Serum Glucose Levels Research Articles

The Transcript Levels and the Serum Profile of Biomarkers Associated with Clinical Endometritis Susceptibility in Buffalo Cows.

Determining the gene expression and serum profile of the indicators linked to clinical endometritis susceptibility in Egyptian buffalo cows was the aim of this investigation. The buffalo cows that were enrolled were divided into two groups: forty infected buffalo cows with clinical endometritis and forty seemingly healthy buffalo cows that served as the control group. For the purposes of gene expression and biochemical analysis, ten milliliters of blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture from each buffalo cow. TLR4, IL-8, IL-17, NFKB, SLCA11A1, NCF4, Keap1, HMOX1, OXSR1, ST1P1, and SERP1 were manifestly expressed at much higher levels in the buffaloes with endometritis. On the other hand, the genes that encode SOD, CAT, NDUFS6, Nrf2, and PRDX2 were down-regulated. There was a significant (p < 0.05) elevation of the serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA), triglycerides (TGs), globulin, creatinine, and cortisol, along with a reduction in the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein albumin, urea, estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroxine (T4), prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α), calcium, iron, and selenium, in the endometritis group in comparison with the control. However, no significant change was observed in the values of phosphorus, magnesium, copper, or zinc in either group. Within the selective breeding of naturally resistant animals, the variation in the genes under study and the changes in the serum profiles of the indicators under investigation may serve as a reference guide for reducing endometritis in Egyptian buffalo cows.

The Role of Glucose, Insulin and Body Fat in Assessment of Bone Mineral Density and Trabecular Bone Score in Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea.

Background: For years, bone mineral density (BMD) has played a key role in assessing bone health, but the trabecular bone score (TBS) is emerging as an equivalent measure. However, BMD alone may not fully measure bone quality or predict osteoporosis risk. To evaluate the usefulness of TBS and BMD in estimating the risk of bone fracture in young women with FHA, this study examined the association between metabolic parameters and bone quality, which was measured using TBS and BMD. Methods: We analyzed the association of metabolic factors with tests assessing bone quality-TBS and BMD. Patients were checked for BMI, measured body fat, and determined serum glucose levels and insulin levels in a 75g glucose load test. Spearman correlation analysis was used. Results: Significant positive correlations were found between BMD and age (p < 0.001) and body fat (p < 0.001), as well as between TBS values and BMI (p < 0.001) and TBS and percent body fat (p < 0.001). Of the variables analyzed in the multivariate analysis, the only independent predictor of higher bone mineral density in the lumbar spine was found to be higher values of the trabecular bone index in the same segment (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The use of TBS provides a simple tool for estimating the risk of bone damage. Ultimately, early screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with FHA may help prevent osteoporosis and fragility fractures in the long term.

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Levels of Blood Glucose, Adiponectin, Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition that causes persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin action or secretion. Regular physical exercise has been reported to improve glycemia and lipid profile in diabetes. However, literature is scare on the effects of swimming exercise on the serum levels of adiponectin and glucose 6 phosphatase in Wister rats with diabetes This study therefore, investigated the effects of swimming exercise on adiponectin, glucose 6-phosphatase and lipid profile in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This study was carried out on 25 male Wistar rats grouped into five groups (n=5/group): group 1=control, group 2=diabetes, group 3=diabetes treated with metformin, group 4=non-diabetes and swimming exercise, group 5=diabetes and swimming exercise. Animals in groups 2, 3, and 5 were induced with Streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. After 72 hours of diabetes induction, animals with a blood glucose level of ≥ 200 mg/dl were confirmed diabetics and used for the study. Group 3 animals were treated with metformin 200mg/kg giving orally for 28 days. Animals in groups 4 and 5 were subjected to swimming exercises for 5-10 minutes during the first week until they could swim freely for 30 minutes. The animals were then allowed to swim 5 days per week for 28 days. Swimming exercise for 28 days significantly reduced blood glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Ppase), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Total cholesterol (TC), and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels but caused significant increase in adiponectin and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats. There was a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) of diabetic animals caused by swimming for 28 days. This study demonstrated that swimming exercise for 28 days may help lower glucose level and improve insulin sensitivity by increasing adiponectin level and decreasing G6Pase activity in diabetic rats. Also, swimming exercise may help improve lipid profile in diabetic rats.

Genetic variants affect diurnal glucose levels throughout the day.

Circadian rhythms not only coordinate the timing of wake and sleep but also regulate homeostasis within the body, including glucose metabolism. However, the genetic variants that contribute to temporal control of glucose levels have not been previously examined. Using data from 420,000 individuals from the UK Biobank and replicating our findings in 100,000 individuals from the Estonian Biobank, we show that diurnal serum glucose is under genetic control. We discover a robust temporal association of glucose levels at the Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) (rs10830963, P = 1e-22) and a canonical circadian pacemaker gene Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) loci (rs12419690, P = 1e-16). Furthermore, we show that sleep modulates serum glucose levels and the genetic variants have a separate mechanism of diurnal control. Finally, we show that these variants independently modulate risk of type 2 diabetes. Our findings, together with earlier genetic and epidemiological evidence, show a clear connection between sleep and metabolism and highlight variation at MTNR1B and CRY2 as temporal regulators for glucose levels.

Effectiveness of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicates and Discarded Date Pits as Dietary Adsorbents for Aflatoxin B1 in Enhancing Broiler Chicken Productive Performance, Hepatic Function, and Intestinal Health.

The research aimed to evaluate how effective hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCASs) and discarded date pits (DDPs) are as dietary adsorbents for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in enhancing the performance and health of broiler chickens aged 16 to 30 days. A total of 240 Ross 308 straight-run broilers were randomly allocated into four dietary groups, each with 10 replicates: a control diet, a control diet with 1000 ppb AFB1, an AFB1-contaminated diet with 0.5% HSCAS, and an AFB1-contaminated diet with 4% DDP. Incorporating HSCASs or DDPs into the AFB1-contaminated diet resulted in significant improvements across various parameters, involving increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, higher dressing percentage, decreased relative weights of kidney and spleen, elevated serum levels of total protein, globulin, and glucose, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and heightened hepatic protein concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with diminished hepatic malondialdehyde content and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity. Moreover, both supplements led to increased ileal villus height and surface area, enhanced apparent nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy digestibility, and decreased AFB1 residues in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of DDPs significantly decreased relative liver weight, raised serum albumin concentration, lowered serum alkaline phosphatase activity, enhanced hepatic total antioxidant capacity level, and augmented ileal villus width. Conversely, the dietary addition of HSCASs significantly heightened apparent crude protein digestibility. In conclusion, the inclusion of HSCASs and DDPs in AFB1-contaminated diets can mitigate the toxic effects of AFB1 on broiler chickens, with DDPs exhibiting additional advantages in optimizing liver function and gut morphology.

Stress and recovery of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola aureovittata) during Sea-land relay transportation: Biochemical, microecological and transcriptomic responses

Sea-land relay transportation (SRT) is a key part of the “land-based greenhouse + offshore net cage” mariculture system for yellowtail kingfish. In this study, the physiological status of yellowtail kingfish during SRT was assessed by determining serum biochemical indexes (levels of cortisol, glucose, and malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), the composition of intestinal microflora, and the liver transcriptome before (control), during, and after transportation (T1 and T2) and after recovery for 6 hours (6 h), 12 hours (12 h), 1 day (D1), 3 days (D3), and 7 days (D7). The results show that the serum cortisol and glucose levels, MDA level, and activities of SOD and CAT significantly increased during transportation, and decreased to similar levels to those in the control after 1 day of recovery. Bacteria including Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Comamonas accounted for more than 91 % of the microbial community in the gut of yellowtail kingfish, and these genera were associated with changes in serum glucose levels, indicating that they may help to alleviate the effects of transportation stress. Analyses of liver transcriptome data showed that significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the T2, D1, D3 and D7 groups were significantly enriched in the “Protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)” pathway. At the end of transportation (T2 group), the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway was activated, with up-regulation of hsp40, hsp70, and hsp90α. The transcript levels of these genes gradually returned to levels similar to those in the control during the recovery period. At the first day of recovery, the unfolded protein response imposed stress upon the ER, accompanied by significant down-regulation of PEPK and Calmin and significant up-regulation of CRT. The DEGs in the D3 group were enriched in the “ER”, “Steroid biosynthesis”, “Fatty acid degradation”, “PPAR signaling”, and “Fat digestion and absorption” pathways, whereas the number of DEGs related to lipid metabolism and stress pathways was significantly decreased in the D7 group. Our results indicate that hsp70 and hsp90α can be used as stress markers, and hsp40 can be used as a physio-metabolic recovery marker for yellowtail kingfish. These results show that, although serum indices recovered 24 hours after transportation, up to 3 days after transportation is an important period for recovery from transportation stress at the transcriptome level. “Protein processing in the ER pathway” is an important pathway regulating stress and recovery in yellowtail kingfish.

Prolonged Sleep Deprivation Induces a Reprogramming of Circadian Rhythmicity with the Hepatic Metabolic Transcriptomic Profile.

Sleep disturbances can disrupt the overall circadian rhythm. However, the impact of sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythm of the liver and its underlying mechanisms still requires further exploration. In this study, we subjected male mice to 5 days of sleep deprivation and performed liver transcriptome sequencing analysis at various time points within a 24-h period. Subsequently, we monitored the autonomic activity and food intake in these male mice for six days post-sleep deprivation. We observed alterations in sleep-wake and feeding rhythms in the first two days following sleep deprivation. Additionally, we also observed a decrease in 24-h serum-glucose levels. Liver transcriptome sequencing has shown that sleep deprivation induces the rhythmic transcription of a large number of genes, or alters the rhythmic properties of genes, which were then significantly enriched in the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism pathways. Our findings suggest that under conditions of prolonged sleep deprivation, the expression of metabolic-related genes in the liver was reset, leading to changes in the organism's metabolic state to ensure energy supply to sustain prolonged wakefulness.

Obeticholic acid's effect on HDL function in MASH varies by diabetic status.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are the key factors in the pathogenesis of both metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and atherosclerosis. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, improves hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in patients with MASH. However, it also reduces HDL cholesterol, suggesting that OCA may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with MASH. We assessed HDL cholesterol efflux function, antioxidant (paraoxonase and ceruloplasmin activity), pro-inflammatory index, and particle sizes in a small group of patients with and without diabetes (n = 10/group) at baseline and after 18 months of OCA treatment. Patients on lipid-lowering medications (statins, fibrates) were excluded. At baseline, ferritin levels were higher in patients with MASH without diabetes (336.5 [157.0, 451.0] vs. 83 [36.0, 151.0] ng/mL, p < 0.005). Markers of HDL functions were similar in both groups. OCA therapy significantly improved liver histology and liver enzymes but increased alkaline phosphatase levels in nondiabetic patients with MASH (p < 0.05). However, it did not have any significant effect on cholesterol efflux and the antioxidant paraoxonase functions. In nondiabetics, ceruloplasmin (CP) antioxidant activity decreased (p < 0.005) and the pro-inflammatory index of HDL increased (p < 0.005) due to OCA therapy. In contrast, in diabetics, OCA increased levels of pre-β-HDL-the HDL particles enhanced protective capacity (p = 0.005) with no alteration in HDL functionality. In all patients, serum glucose levels were negatively correlated with OCA-induced change in pro-inflammatory function in HDL (p < 0.001), which was primarily due to diabetes (p = 0.05). These preliminary results suggest a distinct effect of OCA therapy on diabetic and nondiabetic patients with MASH and warrant a future large-scale study.

Impact of diet-induced maternal obesity on the reproductive capacity of F1 female offspring and the early development of the second generation

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of maternal obesity on the reproductive capacity of the female offspring (F1) and on the early development of the second generation (F2). To this end, rats were fed either standard (SD) or cafeteria (CD) diet. CD rats and their offspring were divided into 2 groups: rats with 18% and ≥25% overweight (CD18 and CD25, respectively) and offspring from CD18 and CD25 rats (OCD18 and OCD25, respectively). Both OCD groups achieved greater weight gain than controls, without changes in the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol or triglycerides. However, they showed increased gonadal cholesterol concentration and fat content compared to controls. Female OCD groups showed a slight prolongation of the estrous cycle and different pattern of changes in the weight gain during pregnancy. The OCD25 group displayed an increased fertility index and preimplantation losses, and changes in some fetal measurements. Some OCD25 dams gave birth to a larger litter of pups and displayed a lower viability index and lactation rate than controls. OCD25 dams also showed an increase in estradiol and a decrease in testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone. OCD25 rats showed increased mRNA levels of steroidogenenic enzymes. The offspring from OCD25 females (F2OCD25 offspring) showed early vaginal opening and higher ovulation rate in females, and lower ano-genital distances in males, compared to controls. In conclusion, these results reflect that maternal obesity impacts on the reproductive health of successive generations, probably as a result of epigenetic changes in different systems, including germ cells.

The therapeutic effect of NRF2 activator, ezetimibe, in cardiac cachexia.

Heart failure (HF) is caused by functional and structural irregularity leading to impaired ejection or filling capacity of the heart. HF leads to chronic inflammatory conditions in the heart leads to weight loss, anorexia, and muscle atrophy known as cachexia. The present study was carried out to investigate the role of Ezetimibe, an NRF2 activator, in cardiac cachexia and to develop a treatment strategy for cardiac cachexia. Balb/c mice of either sex at 6-8 weeks of age were given 2 mg/kg of doxorubicin in 0.9% sodium chloride solution intraperitoneally (i.p.) for the alternate days for the first week and then once a week for the next 4 weeks. After induction of cardiac atrophy, treatment with Ezetimibe (1.5 mg/kg, p.o) was given for the next 4 weeks. In the cardiac cachectic animals, a significant decrease in body weight, food, and water intake was observed. Cardiac cachectic animals showed a significant increase in serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, VLDL, CK-MB, LDH, and CRP levels. Cardiac atrophic index, heart weight to body weight ratios (HW/BW), right ventricular weight to heart weight ratios (RV/HW), and left ventricular weight to heart weight ratios (LV/HW), were significantly decreased in cardiac cachectic animals. The weights of the skeletal muscles such as EDL, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps muscles, and the weight of adipose tissue such as subcutaneous, visceral, perirenal, and brown adipose tissue were significantly decreased in the cardiac cachectic group relative to the normal group. Treatment with ezetimibe improves body weight, food intake, and water intake. Ezetimibe decreases serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, VLDL, CK-MB, LDH and CRP levels. Cardiac atrophic markers such as HW/BW, RV/HW, and LV/HW were improved. The weight of skeletal muscles and adipose tissue was increased after treatment with ezetimibe. Our data showed that the NRF2 activator, Ezetimibe produces a beneficial effect on cardiac cachexia in the doxorubicin-induced cardiac cachexia model. Ezetimibe was successful to reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines, ameliorate the effects on cardiac muscle wasting, lipid levels, fat tissues, and skeletal muscles.

Effect of sex and birth weight on the performance, microbiome, immune response and colostrum intake of piglets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex and birth weight classes (BWC) on the colostrum intake, performance, permanence in the production system, immune response and microbiome of piglets in the farrowing and nursery phases. A factorial design was used with two sex categories (female and male) and three BWC (low - 0.8 to 1.1 kg; medium - 1.101 to 1.4 kg; and high - 1.401 to 1.7 kg). A total of 757 piglets in the farrowing phase and 228 piglets in nursery phase were used. Serum glucose concentration at birth and 24 hours, colostrum intake, performance parameters, removal rates, mortality, medication, and serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on the 4th day after weaning, and fecal microbiome on the 6th day of nursery were evaluated. The serum glucose levels were not changed (P > 0.05). Piglets with high birth weight ingested more colostrum (P < 0.001). Low birth weight piglets (P = 0.077) and males (P = 0.027) had a higher removal rate and mortality. A higher percentage of females with high birth weight required medication (P < 0.001). The body weights of piglets at all weighings were higher for those with high birth weight (P < 0.001). The daily weight gain and feed intake during the nursery phase were affected by the BWC (P < 0.001). Low birth weight piglets had a lower concentration of TNF-α (P = 0.009), and there was no difference in IL-10 concentration (P > 0.05). Males tended to have higher serum IgG concentrations (P = 0.067). Medium- and high-weight piglets, as well as males, showed a higher abundance of pathogenic bacterial species (Fusobacterium mortiferum, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium neonatale and Ruminococcus torques). In conclusion, females had a higher rate of permanence in the production system and a fecal microbiome with a lower abundance of pathogenic bacteria, and low birth weight piglets had lower colostrum intake with reduced zootechnical indices.

Ginger Extract and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation: A Promising Strategy to Improve Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy may result from the overproduction of ROS, TRPM2 and TRPV2. Moreover, the therapeutic role of ginger, omega-3 fatty acids, and their combinations on the expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2 and their relationship with apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative damage in heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes have not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ginger and omega-3 fatty acids on diabetic cardiomyopathy by evaluating the cardiac gene expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2, oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats. Ninety adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into nine control, diabetes, and treated diabetes groups. Ginger extract (100 mg/kg) and omega-3 fatty acids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) were orally administrated in diabetic rats for 6 weeks. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat diet and a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg). Glucose, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lipid profile, insulin in serum, and TNF-alpha IL-6, SOD, MDA, and CAT in the left ventricle of the heart were measured. The cardiac expression of TRPM2, TRPV2, NF-kappaB, Bcl2, Bax, Cas-3, and Nrf-2 genes was also measured in the left ventricle of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was continuously recorded to monitor arrhythmia at the end of the course. The serum levels of cTnI, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile, and the cardiac levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha increased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the cardiac levels of SOD and CAT decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The cardiac expression of TRPM2, TRPV2, NF-kappaB, Bax, and Cas-3 increased and Bcl2 and Nrf-2 expression decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, simultaneous and separate treatment with ginger extract and omega-3 fatty acids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) could significantly moderate these changes (p<0.05). The results also showed that the simultaneous treatment of ginger extract and different doses of omega-3 fatty acids have improved therapeutic effects than their individual treatments (p<0.05). It can be concluded that ginger and omega-3 fatty acids showed protective effects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative damage of the heart and reducing blood glucose and cardiac expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2. Combining ginger and omega-3 in the diet may provide a natural approach to reducing the risk or progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy while preserving heart structure and function.

Effect of fermented grain cereal milling by-product on the enhancement of physiological and reproductive parameters of goldfish (Carassius auratus) broodstock

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of feeding goldfish (Carassius auratus) broodstock with diets containing dietary fermented grain cereal milling by-product with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5, 10, 20 g/Kg diet (FY) (a carbohydrate source) on fish growth, health, maturity, and reproductive performance. The broodstock were divided into four groups: FY0, FY5, FY10, and FY20 diet, and control (FY0) fed a basal diet for 68 days. Growth-related parameters, biochemical composition, and blood biochemical parameters were measured. For maturity progress ovarian histology, gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones (T and E2) were noticed, and to evaluate reproductive performance, fecundity and gonadosomatic index (GSI%) were evaluated. Adding FY to the experimental diets improved broodstock growth and hematological markers. Additionally, it enhanced the ovarian growth (GSI% and fecundity), which augmented significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in FY10 and. FY20 treated sets. Dietary FY significantly increased serum levels of globulin, albumin, total protein, and glucose compared with the control. In addition, gonadotropins and sex hormones were significantly elevated in a dose-dependent mode with increasing FY levels. This study demonstrated positive physiological effects with improving reproductive parameter response after FY dietary addition. The group fed FY20 exhibited the better growth performance than the other treatments. Therefore, nutritional FY management could be employed as a tactical approach to improve reproductive ability and maintain goldfish production.

The dichloromethane fraction from Calotropis gigantea (L.) dryand. Stem bark extract prevents liver cancer in SDT rats with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCalotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (C. gigantea) is a traditional medicinal plant, recognized for its effectiveness in managing diabetes, along with its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic metabolic disorders associated with an elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response. The scientific validation of C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy offers advantages in alleviating cancer progression in T2DM complications, enriching existing knowledge and potentially aiding future clinical cancer treatments. AimThis study aimed to investigate the preventive potential of the dichloromethane fraction of C. gigantea stem bark extract (CGDCM) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in T2DM rats, aiming to reduce cancer incidence associated with diabetes while validating C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy. Materials and methodsSpontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats were administered DEN to induce HCC (SDT-DEN-VEH), followed by treatment with CGDCM. Metformin was used as a positive control (SDT-DEN-MET). All the treatments were administered for 10 weeks after the initial DEN injection. Diabetes-related parameters, including serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as liver function enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), were quantified. Serum inflammation biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for inflammation protein expression (IL-6, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)). Histopathological evaluation was performed to assess hepatic necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Liver cell proliferation was determined using immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 expression. ResultsRats with SDT-DEN-induced HCC treated with CGDCM exhibited reduced serum glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, and decreased HbA1c levels. CGDCM treatment also reduced elevated hepatic IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and α-SMA levels in SDT-DEN-VEH rats. Additionally, CGDCM treatment prevented hepatocyte damage, fibrosis, and cell proliferation. No adverse effects on normal organs were observed with CGDCM treatment, suggesting its safety for the treatment of HCC complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, the absence of adverse effects in SD rats treated with CGDCM at 2.5 mg/kg further supports the notion of its safe usage. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that C. gigantea stem bark extract exerts preventive effects against the development of HCC complications in patients with T2DM, expanding the potential benefits of its ethnopharmacological advantages.

P-011 Maternal gestational methyl donor deficiency affects reproductive development and fertility of mice offspring

Abstract Study question Is maternal methyl donor deficiency during gestation affects offspring’s reproductive health at adulthood? Summary answer Maternal gestational methyl donor deficiency affects reproductive development and fertility of F1 offspring and also leads to increased post implantation loss What is known already Reproductive disorders and their exact mechanisms are scarce in “The developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD) hypothesis which well explains the metabolic complications such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension that may take root during early development. The maternal nutritional environment during early development has important implications on offspring’s health later in life including reproductive health. The gestational period is of critical importance during which major epigenetic reprogramming occurs. The maternal methyl donor deficiency during gestational period may affect this process and epigenetic signatures of developing gametes and the fertility potential Study design, size, duration Pregnant female OCT4-GFP mice, fed on control chow diet (CCD) &amp; 40% methyl-donors (Folate, Methionine &amp; Vitamin B12) deficient diet (MDD) from gestation day (GD) 5 to GD 20. The gonadal development of F1 offsprings was studied on gestation day GD 18, post-natal day (PND) 22 and PND 60. Fertility study was done by mating adult F1 male offspring with adult female mice fed on standard diet Participants/materials, setting, methods Homocysteine levels in dams (F0) at GD18 were estimated by ELISA. Testosterone levels in F1 offsprings at PND 60 were estimated by ELISA. Furthermore, Serum glucose levels in F1 offsprings were measured at PND 60 and PND 75 by glucometer. Testicular histology, quantitative histomorphometry, immunofluorescence and TUNEL assay was performed at PND 60. Main results and the role of chance Fetal weight was reduced at GD13 and GD18 but postnatal body weight at PND 22 and 60 was not significantly affected in MDD group. Teratological defects were observed in pups of 40% MDD group as compared to CDD. Testosterone levels were significantly reduced in F1 offsprings of 40% MDD group. Glucose levels were similar in both the groups at PND 60 but at PND 75 it is significantly higher in case of F1 offsprings of 40% MDD. Maternal serum homocysteine levels and global DNA methylation levels of fetal gonads were affected. Testicular histology was significantly impaired in 40% MDD group at GD18, PND22 and PND60. Quantitative histomorphometry and immunofluorescence study showed the loss of spermatogonia and spermatocytes with significant increase in germ cells sloughing and seminiferous tubules atrophy. Apoptosis is also observed in seminiferous tubules. Copulation index, sperm count and motility was significantly reduced in case of 40% MDD group at adulthood. The F1 offspring of this group were sub-fertile with significant post implantation loss. Limitations, reasons for caution Although mice share ∼90% genome with humans, they may not resemble all aspect of physiology or pathology in humans hence it could limit the findings to extrapolate to humans. Wider implications of the findings The knowledge gained from this work could be helpful in highlighting the need of gestational micronutrient interventions specially methyl donors, which could help improving maternal and child health as well as reducing the future disease burden of reproductive disorders Trial registration number not applicable

Serum Afamin in Prediabetic Individuals in Association with Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Indices: A Case-Control Study

Background: Prediabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by higher serum glucose levels than normal and below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes mellitus. Afamin is a glycoprotein mainly excreted from the liver and facilitates vitamin E transport. Afamin is one of the albumin gene family that includes albumin, α-Fetoprotein, and vitamin D-binding protein. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate serum afamin levels in prediabetic individuals and ascertain the association of serum afamin with insulin resistance and glycemic indices. Material and Methods: A case-control study was performed at Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, consisted of 88 participants, 44 prediabetic individuals and 44 apparently healthy individuals as a control group. Prediabetic individuals were obtained from relatives of patients with diabetes mellitus visiting Azadi Teaching Hospital, whereas, healthy individuals were chosen from the medical staff and college employees. The diagnosis of prediabetes was made according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Serum afamin were assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, while other biochemical parameters such as HbA1c, glucose and insulin were analyzed by Cobas 6000 (Roche, Hitachi/ Germany). Results: Mean level of serum afamin was higher in prediabetic individuals (115.31±62.74) compared to their level in the control group (91.57±43.46), with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.042). The mean age of prediabetics was (44.05±10.56) with males predominant (63.6%) and 70.5% of them were more than 40 years and 88.6% were obese. Conclusion: The study concluded the presence of higher mean serum afamin levels among prediabetic individuals compared to the healthy control.

Physiological Effects of Alloxan on Serum Glucose Levels and Liver Function Test in Male Rabbit

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that can lead to various complications. Exploring the physiological alterations in rabbits can provide valuable insights for the development of therapeutic interventions. This research delves into the impact of diabetes on the physiological and biochemical parameters of male rabbits. Objectives: To compare the physiological parameters like body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation) and body weight and biochemical parameters, including blood glucose levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total protein levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rabbits. Methods: An experiment on 30 male rabbits divided into diabetic and control groups measured physiological parameters like body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation. Body weight and blood glucose levels were tracked, and blood samples were taken for ALT, AST, creatinine, LDH, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein levels. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the physiological and biochemical parameters between the diabetic and control groups. Results: The results showed that induced diabetes in male rabbits affects their physiological and biochemical parameters significantly. Diabetic rabbits had lower body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation compared to the control group. They also had higher body weight and blood glucose levels. Biochemical analysis showed increased ALT, AST, and creatinine levels, and decreased LDH and total protein levels in diabetic rabbits. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the extensive impact of diabetes on rabbit physiology and biochemistry, offering insights for future diabetes research.

The Influence of Catechin on Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance in Obese Rats

Obesity represented as an abnormal accumulation of visceral fat. The synthesis of adiponectin has been linked to visceral fat accumulation. Obesity, and cardiovascular disease have all been linked to decreased levels of adiponectin. This study included the effect of catechin administration for 30 days on lipid profile, glucose, adiponectin and insulin serum levels as well as IR of obese female rats. Twenty female rats were conducted to the experiment where divide to four equal groups as; negative normal group received normal diet for all experiment time (60 days); positive obese control group received high fat diet (HFD) for (60 days); GTC-fed group fed HFD; ATV-fed group this group received ATV as cholesterol lowering drug. The significant differences considered at (p &lt; 0.05 with 95% CI). The study revealed that the levels of Total-Ch, triglycerides and glucose were significantly higher in positive than negative control group. Additionally, a significant decreased Total-Ch, triglycerides and glucose level of Catechin treatment group than positive control group. Moreover, a significant reduction of adiponectin means levels obtained in positive control group compared to negative control and Catechin treatment groups. Furthermore, a significant difference of IR obtained between means of positive control group with Catechin treatment group. HDL-C levels were also differed significantly between positive control groups and Catechin treatment group. In conclusion this study exposed a positive influence of catechin administration on obesity lethal factors such as cholesterol, hyperglycemia, IR and the serum concentration of adiponectin in obese female rats.

In Vitro Embryos of Romosinuano and Tropical Milking Cattle during Three Seasons in Veracruz, Mexico.

One of the main factors that influences the fertility of cattle in grazing systems in hot tropical climates is heat stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season, breed, hormonal and physiological condition on the quantity and quality of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and embryos produced in vitro, from Romosinuano (RM) and Tropical Milking (TM) donors. Three ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization (OPU-IVF) were performed, one per season: hot dry (HD; 10, 10), hot humid (HH; 9, 9) and fresh dry (FD; 7, 10) in RM and LT donors. Serum levels of cortisol, insulin and glucose were measured, in addition to heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT). Effect of season x genotype interaction (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in all COC variables and only in cleavage embryos (CLI) (p ≤ 0.05). Body weight (BW) affected all COC variables (p ≤ 0.01), except unviable (UNV) although affected degenerated embryos (DEG) (p ≤ 0.01) and total blastocysts (BLAST) (p ≤ 0.01). Cow age only affected viable COCs (VIAB) (p ≤ 0.05), code one blastocysts (BC1) and BLAST (p ≤ 0.01). Cortisol affected total COCs (COCsT), VIAB and total matured in vitro (TMIV) (p ≤ 0.01), as well as CLI, BC1 (p ≤ 0.01) and BLAST (p ≤ 0.05). Insulin affected COCsT (p ≤ 0.01), UNV (p ≤ 0.05), denuded oocytes (DE) (p ≤ 0.01), BC1 and code two blastocysts (BC2) (p ≤ 0.01). Glucose affected all COC variables (p ≤ 0.01), except UNV and all embryo variables except BC2. HR affected COCsT, DE, TMIV (p ≤ 0.01), CLI, BLAST and DEG (p ≤ 0.05). RR affected COCsT, UNV, VIAB, CLI (p ≤ 0.05), BC1, BLAST and DEG (p ≤ 0.01). RT only affected DE, VIAB (p ≤ 0.01) and BLAST (p ≤ 0.05). The seasonal climatic year variation of Veracruz and changes in physiological and hormonal variables have diverse effects on the cumulus-oocyte complexes and embryos produced by RM and TM donors.

Sucralose Influences the Productive Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Components, and Gut Microflora Using 16S rRNA Sequencing of Growing APRI-Line Rabbits.

This study investigated how sucralose influenced rabbit intestine and caecal microbial activity, blood parameters, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility. In total, 160 5-week-old rabbits from the APRI line weighing 563.29 gm were randomly assigned to four experimental groups with four replicates-5 males and 5 females in each. Four experimental groups were used, as follows: SUC1, SUC2, and SUC3 got 75, 150, and 300 mg of sucralose/kg body weight in water daily, while the control group ate a basal diet without supplements. The results showed that both the control and SUC1 groups significantly (p < 0.05) increased daily weight gain and final body weight. Sucralose addition significantly improved feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) and decreased daily feed intake (gm/d). The experimental groups do not significantly differ in terms of mortality. Furthermore, nutrient digestibility was not significantly affected by sucralose treatment, with the exception of crud protein digestion, which was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Additionally, without altering liver or kidney function, sucralose administration dramatically (p < 0.05) decreased blood serum glucose and triglyceride levels while increasing total lipids, cholesterol, and malonaldehyde in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, the addition of sucrose resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the count of total bacteria, lactobacillus, and Clostridium spp., and a decrease in the count of Escherichia coli. Further analysis using 16S rRNA data revealed that sucralose upregulated the expression of lactobacillus genes but not that of Clostridium or E. Coli bacteria (p < 0.05). Therefore, it could be concluded that sucralose supplementation for rabbits modifies gut microbiota and boosts beneficial bacteria and feed conversion ratios without side effects. Moreover, sucralose could decrease blood glucose and intensify hypercholesterolemia and should be used with caution for human consumption.