Levels Of Salt Concentration Research Articles

Effect of Salt quenching on the microstructures and mechanical properties of AISI 1045 steel

Steel has a very important role in the industrial applications, especially for the manufacture of automotive components such as gear. In its applications, gear undergoes the compressive and friction loads, so that in the manufacturing process, materials with high hardness and wear resistance are needed. One method to increase steel hardness is by quenching process. In this research, quenching process will be carried out on AISI 1045 steel using pure water and the salt solution as the cooling medium. The austenization process was conducted at a temperature of 850 ° C with the holding time of 15 and 30 minutes. The samples were then quenched at the cooling medium of salt solution with concentration of 0, 10 and 23%. The results showed that the quenching process on AISI 1045 steel promotes the phase transformation from mixture of ferrite and pearlite to be martensite. The increase of austenization holding time and salt concentration level resulted in higher martensite intensity and hardness. In contrast, the increase of austenization holding time and salt concentration level resulted in lower toughness.

Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 Ameliorate the Effects of Salt Stress in Mentha piperita Principally Through Acetoin Emission

We investigated the effects of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) emitted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 on Mentha piperita growing under different levels of NaCl stress, by evaluating their growth-promoting potential and ability to increase salt tolerance effects. Plants were exposed to bacterial VOCs without having any physical contact with the rhizobacteria. The VOCs emitted by the rhizobacteria (mVOCs) were analyzed using SPME fibers. An increase in the level of salt concentration led to a decrease in plant growth. However, these negative effects of salinity were inhibited in the plants exposed to mVOCs. Plants grown in a saline media and exposed to GB03 VOCs had significantly better morphological characteristics and higher total chlorophyll content compared to controls. The level of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid, and abscisic acid increased in salt-stressed plants compared to controls. The level of JA did not show any change in plants grown in a saline media either exposed to mVOCs or not. In contrast, the amount of salicylic acid increased remarkably in salt-stressed plants exposed to mVOCs compared to controls (salt-stressed plants not exposed to mVOCs), but the levels of abscisic acid decreased in salt-stressed plants exposed to mVOCs. The chromatographic analyses of the mVOCs produced by salt-stressed GB03 bacteria were similar, regardless of the concentration of salt in the media where the bacteria were grown, although it was observed that the relative percentage of acetoin increased with salt concentration. After determining that acetoin was the main VOCs compound, we exposed plants to acetoin, which demonstrated that acetoin caused similar effects on plants grown under salt stress conditions as those exposed to GB03 mVOCs. Based on these results, the use of mVOCs from PGPR is suggested as a useful technological innovation to facilitate the growth of M. piperita in salt-stressed environments.

English

The ever-increasing demand for rice raises the need to increase productivity by using salt tolerant varieties on saline soils. In this study, 12 rice accessions were screened for tolerance to salt at seedling stage using morphological and molecular methods. The study was carried out in a hydroponic system using Hoagland solution. Scoring was done using the modified standard evaluation score (SES) system after 14 days of treatment. Salt tolerance indices were estimated from shoot length, root length and total biomass. For molecular studies, ten Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) primers linked with salt tolerance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) were used. Results showed greater reductions in biomass and shoot growth of susceptible accessions compared to the tolerant ones. The effect of salt stress on root length showed variability among accessions as well as concentrations. UPIA 1, UPIA 2, FARO 52, FARO 61, TOG 5681 and FARO 44 had similar banding patterns with POKALLI (check variety) suggesting that they may contain salt tolerance genes. Of these accessions, only POKALLI and UPIA 2 survived all levels of salt concentration tested and thus got the highest SES score of one. Both accessions also had the highest overall mean salt tolerance indices. In conclusion, based on SES scores, salt tolerance indices and SSR data, POKALLI and UPIA 2 were identified as highly tolerant, FARO61, FARO 52, UPIA 1 and TOG 5980A as tolerant while WITA 12, CG12, TOG1670, TOG 5681 and TOG 5485 were highly susceptible. Such information will be useful in the selection of parents as breeding lines for salt tolerance.   Key words: Rice, seedling stage, hydroponics, salt tolerance index, simple sequence repeats (SSR) primers. &nbsp

First insights into salt tolerance improvement of Stevia by plant growth-promoting Streptomyces species.

The present study aimed to investigate the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve the salt stress and alleviate its impact on Stevia crop plant under different levels of salt concentration. Two Streptomyces spp. isolated from the rhizosphere of halophytic plants (Cucumis sativus L. and Salicornia europaea L.) have shown potential for plant growth promotion in Stevia plant. The streptomycetes isolates were identified by classical microbiological techniques and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene as Streptomyces variabilis (4NC) and S. fradiae (8PK). The results have shown that inoculation of Stevia plant by these isolates has enhanced plant growth parameters under applied salt stress. Moreover, total cellular proteins were extracted from the two Streptomyces isolates and SDS-PAGE technique was conducted. Mass spectrometric analysis has identified unique polypeptide of the elongation factor thermos unstable (EF-Tu) indicating the elevation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein genes transcription. On the same context, alleviation of salt stress in Stevia plants inoculated with the two Streptomyces isolates has potentially promoted the accumulation of the major pronounced RuBisCO large subunit protein band detected approximately at 53kDa. These results may give novel insights and accretion our understanding of salinity tolerance mechanisms using PGP streptomycetes to develop resistant sugar crops of highly important economic value. This study has presented the integration of microbiological, biochemical, and molecular techniques to evaluate the effect of salt stress and to assess the level of stress amelioration using PGPR on proteostasis of sugar crops in Egypt.

Influence of key operating parameters and bio-fouling on simultaneous desalination of seawater & reduction of organic wastes from petroleum industrial wastewater

ABSTRACT Bio-cathode microbial desalination cells are emerging technology that utilizes bioelectric potential from organic matter (petroleum refinery effluent) to enhance the desalination process along with the activity of microalgae (Scenedesmus abundans). In the present work, the system is assumed to be governed by interdependent key process variables such as salt concentration, anolyte concentration, and external resistance. Three different levels of salt concentration (5, 20 and 35 g L−1), anolyte concentration (250, 500 and 750 mg L−1), and external resistance (100, 560 and 1000 Ω) were analysed and optimized by the statistical and probabilistic tool such as Box Behnken design method and Genetic Algorithm to maximize the desalination performance. The optimized parameters such as salt concentration (35 g L−1), anolyte concentration (500 mg L−1), and external resistance (100 Ω) produced maximum desalination efficiency of 59.6%. The model also distinguished the influence of input parameters on the output responses such as significant responses (Salinity, Total dissolved solids, and Electrical conductivity) and non-significant responses (Chemical oxygen demand removal, power density, and algal growth). The model predicted the desalination efficiency with ±1.25% error. The high impact of bio-fouling was observed in Anion Exchange Membrane on comparison with Cation Exchange Membrane.

Farming strategies of 1st millennium CE agro-pastoralists on the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains: A geoarchaeological and macrobotanical investigation of the Mohuchahangoukou (MGK) site, Xinjiang, China.

Archaeological evidence emerging over the past decade clearly illustrates that agro-pastoralists living along the foothills of major mountain chains in Central Asia (the so-called “Inner Asian Mountain Corridor” or IAMC) facilitated the spread of domesticated grains through their direct involvement in farming. While the environmental conditions across the northwestern slopes of the IAMC provided adequate resources for incipient farming and herding as early as the mid-3rd mill. BCE, the development of local agricultural strategies on the extremely arid and eroded foothills on the southeastern, leeward side of the mountains remain comparatively less studied. Our study tackles this problem by combining geoarchaeological analysis with conventional macrobotanical identification in the investigation of a 1st-mill. CE agro-pastoralist farming site, Mohuchahangoukou (MGK), located on the arid foothills of the Tianshan range. Our results illustrate how ancient agro-pastoralists at MGK innovated irrigation systems both to combat water shortage and, importantly, to trap sediments carried by flood-water for crop cultivation. By synthesizing currently available data, we estimate that they managed to trap about 40 cm of fine-grained sediment within a span of 200 years or even less. These stone-built field systems helped water a diverse stand of crops and create deeper soils in an otherwise deflated landscape with thin desert soils. Since we detected high levels of salt concentration (>2 dSm-1) in the lower portions of all three test trenches we analyzed, we conclude that soil salinization might have affected the long-term sustainability of this form of irrigated field management. We also infer that, besides engineering efforts, the ancient agro-pastoralists at MGK had to resolve the scheduling conflicts between irrigated farming and animal herding through labor specialization.

Salt Preference and Ability to Discriminate between Salt Content of Two Commercially Available Products of Australian Primary Schoolchildren.

Australian children consume too much salt, primarily from processed foods where salt is often used to enhance flavour. Few studies have assessed children’s salt preference in commercially available foods. This study aims to assess (1) children’s preference and ability to discriminate between salt levels in two commercially available foods and (2) if preference or ability to discriminate between salt levels changes after an education program. Chips and corn flakes were tasted at three levels of salt concentration. Children ranked which they liked best (preference) and which was saltiest (ability to discriminate). The proportion of children across categorical responses was assessed (Chi squared and McNemar’s test) together with changes in preference and ability to discriminate between salt levels from timepoint 1 (T1) to timepoint 2 (T2). Ninety-two children (57% female, mean age 9.1 years (SD 0.8)) participated. At T1 approximately one-half and two-thirds of children preferred the highest salt chip and cornflake, respectively, (both p < 0.05). Fifty-seven percent and 63% of children identified the highest level of salt in chips and cornflakes as the saltiest, respectively. Preference and ability to discriminate between salt levels were unchanged between timepoints. Results support product reformulation to decrease salt content of foods provided to children.

Predictions of Pair Interaction Potentials between Kraft Lignin Macromolecules in Black Liquors by Utilization of a Modified Poisson–Boltzmann Approach

In this investigation, a modified Poisson–Boltzmann approach has been used to estimate the mean ion concentration distributions of ionic species present in black liquors around charged kraft lignin macromolecules at industrially relevant conditions. The distributions were utilized to predict the double layer repulsion and, further, predict the overall pair interaction potentials between two kraft lignin macromolecules or particles immersed in the black liquor electrolyte. The properties of softwood black liquors were used as input data to the model. The numerical results predicted the pair interaction potentials to remain repulsive up to salt concentrations of about 2.5 M at pOH 1. The critical coagulation concentration of salt was predicted to decrease as the pOH of the black liquor was increased. The predictions at 65 °C and moderate levels of pOH (3.5) and salt concentration (1.9 M) were found to be in good agreement with previous observations reported in the literature.

Desenvolvimento de protótipo experimental de dessalinizador por osmose reversa para o tratamento em água salobra em áreas rurais

A Osmose Reversa é reconhecida como um eficiente processo técnico que visa dessalinizar a água salobra por meio de membranas, cuja principal função é reter os sais. Sua eficiência depende de variáveis como temperatura, pressão, pH, concentração de sal e rendimento. O objetivo principal deste artigo visa conceber, projetar e construir um protótipo experimental de dessalinizador por Osmose Reversa para o tratamento de água salobra para consumo humano e irrigação em áreas rurais. Para o teste do protótipo, foram desenvolvidos experimentos utilizando amostras de solução (água salobra) equivalente às tipologias de águas captadas nos poços artesianos do município de São Francisco do Itabapoana-RJ, a fim de se verificar a possibilidade de se obter água no padrão necessário para atender às necessidades dos pequenos produtores rurais daquela região, bem como, da população local. A partir da análise de amostras em três níveis de concentração de sal (1,0‰; 2,0‰ e 3,0‰), geralmente encontrados nos poços com água salobra da região, foi possível obter, nas três concentrações analisadas, soluções isentas de sal, ou seja, com nível de salinidade de 0,00‰. O protótipo consegue atingir uma produção de 432 L/dia (equivalente a 18 L/h e 03 L/min). Esses resultados do protótipo experimental indicam a viabilidade técnica do dessalinizador por Osmose Reversa para o tratamento de água salobra para o uso em áreas rurais.

Mechanism of bacterial attachment on textile fibrous media

A mechanism to remove the Pseudomonas bacteria from contaminated water by using textile fibrous media has been proposed in this article. The attachment of Pseudomonas bacteria on different media material was studied in laboratory column experiment. Two types of textiles media made of polyester and nylon fibers were selected for the experiment. The experimental design included the various level of salt concentration of calcium chloride (i.e. 1 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM). The maximum removal efficiency of nylon fibrous media is 77% and that of polyester is 58.33% for the same ionic strength. The colloidal filtration and Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory was used to investigate the effect of media material on bacteria attachment at various level of salt concentration. Bacteria attachment on nylon fibrous media is found to be greater as compared to the polyester fibrous media. The DLVO profile of the bacteria attachment on polyester shows the existence of a high energy barrier (710) as compared to the nylon fibrous media (398) at an ionic strength 1 mM. These high energy barriers resist the deposition of the bacteria in the primary minimum resulted in lower removal efficiency of the polyester media material.

Optimization and validation of a DHS-TD-GC-MS method to wineomics studies

A dynamic headspace sorptive extraction (DHS) combined with thermal desorption (TD) and coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the determination of forty-four volatile aroma metabolites (VAMs) which describe aroma fingerprints of wines. The response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) was used to obtain the optimal values for the experimental extraction variables, and the results were assessed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a principal component analysis (PCA). The VAMs exhibited optimal extraction with the high levels of salt concentration (1.5 g NaCl) and using an extraction temperature of 40 °C during 10 min, and a subsequent purge volume of 300 mL. Subsequently, the calibration curves were created for the quantification of each VAMs with seven levels of concentration obtaining a correlation coefficients (R2) above 0.9900 for all of them. The proposed method was successfully validated and showed good precision and accuracy values for all VAMs. Lastly, the method was applied to quantify VAMs, responsible for the aroma fingerprints of white and red wines, from different Denomination of Origin

PEG Induced Germination, Seedling Growth and Water Relation Behavior of Wheat Genotypes under Salt Stress Condition

Pre-sowing seed treated with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) believed to be a potential priming agent to increase the germination, seedling growth and water relation behavior of crop plants under salt stress condition. With this view, a lab investigation was carried out to find out the effect of PEG on the germination, seedling growth and water relation behavior of wheat under different salt levels. Seeds of ESWYT 5, ESWYT 6 wheat genotypes and BARI Gom 28 were pre-soaked in 10%PEG solutions for 9 h and allowed to grow under 5 levels of salt concentrations viz.,0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dSm-1.Findings of the research work showed that seed priming with 10% PEG solution for 9 h had significant effect on germination, seedling growth and water relation behavior of wheat genotypes under salt stress condition. Among three wheat genotypes, ESWYT 5 performed the best regarding germination, seedling growth and water relation behavior where wheat genotypes ESWYT-6 performed moderately and BARI Gom 28 showed poor performance. With increasing the salinity level the decreasing of germination, seedling growth and water relation behavior was normal phenomena but in this experiment, priming helped to reduce the magnitude of reduction. These results suggest that seed priming had significant effect to trigger the germination, seedling growth and water relation behavior of wheat genotypes under salt stress condition.

EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION SALINITY ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF MELON CULTIVATED IN COCONUT FIBER

ABSTRACT Brackish waters represent great potential for profitable agricultural production; however, productive usage depends on the adoption of proper cultural practices as well as a culture tolerant of salinity, which can require some restrictions related to soil and crop production. Given the lack of information pertaining to hydroponic melon culture, the objective of this study was to investigate physiological changes promoted by the use of brackish water in the preparation of the nutrient solution for melon (Cucumis melo L., cv. AF 015) growth in coconut fiber substrate under greenhouse conditions in Mossoró-RN, a semiarid region of Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 12 treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with 4 salt concentration levels (1.1 - control, 2.5, 4.0 and 5.5 dS m-1) and 3 exposition times (vegetative growth: 10-30 days after transplanting, DAT; flowering: 31 to 50 DAT; and fruiting and ripening: 51-70 DAT, which are the assessment phases of physiological maturation). Increasing salt concentrations in the nutrient solution reduced photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal conductance and transpiration, but increased the intercellular CO2 concentration in melon plants. A salt concentration in the low to intermediate range (2.5 dS m-1) resulted in the best water use efficiency by melon crops.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Garam dan Umur Telur Terhadap Tingkat Kesukaan Konsumen Telur Asin

This research is an experimental experience that aims to know the effect of salt concentration and the age of the eggs on the level of consumer preferences towards salted eggs and to know the ideal level of salt concentration and the age of the eggs to get consumers preferred salted eggs. The research was done in Poultry Production Laboratorium of Politechnic of Jember from September 27th 2016 to October 25th 2016. The research design by Randomaized Complete Desaign (RCD) consisted of two factor. The first was salt concentration which contains 3 actions which are action of salt concentration 25% (A25), salt concentration 30% (A30) and salt concentration 35% (A30). The second, the age of the eggs contains 2 actions which are 3 days age (B3) and 14 days age (B14). There are 6 combination of action and each of action was redone 4 times so that able to gain 18 units of research. Preference research was directly done by taste the salted egg. People panelis for detect acceptance on this research is 30 people from workers and students of Politechnic of Jember and also citizens. The salt concentration  35% and 3 days egg age have significant effect toward consumer preferences on color and grity as the criteria, while salt concentrations and days egg age  have no effect toward consumer prference on smell and taste of salted egg.Â

Germination and Seedling Growth of Seven Local Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) under salt stress conditions

Objectives: Salinity has a negative impact on crop production. This study aims to evaluate the effects of salinity on growth of seven varieties of sorghum and to elect most salt tolerant. Methods/Analysis: The performance of some morpho-physiological parameters in 7 local varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was assessed in greenhouse experiments. Four levels of salt concentration (0, 50, 100, 250 mM) were used in these experiments. Findings: The low level of salinity (50 mM) induced positive effects, significantly accelerating germination and enhanced growth parameters in varieties SOR 2P11 and SOR 1P3. While the increased level of salinity (100 mM) led to a decrease in these parameters for all 7 varieties. At 250 mM of NaCl, the germination was strongly inhibited. On the basis of results obtained, varieties 2P4, 3P4 and 1P3 exhibited more salt tolerance while 3P8 was the most sensitive. This study revealed that there is a different behavior towards the salt tolerance for the 7 local varieties studied of sorghum. Application/Improvements: Results obtained in this study can be of considerable importance for sorghum growing farmers and breeders and a way to expand sorghum cultivation in salinity affected areas. Keywords: Germination, NaCl, Seedling Growth, Sorghum Bicolor L. Salt Stress

Rectification of ionic current in nanopores functionalized with bipolar polyelectrolyte brushes

Abstract In this study, control of ion transport is demonstrated by surface modification of bipolar polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes on a nanopore wall. Three types of nanopore are considered: (i) Only the inner wall of a nanopore is modified and its outer walls are charge-free (type I). (ii) Only the outer walls of a nanopore are modified (type II) and its inner wall is charge-free. (iii) Both the inner and the outer walls of a nanopore are modified (type III). Results reveal that for the levels of salt concentration considered all these three types of nanopore show apparent current rectification. The rectification ability depends highly on both the structure and the space charge densities of the bipolar PE brush layers. For example, if the charge densities of this layer are low, the rectification ability of the types of nanopore ranks as type III > type II > type I; otherwise, it ranks as type III > type I > type II if they are sufficiently high. In addition, if the charge densities of those layers are symmetric, the rectification ability increases with increasing charge density for all three types of nanopore. For nanopores having asymmetric charge densities in their PE brush layers, similar charge density-dependent rectification behavior occurs only to type II nanopore. It is interesting to observe in the other two types of nanopore, the increase in the charge densities results in a decrease in the rectification effect. This is unexpected because previous studies suggested that the nanopore rectification depends positively on its charge density.

An optical fiber-based LSPR aptasensor for simple and rapid in-situ detection of ochratoxin A

Label-free biosensing methods that rely on the use of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) have attracted great attention as a result of their simplicity, high sensitivity, and relatively low cost. However, in-situ analysis of real samples using these techniques has remained challenging because colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) can be unstable at certain levels of pH and salt concentration. Even in the case of a chip-type LSPR sensor that can resolve the instability problem by employing NPs immobilized on the substrate, loading of a sample to sensor chip with exact volume control can be difficult for unskilled users. Herein, we report an optical-fiber-based LSPR aptasensor that can avoid these problems and serve as a portable and simple system for sensitive detection of a small mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA), in real samples. The optical fiber coated with aptamer-modified gold nanorods (GNRs) is simply dipped into a solution containing OTA and subjected to LSPR analysis. Quantitative analysis of OTA is performed by measuring the spectral red shift of the LSPR peak of GNRs. Under optimized conditions, the LSPR peak shift displays a linear response (R2 = 0.9887) to OTA in the concentration range from 10pM to 100nM, with a limit of detection of 12.0pM (3S). The developed sensor shows a high selectivity for OTA over other mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin B (OTB), and shows an accurate detection capability for OTA in real grape juice samples.

Respuesta de Phaseolus vulgaris a la salinidad generada por NaCl, Na2SO4 y NaHCO3

Se evaluó en la etapa de germinación y plántula la respuesta a la salinidad inducida con NaCl, Na2SO4 y NaHCO3 de tres variedades de frijol que son las de mayor producción en Nayarit, México. En invernadero, se estableció un diseño experimental A×B×C completamente al azar con 63 tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. El factor A tuvo siete niveles de concentración de sal (de 0.000 a 5.760 g L-1), el B tres variedades de frijol (Negro, Pinto, Azufrado) y el C tres tipos de sal (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3). Se midió la germinación, longitud, biomasa fresca y seca del vástago y raíz. Para todas las concentraciones y tipos de sal, con respecto al umbral, la germinación disminuyó significativamente en promedio 31% a 4.032 g L-1 y 49% a 5.760 g L-1, donde el frijol Azufrado fue el más resistente y la sal NaHCO3 la que más disminuyó el porcentaje de germinación. La longitud de vástago disminuyó significativamente en promedio 3.942 cm a 5.760 g L-1, el frijol Pinto obtuvo mayor biomasa fresca y seca del vástago, y a una concentración de 2.304 g L-1 de NaHCO3 ninguna variedad sobrevivió; la longitud de raíz disminuyó significativamente 10.532 cm a 5.760 g L-1, el frijol Pinto produjo mayor biomasa fresca y seca de raíz y el NaHCO3 fue la sal que más afectó (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). Conforme se incrementó la concentración de sales el porcentaje de germinación, longitud, biomasa fresca y seca del vástago y la raíz disminuyeron; el daño de las sales fue NaHCO3&gt;NaCl&gt;Na2SO4.

Efecto de la salinidad en la germinación y emergencia de siete especies forrajeras

En la región de la Ciénega de Chapala porción Michoacán la mayor parte de los cultivos forrajeros son el sustento fundamental de los sistemas ganaderos tradicionales. Sin embargo, la escasez de agua y la creciente salinidad se presentan como los principales factores ambientales limitantes que afectan directamente a su establecimiento y desarrollo. En esta investigación, se evaluó la capacidad de germinación y emergencia de siete especies forrajeras en condiciones in vitro, al ser expuestas a diferentes concentraciones de NaCl. La evaluación se llevó a cabo en un período de 21 días, en el cual las semillas fueron colocadas en una incubadora sin luz a una temperatura de 25 /17°C (día / noche) respectivamente. Se utilizó el método de digestión con ácido para la extracción de los cationes Na+, K+, Ca2+ y Mg2+ a partir de las plántulas germinadas. Los tratamientos de salinidad fueron 0.0 mM, 50 mM; 100 mM; 200 mM y 400 mM. En la etapa de imbibición se observó una respuesta diferencial entre especies en condiciones de estrés salino, principalmente a 200 y 400 mM, al producir una reducción drástica en los niveles de absorción respecto a sus propios testigos y posteriormente se vio reflejado en su capacidad germinativa. Las especies H. vulgare y L. perenne mostraron una menor relación K+/Na+, ratificando con ello, ser las más tolerantes ante este nivel de concentración salina.

Droplet Coalescence and Spontaneous Emulsification in the Presence of Asphaltene Adsorption.

In a refinery, undesired high levels of salt concentration in crude oils are reduced by the contact of water with crude oils, where an emulsion is formed. Later, the separation of the water from the desalted oil is essential for the quality of both wastewater discharge and refined oil. However, complex components of crude oils such as asphaltenes may stabilize these emulsions, causing difficulties in efficient separation. Here, we show the coalescence inhibition caused by asphaltene adsorption for both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, where the oil phase consists of a simple model of asphaltenes dissolved in toluene. We find that oil-in-water emulsions are less stable than water-in-oil emulsions by using a newly developed instrument where controlled experiments can be performed to measure the coalescence time of a single droplet against an oil/water interface as a function of asphaltene aging (associated with the adsorption process of asphaltene molecules onto the interfaces) and asphaltene concentration. Furthermore, we find that the coalescence time for water droplets exhibits a maximum because of a spontaneous emulsification at the oil/water interface that produces droplets consisting of asphaltene-laden water droplets.