacteria, viruses, metabolic disorders, drugs, and alcohol that causes damage to human liver cells and can attack all ages, genders, and races throughout the world. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) levels in EDTA plasma can tend to increase more than serum. It is because EDTA plasma contains coagulation factors that can interfere with examining SGOT and SGPT levels on the device. In contrast, serum consists of proteins, electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, and hormones that do not contain coagulation factors. This study aims to compare SGOT and SGPT levels on serum and EDTA plasma samples in Hepatitis B patients. This type of research is an experimental study. This research was conducted on 35 hepatitis B specimens and then tested using the enzymatic method with Humastar 100 (spectrophotometry). Abnormal SGOT levels (&gt;27 U/L) were 54.3% in serum and 51.4% in plasma EDTA. Abnormal SGPT levels (&gt;34 U/L) were 22.9% in serum and 25.7% in plasma EDTA, so there is an insignificant difference in SGOT and SGPT levels in EDTA serum and plasma samples.

Formulation and evaluation of SGLT2 inhibitory effect of a polyherbal mixture inspired from Ayurvedic system of medicine

Background and aimThe ingredients viz., Artemisia roxburghiana, Cissampelos pareira, Stephania glabra, Drimia indica, Roylea cinerea, Tinospora sinensis and Curcuma longa of the present formulation are used to treat diabetes in the Indian traditional medical system. Adopting the concept of multiple herbal mixtures for better therapeutic effects from the ancient Ayurvedic text Sarangdhar Samhita, the present study aimed to develop a polyherbal formulation (PHF) of seven herbs and to evaluate its sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT2) inhibitory effect on type 2 diabetic rats. Experimental procedureStreptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (NAM) (120 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to induce type 2 diabetes in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups viz. normal control, diabetic control, positive control (dapagliflozin at 0.1 mg/kg) and two test groups (PHF at 250 and 500 mg/kg). Various parameters including blood glucose, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), bilirubin, triglycerides and creatinine were measured. Results and conclusionThe treatment with PHF (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels by 56.37% and 58.17%, respectively. The levels of SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin were significantly reduced in PHF-fed diabetic rats. Histopathological examination revealed no major changes in the treated groups as compared to the normal control. The molecular docking study showed strong binding of β-sitosterol, insulanoline, warifteine, dehydrocorydalmine, taraxerol acetate, lupeol, corydalmine and luteolin to SGLT2 protein. The present study concludes that PHF has promising antidiabetic activity via inhibiting SGLT2 protein without showing any adverse effects.

The Effect of Green Coffee on Blood Pressure, Liver and Kidney Functions in Obese Model Rats

BACKGROUND: The effect of green coffee (GC) on blood pressure (BP) is still debated, but GC is thought to improve liver and kidney function. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effect of the GC intervention on BP, liver, and kidney functions in obese model rats. METHODS: The research was a pre-clinical trial of pretest-posttest with control group design. Animals were divided into four groups: obese rats (G1), obese rats and GC (G2), obese rats and physical exercise (PE) (G3), and a combination of interventions (PE+GC) (G4). Data analysis used an independent sample t-test and analysis of variance; (p &lt; 0.05). RESULTS: There was a different effect of the GC, PE, and PE+GC intervention on BP (186.50 ± 3.45 vs. 91.33 ± 1.96 p = 0.001*; 189.17 ± 2.93 vs. 119.50 ± 3.73 p = 0.001*; 191.8 3 ± 2.64 vs. 98.83 ± 3.76 p = 0.001*) in obese rats. There was a significant difference in Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) (p=0.001*), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) (p = 0.001*), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p = 0.001*), and Creatinine (p = 0.001*) before and after the intervention in the three groups (G2, G3, and G4). SGOT, SGPT, and Creatinine levels decreased significantly after PE, GC, and PE+GC intervention. On the other hand, BUN levels decreased significantly after GC and its combination intervention. Meanwhile, in the control group and the intervention of PE, it increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: GC is more effective in lowering BP without causing impaired liver and kidney function in obese rats.

Therapeutic potential of policosanol in the concurrent management of dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BackgroundHigh-fat diet (HFD) possesses a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and hepatosteatosis. Unfortunately, long-term use of statins has a theoretical possibility of worsening of hepatic histology in the patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The objective of the study was to explore hepatoprotective potential of policosanol as an alternative to statins in experimental NAFLD. For the same, young male Wistar rats were fed with HFD for 8 weeks to induce NAFLD. 48 adult Wistar rats were distributed into six investigational groups: normal control, HFD control, and four treatment groups, receiving policosanol (50 and 100 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (30 mg/kg/day), and silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks along with HFD.ResultHFD consumption caused profound hepatotoxicity evident by hepatic oxidative stress, increased Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin content. Treatment with policosanol (100 mg/kg) markedly reduced the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, policosanol significantly reduced hepatic oxidative stress manifest by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased glutathione (GSH) level. The treatment with policosanol (100 mg/kg) was found to be more active in attenuating the HFD-induced hepatotoxicity as compared to policosanol (50 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (30 mg/kg). Moreover, we observed that the hepatoprotective potential of policosanol was comparable to the silymarin.ConclusionsThe results of the study clearly indicated that the policosanol could be considered an intriguing approach for the treatment of NAFLD.

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase variations with their Pearson’s coefficient correlation in sickle cell disease

Background: The sickle cell disease condition with hepatic dysfunction shows the abnormal variations in liver function tests including serum aminotransferases enzymes like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels were changed to discuss their significance in the sickle cell disease. Objectives: Studied of SGOT and SGPT level variation in sickle cell disease, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient of SGOT&amp; SGPT in sickle cell disease. Material and methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, People’s College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre and Centre for Scientific Research and Development Department (CSRD), People’s University, Bhopal. The liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT were estimated by Reitman &amp; Frankel’s method and were diagnosed. Results: In the present study, the mean standard deviation of cases vs. controls were showed significant difference and it was calculated by using the SPSS software version-24. The mean ± SD cases vs controls of SGOT and SGPT were found in 69.98 ± 69.31; 25.17± 5.25 and 65.28 ± 60.07; 22.72 ± 5.47 respectively. The calculated P˂0.000 was found to be statistically highly significant. The Pearson’s Correlation showed positive correlation in between SGOT and SGPT enzymes. Conclusion: The transaminases SGOT and SGPT enzymes were significantly increased in sickle cell disease so it could be another clinical bio-marker for the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Keywords: SGOT; SGPT; Pearson’s correlation; sickle cell disease

Hepatitis Activity Index and its Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Liver Diseases- A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Hepatitis Activity Index (HAI) is a scoring system devised by Ishak K et al., for grading and staging chronic hepatitis. The HAI provides a numerical score that is both objective and reproducible, it may be useful as either an alternative or supplement to the use of conventional pathological terminology in the study and management of chronic hepatitis patients. Aim: To assess the efficiency of HAI scoring in the non neoplastic liver diseases by relating it with the clinical and biochemical parameters. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from 2010 to 2015. A total of 57 (58%) neoplastic cases and 41 (42%) non neoplastic cases were retrieved. The data was reassessed, HAI score and grade was noted and compared with the clinical and biochemical parameters. Chronic liver disease was classified as chronic viral hepatitis {Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)} or cirrhosis. Alkaline phosphatase levels, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) levels , Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) levels were analysed. Descriptive analysis was done and the data was represented as frequency and percentage in Microsoft Excel. Results: Among the non neoplastic cases, 21 (51%) belonged to hepatitis and cirrhosis and 20 (49%) belonged to others. In patients with high alkaline phosphatase levels, the predominant HAI score was 4. In cases with high SGOT levels, the predominant HAI score was 5 and 6. In cases with high SGPT levels, the HAI score was 5,6, and 7. Conclusion: The HAI is useful in assessing the extent of active inflammation. It gives an objective guideline to the treating physician. The HAI score in combination with clinical and biochemical parameters offers a better insight into disease severity.

Serum Liver enzymes activity and some minerals level in the polycystic ovary patients in Salah Al-Deen governorate

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents a commonly encountered metabolic- endocrinopathy that affects young women all over the world. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, infertility and menstrual irregularity; as well as by being heterogeneous. PCOS was found to be associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic syndrome in large number of patients.&#x0D; The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of this syndrome and its treatment on several parameters. To do so, 77 blood samples (from women in the reproductive age group) were collected in the private outpatients’ clinics of Salah Al-Din governorate. The samples were divided into three groups (control, untreated PCOS and treated PCOS).&#x0D; Their age, weight, length, medication history data were collected and biochemical tests were carried out to investigate the levels of liver enzymes (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum phosphorus and iron. The average age was (26.23 ± 0.73 years) and the average body mass index (BMI) was in the overweight zone (26.57 ± 0.78).&#x0D; We concluded that liver enzymes showed a trend of decreased levels of ALP and SGPT in the treated PCOS group compared to the control; and the decrease in the level was statistically significant in the ALP but was not significant in the SGPT. There was no significant difference in the SGOT levels.&#x0D; Serum minerals assessment did not show any difference in the phosphorus level, while iron was lower in the treated group but it wasn’t statistically significant.

Effects of Ribes khorasanicum hydro-ethanolic extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic complications in rats.

The anti-diabetic effects of Ribes khorasanicum as a traditional remedy were investigated in diabetic rats. Thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups: control, diabetic, diabetic treated with metformin (300 mg kg-1; D+Met), diabetic treated with 250 and 500 mg kg-1 of Ribes khorasanicum hydro-ethanolic extract (D+Rib250 and D+Rib500). After six weeks of treatment, sera of overnight fasted animals were collected and used for measurement of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, urea, creatinine, and hepatic enzymes levels. Moreover, liver and kidney of rats were removed and used for measurement of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA), thiol content, and the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes increased the levels of serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-C, urea, creatinine, hepatic enzymes, and kidney and liver oxidative stress markers, while decreased insulin and HDL-C when compared to control group. In all treated groups serum levels of glucose, TC, LDL-C, TG, and urea were decreased, while liver SOD activity was increased compared to the diabetic group. The D+Rib500 group had lower Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine, and kidney MDA levels, but higher insulin, HDL-C levels, liver CAT activity, and kidney thiol content, and CAT activity compared to diabetic group. In D+Met group, serum levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), creatinine, and MDA of liver and kidney were decreased, while liver SOD activity was increased compared to the diabetic group. Based on our findings, treatment with Ribes khorasanicum improved diabetic complications, while the effect of a higher dose of the extract was comparable to metformin’s.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF NEPTUNIA PROSTRATA L. IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED RATS

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of the whole plant of Neptunia Prostrata L.&#x0D; Methods: The whole plant was collected and identified as Neptunia Prostrata L. The collected plants were shade dried and pulverized to fine powdered of particle size (#) 40. It was then defatted with petroleum ether for 24 hour and soaked with methanol and ethanol, respectively. The extracts was filtered and distilled off using a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out and thin layer chromatography study was also done. Acute toxicity study and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract using CCL4 (carbon tetra chloride) induced model was investigated.&#x0D; Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides (saponins), flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic, steroids and terpenoids. Thin-layer chromatography of the methanolic and ethanolic extracts with their fractions using different solvents were performed by taking petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (2:8) as mobile phase system and were able to observe the presence of many spots. Oral administration of methanolic extract of Neptunia prostrata at doses till 2000 mg/kg was found safe and shows good hepatoprotective activity by showing decreased levels of serum SGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), SGPT (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) when compared with the standard drug silymarin.&#x0D; Conclusion: The preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol and ethanolic extract shows phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and chromatographic studies indicates the presence of several components in varying abundance. The decrease of serum bilirubin level by the methanolic extract of the plant shows hepatoprotective activity. It has confirmed the traditional claim for its use in the treatment of jaundice.

Efficacy of hepatoprotector jamu formula (combination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and Taraxacum officinale) compared to Fructus schizandrae extract in mild liver injury: a randomized controlled trial

The prevalence of impaired liver function in developing countries is increasing. Indonesia has several traditional medicines that can be used as alternative treatments for liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of hepatoprotector jamu formula (combination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and Taraxacum officinale) compared to Fructus schizandrae fruit extract for treating mild liver injury. This study was a RCT using parallel open label design which involved 60 subjects for 42 days of intervention. The parameters used to evaluate efficacy were Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT). There was a significant difference of average SGPT levels on day 21 and day 42 compared to day 0 in both hepatoprotector jamu group and Fructus Schizandrae extract group (p < 0.001). Compared to the baseline, there were a significant difference of average SGOT levels on the follow up days in hepatoprotector jamu group (p=0.023 on day 21; p=0.003 on day 42) as well as Fructus Schizandrae extract group (p=0.028 on day 21; p=0.042 on day 42. The efficacy of hepatoprotector jamu formula was comparable to Fructus schizandrae extract in improving mild liver injury.

Dietary Supplement of Tumeric (Curcuma longa) Powder: Impact on Haematological and Biochemical Responses in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings

Dietary supplementation with herbal extract in the diet of fish has been noted to increase aquaculture production through the improvement of immunity and other physiological dysfunctions related to fish health. A feeding trial was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating varied concentrations of turmeric powder (TP) on haematological and biochemical responses in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Five test diets were composed as T1 ((control) (basal diet + 0 % TP)), T2 (basal diet + 1 % TP), T3 (basal diet + 2 % TP), T4 (basal diet + 3 % TP) and T5 (basal diet + 4 % TP). Fish specimens were apportioned into five groups in triplicate. Significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) red blood cell count was found in those fed control diet compared with the other inclusion. Highest values of white blood cell count were noticed in T5 when compared with the control. There were significant differences in haemoglobin between T1 and T5. Highest values of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glucose and cholesterol level were found in T2 when compared with the control. TP can be used as feed supplement in the diet of C. gariepinus without any adverse effect on physiological responses of the fish.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Figs Leaves (Ficus carica L.) with SGOT &amp; SGPT Parameters in Sprague Dawley Female Rats Induced by Paracetamol

Background: Long-term usage of paracetamol damages liver cells characterized by the increasing levels of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT). Figs (Ficus carica L.) leaves contain high flavonoid compounds that able to act as hepatoprotector agents which inhibited the process of liver damage. Objectives: This study aims to determine the dose characteristics and hepatoprotective activity of figs (Ficus carica L.) leaves extract. Material and Methods: The hepatoprotective activity of figs extract (Ficus carica L.) was determined by measuring SGPT &amp; SGOT levels in rat blood. 42 rats were prepared, divided into 7 groups: normal control group, negative control given paracetamol with a dose 40 mg/200 g BW, positive control given hepamax®, base control given Na CMC, and 3 test dose groups given figs leaves extract with a dose of 40 mg/200 g BW, 80 mg BW/200 g BW and 160 mg/200 g BW. The treatment was carried out for 14 consecutive days. Paracetamol was given for 14 days, while positive control, 3 test dose groups and base control were given on day 7 to day 14. Rats blood samples were taken through the orbital sinuses on day 1, day 5, day 10 and day 14 after treatment began. SGPT &amp; SGOT levels were determined using spectrophotometry with analytical methods using specific SGPT &amp; SGOT reagent kits. Results: The results showed that the leaves extract of figs (Ficus carica L.) proved to be able to reduce the levels of SGPT &amp; SGOT with the most potent dosage was 40 mg/200 g BW. However, the reduction of SGPT &amp; SGOT levels were not significantly different from other treatments. Conclusions: Figs (Ficus carica L.) leaves extract showed activity as a hepatoprotective agent, based on the reduction of SGPT &amp; SGOT levels in rat after 14 days of treatment.

Acute Toxicity Study of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Flour Macerated with Strobilanthes crispus in Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND: Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a local tuber food that high in bioactive compound glucomannan. It uses are limited due to oxalate acid content which poses health risks. Strobilanthes crispus leaves could reduce the level of calcium oxalate in porang. However, there is still no study to prove its safety. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity study of porang (A. oncophyllus) macerated with S. crispus based on observation of mortality rate (LD50), the changes in behavior during 72 h, renal and hepatic function such as urinary protein, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) METHODS: An acute toxicity test was conducted based on the Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development 420 Fixed-Dose Procedure Guideline that consists of preliminary and main studies. For the preliminary study, rats were divided into control and five treatment groups with the dosage of 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for each natural porang flour (NPF) and S. crispus-macerated porang flour (SPF). For the main study, rats were divided into four groups, those were NPF and SPF with the dosage of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW. Levels of urinary protein and blood serum SGOT and SGPT levels were measured at 0, 24, and 72 after treatment. RESULTS: The acute toxicity study showed that porang and porang macerated with S. crispus were not toxic until the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg BW. It was proved by the absence of LD50, no change in behavior, no weight losses, and also the results of biochemical tests, such as urinary protein, SGOT, and SGPT which were still in the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Porang flour and SPF were concluded as non-toxic food based on acute toxicity study.

The Differences in Transaminase Enzyme Levels among Children with Acute Diarrhea due to Rotavirus and Non-rotavirus

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is the particular disease that still affects children in Indonesia, with rotavirus being the most common etiology among children under 5 years old. Rotavirus and non-rotavirus diarrhea can spread to the extraintestinal and localized to the liver which causes liver cell damage, thus, the level of the glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase enzymes increases. AIM: The objective of the study was to prove that there are differences in serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in children with acute diarrhea due to rotavirus and non-rotavirus infection. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design, the research subjects were children aged 6 months old until 60 months old with acute diarrhea in Denpasar Public Health Center, Sanglah, and Wangaya General Hospital within the period of March 2018 until March 2021. Statistical analysis used the Mann–Whitney. RESULTS: A total of 70 subjects were analyzed in this study. There were 24.28% of subjects with rotavirus. Each group had nearly the same degree of severity of 29.4% for rotavirus and 30.2% for non-rotavirus, with a median of serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) 47 (19–261) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) 25 (7–217). The results of this study showed that the median difference in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels was not significant in rotavirus and non-rotavirus diarrhea (SGOT 45 [16–168], 32 [11–261], p = 0.077; (SGPT 22 [14–91], 18 [5–217], p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there is a higher median level of SGOT and SGPT in children with acute diarrhea due to rotavirus infection compared to non-rotavirus infection, although it is not statistically significant.

Stocking density matters in open water cage culture: Influence on growth, digestive enzymes, haemato-immuno and stress responses of Puntius sarana (Ham, 1822)

A 90 days trial was carried out to investigate the impact of stocking density on growth performances and the health status of Puntius sarana in inland open water cages (Salia Dam of Odisha, India). The fishes of mean body weight 32.04 ± 1.25 g were stocked @ three stocking densities (SD) i.e., 10 m−3 (SD10), 20 m−3 (SD20), and 30 m−3 (SD30) and fed with commercial feed of 28% protein and 4% fat. The growth, in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, absolute growth rate, percentage survival, protein efficiency ratio, and feed conversion efficiency was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with increment in stocking density, however the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained in SD10 (1.68 ± 0.02). At the end of the experiment, a significant increase in red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and platelets level was found in SD30, while white blood cells were showed a reverse trend. The concentration of superoxide dismutase, catalase, serum glucose, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and cortisol were increased significantly in SD30. On contrary, the level of serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine decreased with an increase in stocking density. The higher stocking density negatively affected the amylase activity without any adverse impact on protease and lipase. The cluster analysis revealed that SD20 and SD30 came under the same dendrogram while SD10 formed a separate one. The outcome of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) revealed that increased levels of SGPT, SGOT, glucose, and cortisol negatively influenced the growth attributes. Stocking density up to 20 fingerlings m−3 of P. sarana in inland open water cages performed ideally in terms of growth and health status of fish.