Levels Of Self-control Research Articles

Индивидуальные факторы атрибуции вины сторонними наблюдателями в ситуации насилия в отношении женщин

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Analysis of the relationship between the individual psychological and sociodemographic characteristics of bystanders and their tendency to blame the victim. <br><strong>Background. </strong>Despite the fact that the responsibility for violence always on the agressor, blaming the victim is still a common phenomenon. Currently, the factors of victim blaming are widely studied abroad, but there are contradictions in the obtained data. There is an insufficient amount of research in Russia, and existing research mainly concerns global factors, such as the role of the media. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The study examined individual psychological and social-demographic characteristics of the groups of bystanders who choose different strategies of blame attribution in a situation of violence. According to the results of the author's questionnaire, respondents were divided into three groups: blaming the aggressor, blaming the victim and inconsistent in blaming. The groups were compared by self-attitude, empathy, basic beliefs, sociodemographic characteristics and awareness of various aspects of the problem of violence. The differences between the groups were verified through the comparative analysis. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>Russian sample, 91 people (38,5% of men, 61,5% of women) from 19 to 68 years old (<em>M</em> = 32,3; <em>SD</em> = 13,6). <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Vignettes containing descriptions of violent situations and options for attributing blame to participants in the situations. Author's questionnaire for sociodemographic data and data about awareness of violence, personal experience related to this topic. Multidimensional questionnaire of self-attitude research by S.R. Panteleev, “Diagnostics of empathy level” by V.V. Boyko, Russian version of World assumptions scale by M.A. Padun, A.V. Kotelnikova. <br><strong>Results. </strong>We found significant differences between the groups according to the characteristics of self-attitude: the level of self-attachment in the group blaming the aggressor is significantly different from the level of self-attachment in other groups, the level of self-control in the group blaming the aggressor is significantly different from the level of self-control in the group blaming the victim. Significant differences in the level of believes in a just world between the group blaming the aggressor and other groups have been revealed. There were no significant differences in the characteristics of empathy. The groups considered differ significantly in assessing the significance of the problem of violence, awareness of the phenomenon of victim-blaming, the presence of the professional, volunteer or studying experience of interacting with a victim of violence, age and place of residence. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Identify the Individual factors of victim blaming in the Russian sample. The more the respondent believes in the just world, the higher the level of self-attachment and self-control, the more likely he is to blame the victim. The following individual factors are associated with a lower probability of victim-blaming: assessment of the problem of violence as more significant, awareness of the existence of such a phenomenon as “victim-blaming”, the professional, volunteer or studying experience of interacting with a victim of violence, young age and living in a megalopolis.</p>

Organizational and pedagogical conditions of self-control education of younger teenagers in the process of practicing martial arts

Self-control, as one of the key moral and volitional qualities, contributes to the formation of a responsible, self-realized personality, which meets the urgent need of society for harmoniously developed citizens who are able to make balanced decisions and actively participate in the life of the state. The relevance of the study of the effects of physical culture and sports and recreational activities on the education of moral and volitional qualities of schoolchildren is determined by the demand of modern pedagogical theory and practice for the development and improvement of appropriate methodological tools. In this context, sports and health activities, in particular martial arts, are an effective tool for the development of a growing personality, which actualizes the definition of appropriate organizational and pedagogical conditions. We can define the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the education of self-control in younger teenagers as a set of factors that ensure the successful achievement of educational goals and contribute to increasing the level of self-control in the process of practicing martial arts. Effective organizational and pedagogical conditions for the self-control education of younger teenagers in the process of martial arts classes are defined as: organization of methodical work with physical education teachers and martial arts trainers regarding the self-control education of younger teenagers; introduction of methodical tools for self-control training of younger teenagers by means of martial arts (freestyle wrestling, horting, aikido, judo, jiu-jitsu) in the educational process of ZZSO (in physical education classes); organization of sports and recreational activities with the aim of motivating younger teenagers to engage in martial arts and develop self-control skills in practice.

Roles of self-efficacy and self-control in the association between relative deprivation and psychological well-being among undergraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic

Prior research show that relative deprivation can decrease individuals’ psychological well-being. However, the underlying mechanism between relative deprivation and psychological well-being remains unclear. To explore the mediating effects of self-efficacy and self-control on the relationship between relative deprivation and psychological well-being. 426 undergraduate students submitted the online survey that assessed their psychological well-being, relative deprivation, self-efficacy and self-control. Students experienced high levels of psychological well-being, moderate to high levels of relative deprivation and moderate levels of self-efficacy and self-control. Parallel mediators of self-efficacy and self-control on the relationship between relative deprivation and psychological well-being were significant (each p < 0.01). This study explores the underlying mechanism between relative deprivation and psychological well-being by identifying the parallel mediators of self-efficacy and self-control. Effective interventions should be taken to alleviate students’ relative deprivation and promote their self-efficacy, self-control and psychological well-being during future pandemics.

Perbedaan Tingkat Self Control pada Mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling Universitas Sanata Dharma Pengguna Media Sosial X (Twitter) ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin

This research aims to (1) Knowing the differences in self-control among guidance and counseling students at Sanata Dharma University who use social media X (Twitter) based on gender. (2) Determine the level of self-control among guidance and counseling students at Sanata Dharma University who use social media X (Twitter). (3) Knowing the level of self-control among guidance and counseling students at Sanata Dharma University who use social media X (Twitter). Type of quantitative research with a comparative approach. The subjects in this research were BK USD students who used Twitter, totaling 30 male and 30 female students. The questionnaire is based on Averill's self-control theory (in Ghufron and Risnawati, 2010) which has three aspects including: Behavioral control, cognitive control, and control in making decisions. The validity test results obtained a total of 39 valid items.The research results show differences in the level of self-control between guidance and counseling male students and female students who use social media based on the results of Mann Whitney, asymp. the significant value is 0.000 &lt; 0.05, then the Ha (alternative hypothesis) is accepted and the Ho (null hypothesis) is rejected. Male students have lower self-control than female students. Male students tend to have a moderate level of self-control around 21 (70%) and female students tend to have a high level of self-control around 21 (70%).

Buffering or enhancing? An exploratory study of gender differences in the moderating role of self-control in cyberbullying perpetration

Despite growing attention to the moderating role of self-control in the association between crime and its correlates, gender differences in this role remain underexplored. This study explored gender differences in the moderating role of self-control in the context of cyberbullying. We examined whether self-control moderates the links between cyberbullying perpetration via mobile devices and two cyberbullying igniters: 1) cyberbullying victimization and 2) association with peers having prior cyberbullying behaviors, and whether this moderating role varies across genders. A tobit regression analysis of 244 South Korean college students showed that among female students, self-control significantly moderated the link between cyberbullying and association with peers having prior cyberbullying behaviors. The relationship was stronger among female participants with higher levels of self-control, but not for male ones. The enhancing effect of self-control was significantly greater for females than males. The implications of gender differences and their relevance to cyberbullying are also discussed.

The Relationship of Academic Stress, Self-Control, Social Exclusion with Smartphone Addiction in Junior High School Students

The phenomenon of smartphone addiction in junior high school students needs serious attention to identify the factors that influence it. This study aims to analyze the relationship between academic stress, self-control, and social isolation and smartphone addiction in junior high school students. This research used a quantitative approach with 216 class VII and VIII subjects at SMP Negeri 2 Palangka Raya obtained using quota sampling. Data was obtained using the Smartphone Addiction Scale, Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA), Brief Self-Control Scale (SCS), and General Belongingness Scale (GBS), which was then analyzed using Spearman's rho correlation analysis. The results of the research show that there is a positive relationship between academic stress and smartphone addiction in junior high school students. There is no relationship between self-control and smartphone addiction in junior high school students. There is a positive relationship between social isolation and smartphone addiction in junior high school students. Levels of smartphone addiction and academic stress tend to be high, while levels of self-control tend to be low to medium, and levels of social isolation tend to be moderate to low. The research suggests that it is essential to pay attention to academic stress and social isolation in order to prevent or overcome smartphone addiction in junior high school students.

COVID-19-Related Social Isolation, Self-Control, and Internet Gaming Disorder Among Chinese University Students: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Internet gaming disorder among university students has become a great concern for university counsellors worldwide since the COVID-19 pandemic. The factors influencing the development of internet gaming disorder in students during the COVID-19 pandemic could be different from those before the pandemic. This study aims to explore the associations among social isolation, self-control, and internet gaming disorder in Chinese university students and to examine whether self-control mediates the positive effects of social isolation on internet gaming disorder. A cross-sectional survey was employed to collect data from university students in Shandong province of China from April to September 2022. The Isolation subscale of the Self-Compassion Scale, Self-Control Scale, and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale were used to assess the social isolation, self-control, and internet gaming disorder among university students, respectively. Models 4 and 5 of PROCESS software were used to analyze the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of gender on the association between social isolation and internet gaming disorder. A total of 479 students were recruited from 6 universities located in 3 different regions of Shandong, China. Students had low levels of internet gaming disorder and moderate levels of social isolation and self-control, with mean scores of 8.94 (SD 9.06), 12.04 (SD 3.53), and 57.15 (SD 8.44), respectively. Social isolation was positively correlated with internet gaming disorder (r=0.217; P<.001), and self-control was negatively correlated with social isolation (r=-0.355; P<.001) and internet gaming disorder (r=-0.260; P<.001). Self-control played a mediating role in the association between social isolation and internet gaming disorder (β=-.185, 95% CI -.295 to -.087). The effects of social isolation on internet gaming disorder among female students were lower than those among male students. Self-control was a mediator in the association between social isolation and internet gaming disorder. Moreover, gender played a moderating role in the association between social isolation and internet gaming disorder. This study highlights the need to alleviate the development of internet gaming disorder among students during a pandemic, especially that of male students. Effective interventions that lessen social isolation and promote self-control should be developed.

Self-Control Moralization: The Role of Moral Identity and Moral Foundations in Young Adults

Despite the morality and self-control relationship having been studied in the past, there is still not enough information about how different moral variables, and their possible interaction, affect self-control levels; especially when referring to young adulthood, a critical period for development of self-control and morality. Within the framework of self-control moralization, the current study aimed to explore whether self-control scores were affected by levels of moral identity and binding-individualizing foundations through early adulthood. Data were obtained by an online survey from a non-probabilistic sample (n=626) of young adults from Bolivia. Having found significant correlations between variables, hypotheses were tested employing t-tests and an ANCOVA, with age as a covariate. Findings showed that binding foundations, moral identity, age and the interaction between moral identity and both types of moral foundations had a significant effect on self-control scores and marginal means, with small to moderate effect sizes. Finally, finding’s implications within the theoretical framework of self-control moralization are discussed.

Physical activity moderated the mediating effect of self-control between bullying victimization and mobile phone addiction among college students

This study aims to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and mobile phone addiction (MPA) among college students, taking into consideration the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of physical activity. A self-report survey was administered to college students from 4 universities in Guangxi, Liaoning, and Hunan provinces in China. Participants were asked to report their experiences of bullying victimization, level of MPA, self-control, and physical activity. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. Mediation and moderation models were subsequently established to examine the relationships between variables. The results indicated a positive correlation between bullying victimization and MPA among college students. Additionally, bullying victimization was negatively correlated with self-control. Bullying victimization significantly predicted MPA, and self-control partially mediated this relationship. Furthermore, physical activity moderated the association between bullying victimization and self-control among college students. The findings suggest that self-control plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between bullying victimization and MPA among college students. Moreover, physical activity weakens the association between bullying victimization and self-control. Therefore, promoting physical activity to reduce MPA among college students who have experienced bullying victimization is highly recommended.

Stress resistance as an indicator of psychological readiness for professional activities of modern youth

Introduction. The problem of stress tolerance does not lose its relevance today, the concept of stress tolerance is increasingly being discussed in the discourses of the European Union and international organizations. In modern conditions, a person performs responsible tasks in a difficult environment of constant exposure to psychogenic factors: physical overloads, intense work of attention, the need for continuous analysis of rapidly changing situations and their uncertainty, etc. In this regard, the problem of the importance of stress tolerance as an indicator and a possible component of psychological readiness for professional activity of modern youth is of particular relevance. The expediency of considering a single socio-psychological aspect of readiness for professional activity, which includes an inseparable set of personal formations and a state of focus on certain actions, is emphasized. Materials and methods. The respondents were 230 students of both sexes, the average age was 21 ± 2.3 years. The following diagnostic methods were used: S. Muddy's resilience test (adapted by D. A. Leontyev, E. I. Rasskazova), a stress resistance test that reveals the current level of stress (Boston stress resistance test), a method for diagnosing coping behavior in stressful situations (S. Norman, D. Endler, D. James, M. Parker), K. Zamfir’s technique modified by A.A. Reana “Motivation for professional activity”; questionnaire of volitional self-control A.G. Zverkov, E.V. Eidman (VSK), “Self-Confidence Scale” S. Reizas. The statistical reliability of the results is ensured by using the following procedures: descriptive statistics (analysis of intragroup means and standard deviations), Student's t-test. Results. The study found that 50% of students in group 1 (with a low level of resilience) have a reduced level of stress resistance, 50% of students in group 2 (with an average level of resilience) and 57.2% of group 3 (with a high level of resilience) have an average level of stress resistance. It was also established that the proper level of internal motivation, volitional self-control and assertiveness was revealed in the subjects with the highest stress resistance indicators. That is, the higher the stress tolerance indicators, the more effectively a person will be able to cope with difficulties and problems that arise on his way to the goal, the more likely he will make every effort to achieve a successful result and enjoy it. Conclusion. The results obtained suggest that the ability to withstand stress will allow a young specialist not only to cope with difficulties and problems that arise on his way to the goal but also to attach less importance to external circumstances which can have a positive impact on future professional activities.

Formation of patriotic values as a predictor of psychological and moral stability of young men of conscription age

Introduction. In the conditions of confronting external threats and the need to respond to numerous challenges of modernity, the problem of identifying the predictors of psychological and moral stability of an individual is characterised by special relevance and significance. The aim of the research is to study the extent of formation of patriotic values as a predictor of psychological and moral stability in young people of conscription age. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in four Russian Federation entities: Arkhangelsk-, Kaliningrad-, Murmansk- and Leningrad regions. The total number of respondents was 1,050 – young men aged 16 to 20 (conscription age). The following techniques were used in the research: theoretical methods (analysis of the research subject through investigating statutory documents, psychological and pedagogical literature; synthesis, generalisation, comparison and systematisation of the obtained data), and empirical methods (questioning, testing and interviewing). To achieve the set targets, the following diagnostic tools were used: the Constructive patriotism questionnaire; the Values materialism questionnaire; the Scale of psychological well-being by C. Ryff; the “Behaviour self-regulation style – SSP-98” questionnaire by V.I. Morosanova. Results. It was found that the number of respondents with the formed constructive patriotism prevails twice as much among young people of conscription age. At the same time, it is worth noting that in fact, one in three young men of conscription age who took part in the survey (31.8%) have formed blind patriotism (pseudo-patriotism, patriotism of obedience, ignorance and intolerance). Young people of conscription age with pronounced constructive patriotism, compared to the group of young people with blind patriotism, have more expressed significant basic values: “Independence”; “Power”; “Achievements”; “Traditions”; “Safety”; “Universalism”; “Benevolence”. Meanwhile, the group of young people of conscription age with pronounced blind patriotism demonstrate mostly two basic values: “Stimulation”; “Conformism”. Young people of conscription age with expressed constructive patriotism have statistically significant differences on the scale “Personal growth”. It was also revealed that they have a significantly higher overall level of self-regulation and the levels of individual self-control of various regulatory processes and personal regulation properties according to five indicators (“Modelling”, “Programming”, “Evaluation of results”, “Flexibility”, “Independence”), compared to the group of respondents with the formed blind patriotism. Conclusion. The study provides important data on the extent of the formation of patriotic values serving as a predictor of psychological and moral stability in young people of conscription age. The obtained results are in demand, being relevant since they make it possible to design the personality education and development processes with regard for the bilateral nature of interconditionality of patriotism relative to a person’s psychological and moral stability

211 From Motion by Emotion to Well-Being: How Regular Physical Activity Enhances Life Satisfaction through Self–Control and Emotion Regulation

Abstract Purpose Physical activity is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. Regular participation in sports-related activities contributes to psychophysiological and social well-being. Researchers are investigating the psychological factors that may be responsible for this mechanism. Current research is one of the first to explore the mediating effects of self-control and emotion regulation on the relationship between exercise and life satisfaction. The main objective of this study was to examine the possible intermediate impact of self–control and two common forms of emotion regulation: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on the relationship between involvement in regular physical activity and satisfaction with life. Methods A total of 186 adults participated in the online survey, providing information about their regular participation in physical activity or training and completing questionnaires assessing life satisfaction, self-control, and two aspects of emotion regulation. Based on self-reported average minutes spent exercising per week over the past year, participants were classified into four levels of physical activity according to the World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. Results The results of the mediation analysis showed that dispositional self-control and cognitive reappraisal fully mediated the relationship between the levels of physical activity and life satisfaction. Expressive suppression, a second strategy of emotion regulation, did not mediate this relationship. This suggests that regular physical activity may increase levels of self-control and cognitive reappraisal, which in turn leads to greater life satisfaction. Conclusions Regular physical activity and time spent on training support such forms of regulating one’s own emotions and actions which consequently may lead to greater life satisfaction. These findings underscore the importance of regular exercise in promoting psychological well-being through its beneficial effects on self-control and emotional regulation.

Sexual Harassment and Binge Eating Among Chinese Female Undergraduates: A Mediation Model of Self-Objectification and Self-Control.

Sexual harassment is a serious health issue prevalent on campuses worldwide, with significant implications for individuals' well-being. Past research has highlighted the close association between sexual harassment and eating disorders, yet little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the potential mediating roles of self-objectification and self-control in linking sexual harassment to binge eating, drawing upon objectification theory and self-control resource theory. A sample of 801 Chinese female undergraduates, with a mean age of 19.60 years (SD = 1.42), participated in the study by completing questionnaires on sexual harassment experience, self-objectification, self-control, and binge eating. The results indicated that sexual harassment experience exhibited a significant positive correlation with binge eating and self-objectification, while showing a negative correlation with self-control. And an increased frequency of sexual harassment experiences and self-objectification were associated with lower levels of self-control. Furthermore, mediation analyses utilizing Hayes' PROCESS macro (2013) for SPSS (Model 6) demonstrated that both self-objectification and self-control independently and sequentially mediated the relationship between sexual harassment and young women's binge eating. In other words, young women who had experienced sexual harassment were more likely to exhibit increased self-objectification, leading to decreased self-control and ultimately culminating in binge eating behaviors. This study provides valuable insights into how sexual harassment affects young women's binge eating by elucidating the mediating roles of self-objectification and self-control, thus enhancing our understanding of developing strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of experiencing sexual harassment.

Pengaruh Self Control Terhadap Kecanduan Media Sosial pada Remaja Kota Padang

This research is motivated by the large number of adolescents or teenagers who spend their time playing on social media, so adolescents experience addiction, which causes individuals to forget their responsibilities. This research discusses how adolescent self-control and social media addiction are described, and their effects. This research aims to determine the description of self-control and social media addiction in adolescents, apart from that, to determine the influence of self-control on social media addiction among adolescents in Padang City. The research method used in this research is quantitative correlational. The subjects in this research were 52 teenagers in Padang City who had a high intensity in using social media. The data collection techniques used are research instruments, validity tests, and reliability tests. Next, the analysis prerequisite tests are the normality test and the linearity test. The data analysis technique used is a simple linear regression test. From the analysis results obtained, it is known that the average self-control possessed by Kampung Baru Lubuk Lintah teenagers is in the medium category, as well as social media addiction which is in the medium category. So it can be seen the influence of self-control on social media addiction. The higher an individual's level of self-control, the lower the level of social media addiction can be avoided. Conversely, if the level of self-control is low then social media addiction will increase.

The Relationship Between Self-control and Psychological Stress among College Students

The intensification of competition for further education and employment brought about by the development of the times has led to a sharp increase in psychological pressure on contemporary college students. The mental health of college students has become a social issue of common concern for parents and various groups in society. This article focuses on the relationship between self-control and psychological stress among college students. Through analysis of existing literature and research, it is found that college students with high levels of self-control are able to demonstrate stronger adaptability and lower psychological distress when facing academic, interpersonal, and economic pressures. This is mainly because individuals with higher self-control abilities have more disposable self-control resources compared to those with lower self-control abilities, so the resources allocated to psychological stress are more sufficient and can better control psychological stress. This study has important reference significance for alleviating psychological stress among college students and promoting the strengthening and improvement of student mental health education by the government and various social groups. In the future, further refinement can be made in the operationalization of the aforementioned variables to facilitate in-depth research on this topic.

Gambaran Kontrol Diri Anggota Bintara Remaja di Polresta Surakarta

Self-control is a major component of the ability to override or change responses within oneself, as well as eliminate undesirable behavioral tendencies and refrain from an action taken. The target of the study was young non-commissioned officers aged 18 to 21 years. The purpose of this study was to determine self-control in young non-commissioned officers of the Surakarta Police. To obtain an overview of the level of self-control in young non-commissioned officers of the Surakarta Police. The number of samples used in this study was 7 people and the data collection techniques used in the study were observation and interviews. The results of this study indicate that the seven young non-commissioned officers of the Surakarta Police have good self-control, the seven members can control themselves with their respective strategies.

The regulatory effect of self-control in the relationship between life satisfaction and lifelong learning motivation in adults

ABSTRACT In this study, a research model was created to explain whether the relationship between life satisfaction and motivation levels of adults depends on self-control. The dependent variable of this study is adults’ life satisfaction (Y), the moderating variable is self-control (W), and the independent variable is adults’ lifelong learning motivation (X) level. The research was conducted using the relational survey method. The convenience sampling method was applied in the research. 276 people in total. The bootstrapping method was used to test the significance of the moderating effect. The measurement tools used were the “Adult Life Satisfaction Scale,” “Lifelong Learning Motivation Scale,” and “Brief Self-Control Scale.” According to the study results, the moderating effect of adults’ motivation and self-control levels on life satisfaction was found to be significant. As a result, if individuals’ self-control is high, the effect of lifelong learning motivation on life satisfaction will be higher. This suggests that the relationship between lifelong motivation and life satisfaction is regulated by self-control.

Impulse buying tendency in online food delivery service among Muslims in Indonesia

This study investigates the factors influencing impulse buying behavior in online food purchases in Indonesia. The research gathered data from 270 valid respondents from the Muslim community through an online survey (Google Forms). Demographic analysis revealed a predominantly young, single-student population, primarily from Central Java. The study employed the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The impulse buying tendency scale included seven variables: religiosity, platform quality, social influence, intentions, self-control, consumer mood and Impulse buying tendency. The results indicate that self-control (β: –0.140, p-value: 0.024) plays a crucial role in mitigating impulse buying tendencies whereas religiosity (β: 0.304, p-value &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) can increase the level of self-control. Additionally, platform quality (β: 0.488, p-value &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) significantly impacts individuals’ intention to engage in impulsive purchases. Consumer mood (β: 0.681, p-value &amp;amp;lt; 0.001) is the highest cause of impulse buying behavior. Notably, self-control can reduce impulsive buying tendencies, which means that the higher the self-control ability, the lower the possibility of making impulse purchases. However, the social influence (β: –0.175, p-value: 0.026) has a negative effect on self-control.

Role of self-control, financial attitude, depression, anxiety, and stress in predicting consumers' online shopping addiction.

Online shopping addiction is a behavior that creates serious problems and has become increasingly prevalent in modern society. When addressing online shopping addiction, the direct or indirect causes of individuals' shopping actions must be taken into consideration. The present study aims to examine the effects of self-control, financial attitude, depression, anxiety, and stress on online shopping addiction by determining online shopping addiction, self-control, and financial attitude levels of consumers. The sample of this study consists of 694 voluntarily participating consumers selected through convenience sampling methods from a city in Türkiye. Data were collected through Google Forms and uploaded to the SPSS 25.0 package program. During the research process, the relationship patterns between self-control, financial attitude, depression, anxiety, and stress on online shopping addiction were examined by using structural equation modeling. It was determined in this study that consumers have moderate levels of financial attitude and self-control, and low levels of online shopping addiction. Given the results related to the relationships and hypotheses between variables, anxiety, depression, and financial attitude were found to have statistically significant effects on online shopping addiction, whereas stress and self-control were found to not have a significant effect. Within the scope of this study, it was identified that anxiety and depression positively affect online shopping addiction, whereas financial attitude has a negative effect.

Bystander Acknowledgment Mitigates the Psychological and Physiological Pain of Racial Discrimination for Black Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Racism increases pain sensitization and contributes to racialized pain inequities; however, research has not tested interventions targeting racism to reduce pain. In this study, we examined whether White bystanders can act to mitigate racism’s pain-sensitizing effects. To simulate racial exclusion in the laboratory, Black young adults (age 18–30; N = 92) were randomly assigned to be included or excluded by White players in a ball-tossing game (Cyberball). For half of the excluded participants, White bystanders acknowledged and apologized for the racial exclusion. Participants completed a cold pressor task to assess pain threshold, tolerance, and unpleasantness, and completed a survey assessing psychological needs (ie, belongingness, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and self-control). Participants who experienced racial exclusion reported significantly more threatened psychological needs and increased laboratory pain sensitization (ie, lower pain threshold and tolerance) than those who were included. However, when a White bystander acknowledged the racism, excluded participants reported higher levels of self-control, self-esteem, and decreased pain sensitization (pain threshold and tolerance) relative to excluded participants whose experience was not acknowledged. Our findings support that racism increased Black people’s pain sensitivity and provide initial evidence for White bystander acknowledgment as a health intervention. PerspectiveContinual exposure to racism likely contributes to inequities in pain sensitization. We demonstrate that acute exposure to mild racism increases acute pain sensitization. Results suggest that a bystander acknowledging witnessed racism can buffer the acute sensitizing effects of racism on pain, pointing to the potential of interpersonal interventions targeting racism. Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT06113926.