Professional Level Research Articles

Exercise training load prediction based on improved genetic algorithm

With the advancement of digital information age, all kinds of sports also widely used digital mining technology, the technology can promote athletes’ professional level and physical quality, is in the field of sports improve athletes and coaches more effective way, but the bicycle sports for digital mining and research is still in the early state. Cyclists load ability in training is mainly influenced by the body function, the relationship between the two is complicated, this paper is the training load ability and physical function as a research object, explore the specific connection between the two aspects of cyclists, by constructing the cyclist training load prediction model, to apply in the “bicycle team training analysis system”. Strive to promote the overall development of cycling, to provide a basis for the scientific training of talents and training. The cyclist training load prediction model created in this paper can provide a scientific design basis for the training of athletes. When analyzing the body function, this paper mainly analyzes the influence of athletes on conforming sports through 25 aspects such as maximum oxygen intake, functional threshold power and blood oxygen saturation. Because the factors of athletes and the predicted results show non-linear correlation, this paper selects the BP neural network algorithm in the model algorithm, and the adaptive genetic algorithm of the selection operator is adjusted and optimized to clarify the initial weights and thresholds of BP neural network. Finally, the practice has proved that the improved algorithm has a more prominent global optimization ability, and the accuracy of the model has reached 93.28%.

Position-based assessment of head impact frequency, severity, type, and location in high school American football

IntroductionResearch on head impact characteristics, especially position-specific investigations in football, has predominantly focused on collegiate and professional levels, leaving a gap in understanding the risks faced by high school players. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of three factors—player position, impact location, and impact type—on the frequency, severity, and characteristics of impacts in high school American football. Additionally, we examined whether and how player position influences the distribution of impact locations and types.MethodsSixteen high school football players aged 14 to 17 participated in this study. Validated mouthguard sensors measured head impact kinematics, including linear acceleration, angular acceleration, and angular velocity across ten games, and were used to identify impact locations on the head. Video recordings verified true impacts, player position, and impact type at the moment of each recorded impact. Head impact kinematics were input into a head finite element model to determine the 95th percentile of the maximum principal strain and strain rate. Several novel and systematic approaches, such as normalization, binning, and clustering, were introduced and utilized to investigate the frequency and severity of head impacts across the three aforementioned factors while addressing some of the limitations of previous methodologies in the field. To that end, the number of recorded impacts for each player position during each game was divided by the number of players in that position, and then averaged across ten games. Instead of averaging, impacts were categorized into four severity bins: low, mid-low, mid-high and high. Clusters for the three factors were also identified according to the characteristics of impacts.Results and DiscussionResults revealed that offensive linemen and running backs experienced a higher normalized frequency and more severe impacts across all head kinematics and brain tissue deformation parameters. Frontal impacts, resulting from “head-to-head” impacts, were the most frequent and severe impact locations. The distributions of impact location and type for each specific position were distinct. Offensive linemen had the highest proportion of frontal impacts, while quarterbacks and centerbacks had more impacts at the rear location. These findings can inform interventions in game regulations, training practices, and helmet design to mitigate injury risks in high school football.

Community-Based 4-Level Intervention Targeting Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Europe: Protocol for an Implementation Project.

The community-based, 4-level intervention of the European Alliance Against Depression (EAAD) is simultaneously addressing depression and suicidal behavior. Intervention activities target primary care health professionals (level 1), the general public (level 2), community facilitators (level 3), and patients and their relatives (level 4). Activities comprise the digital iFightDepression tool, a guided self-management tool based on cognitive behavioral therapy. This study aimed to present the European Union-cofunded EAAD-Best study protocol, aiming at the implementation, dissemination, and evaluation of the 4-level intervention and the iFightDepression tool in several countries across Europe. The 4-level intervention has been implemented for the first time in Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, and Poland. In 3 countries that have already implemented the 4-level intervention (Hungary, Ireland, and Spain), activities have been extended to new regions. In addition, the nationwide uptake of the iFightDepression tool by patients with depression has been promoted in all mentioned countries and Italy. To evaluate the implementation of the 4-level intervention and the iFightDepression tool, data related to the process, output, and outcome were collected between 2022 and 2024. Data processing and analyses started in 2023. Analyses are expected to be completed in 2024. Results are expected to be published in 2025. This paper informs researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders on how to implement best practices in mental health promotion and evaluate their effectiveness. DERR1-10.2196/64218.

A Comparative Study of Teacher Training Systems in China and Nigeria

This paper explores the historical background and cultural influences of the teacher training systems in China and Nigeria and the characteristics of their training systems. First, it analyses the traditional culture and modern management model of teacher training in China, emphasising the combination of professional ethics and professional competence. Subsequently, the impact of Nigeria's multicultural background on its teacher training is explored, pointing out its complex training system in the context of geographical and cultural differences. Finally, by comparing the differences between the two countries in terms of objectives, methods and contents of teacher training, corresponding recommendations are made, such as the suggestion that Chinese teacher training can add more excellent traditional culture and encourage teachers to incorporate it into their daily lessons. Teacher training in Nigeria should be more targeted, taking into account the specific local cultural background, infrastructure, etc., to improve the professionalism and quality of teachers and provide a reference for improving the professional level of teachers and the quality of education.

Biomechanical effects of saddle height changes in leisure cycling with unilateral transtibial prostheses: A simulated study.

Cycling is a beneficial physical activity for rehabilitating individuals with lower-limb amputations and serves as a feasible leisure sport. However, the optimal bicycle configuration for cycling with a unilateral transtibial prosthesis at leisure levels has not been investigated. For saddle height at professional cycling levels, existing literature suggests utilizing the same configuration as that used by intact cyclists, where the knee reaches 25-35° at maximum extension. However, leisure cyclists tend to select lower saddle heights, and cycling with a unilateral transtibial prosthesis infers altered biomechanics during cycling practice. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cycling at different saddle heights with a simulated unilateral prosthesis. Ten able-bodied participants wore orthoses to simulate prosthetic conditions. The experimental task was performed on an ergometer at 40 W resistance, 60 rpm to simulate leisure cycling. Standard saddle height was defined as maximum knee extension of 45°. This height was used as the control condition and its trials were performed without orthoses. The variable heights were set as height percentage variations (-7%, -3.5%, 0, +3.5%, and +7%). Muscle activity, joint movement, force application to the pedals, perceived exertion, and comfort were evaluated. The -3.5% and -7% saddle heights resulted in joint movement and muscle activity levels closer to those in the control conditions, which also showed improved power symmetry between the affected and non-affected legs. In addition, the -3.5% height increased comfort level in participants. In conclusion, selecting lower saddle heights may be beneficial for unilateral transtibial amputees during leisure cycling. The optimal saddle height for this population may maintain maximum knee extension within the 37-45° range, dynamically measured on the affected side.

Professional-Career Trajectories of Higher Education Personnel in the Preparation of Doctoral Dissertations If you need a specific translation or a more detailed exploration of this topic, please let me know

I'll answer as a world-famous higher education expert in academic research with the prestigious Academic Research Excellence Award. Introduction:The level of professional competence of university faculty has a direct impact on the quality of labor resource reproduction. The highest level of professional skill of a research professor is confirmed by the defense of a qualifying work—a doctoral dissertation. Decreasing rates of dissertation defenses necessitate the search for new organizational and managerial tools to activate faculty members' desire to pursue research trajectories at a high level of professionalism. To develop relevant tools that yield results, it is essential to consider the diversity of approaches to conducting scientific research and defending its results. The aim of the study is to identify the trajectories of preparing and defending a doctoral dissertation, as well as to reveal significant factors that contribute to or hinder achieving the desired outcomes. **Materials and Methods:** To identify typical approaches to organizing and conducting the process of preparing a doctoral dissertation, data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with candidates for the Doctor of Science degree. The interviews involved 42 doctoral candidates who defended dissertations for the Doctor of Economics degree in 2022-2023 from 30 cities across Russia. Qualitative methods were applied to process empirical data while analyzing informants' responses during the interviews, working with transcripts, and interpreting semantic conclusions. **Results:** Within the typological diversity of approaches based on three criteria (motivation, level of professional readiness, and perception of the organizational environment), several trajectory types were distinguished. For each type, the driving force that allowed the candidate to undergo a lengthy trajectory was identified. The dominant trajectory is the "Professional-Career Leap," achieved through willpower traits (52.4%). The "Professional-Career Ceiling" trajectory is based on the desire for competency growth and ensuring expert superiority (33.3%). Candidates moving along the "Emerging Opportunities and Perspectives" trajectory (14.2%) maintained a focus on the potential benefits of the future and utilized available organizational opportunities. **Conclusion:** The necessity to improve existing tools for assisting and simulating faculty members in defending their dissertations has been determined. The tools must contain the capability to influence the driving factor of each trajectory type: character, skill, and work capacity.

Analysis of lipid profile before and after a simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu para-sport fight: Multiple case analysis.

Analysis of energy pathways is useful in helping to understand adaptations to specific sports practices, which vary according to the type of effort and individual characteristics of the athletes. In this sense, this study aimed to describe the physiological changes related to lipid markers in amputee athletes who practice para-sport jiu-jitsu. This is an observational study, which included three male amputee athletes, aged between 41 and 46 years old and with more than 24 months of experience at a professional level. The collection procedures included the verification of anthropometric measurements (body mass and height), handgrip strength, body fat and lipid profile, before and after a simulated para-sport jiu-jitsu fight. The main results of the study refer to elevations in the values of total lipids (13.2%); total cholesterol (11.8%); and phospholipids (7.7%) in the three participants. The findings of other indices had more discrepant results, ranging from 14% (very low density lipoprotein and triacylglycerol) to 65% (high density lipoprotein). In addition, a high percentage of body fat was observed among the participants. The data presented require attention, since understanding metabolic demands is crucial to provide favorable conditions for sports practice at safe levels and expected sports performance.

Patient-driven personal importation in the face of cost barriers to care: can we do better?

Australia has a robust public health system that helps to make medicines affordable. However, evidence shows that a significant proportion of Australians still cannot afford medicines prescribed to them and that some patients import medicines from abroad as a result. The strongest predictor of whether patients import medicines is whether they have discussed it with their doctor. In this article we explore options available to patients and physicians for access to unapproved medicines when approved medicines are unaffordable. Although personal importation is the most obvious option, regulation leaves scope for other possibilities. We propose that guidance should be developed to help physicians address cost-related medicine non-adherence in practice and to help them understand their options and how to navigate them at the individual, speciality and professional levels.

Designing criteria of interactive educational environment at medical school to teach students of information technology field at professionally-oriented foreign language classes

Introduction. Applying lifelong learning approach in educational process requires to sustain this procedure with engaging, practice-oriented, active teaching methods, to develop critical thinking skills, practical skills, cognitive skills, cognitive education, social-emotional education, to make a model of interactive educational environment. The aim is to determine the criteria to make an interactive educational environment model at medical school to develop future IT students’ foreign language communicative competence. Materials and methods. The study to determine the criteria to make a model of interactive educational environment was being conducted at First Moscow State Medical University from 01.09.2022 to 08.04.2024. "Bioengineering and Bioinformatics" students as well as “Information Systems and Technologies” students were target of this study. The experimental part of this study consisted of theoretical review, observation, online testing, survey ‘needs analysis’ and ‘final survey in the form of cooperative metacognitive discussion, analysis of students’ reviews (essays on the topic “your attitude to the organization of your education in an interactive way”). Results. Online testing of indicating foreign language proficiency (English) showed diverse results among students withing one group. Besides, it refers to all courses and specialties. The needs analysis has demonstrated that students have strong motivation to learn a foreign language at a professional communicative level. The interactive classes observation and essays analysis (“your attitude to the organization of your education in an interactive way”) and the results of the final survey in the form of cooperative metacognitive discussion have illustrated that 90% of students are satisfied with educational process in an interactive way, others 10% either they are not used to work under such a regime or they believe that to build a process of education based only on the interactive methods is incorrect, or they are true introverts. Furthermore, due to these results we could single out some criteria for making a model of interactive educational environment. Conclusion. Obtained research data have theoretical and practical importance, because the goal of this study – to distinguish criteria for making an interactive educational environment model for development of future IT students’ foreign language communicative competence at medical school – was successfully achieved.

Practice Note: “I'm Sorry”, Said ChatGPT: Without a Self and Without Remorse—Useful for Conflict Resolution Nonetheless? A Case Study on Apologies in Mediation

ABSTRACTIn this case study of a conversation with ChatGPT on the dynamics of apologies in mediation in general – and also about the dynamic of apologies within our conversation – I present my preliminary reflections on the potential and the limitations of using AI as a practitioner and teacher of conflict resolution: Does talking to a chatbot satisfy the expectation of a cognitively interesting (even inspiring) and factually appropriate exchange on a professional level? Does the communication as a process fulfill basic requirements to a useful professional exchange? From the analysis of this case and based on excerpts of the exchange, it seems reasonable to expect the possibility of a fairly meaningful and interesting exchange on relevant professional topics in conflict resolution – as long as one is willing and able to apply what I would term the “Triple P in dealing with ChatGPT”: Precision, proficiency, and perseverance.

The Teacher Professionalism: The Biblical Study of Teacher Professionalism Phenomena

Education is the main foundation in creating an advanced, dignified, and competitive society. As one of the key elements in the education process, teachers have an irreplaceable strategic role. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of teacher professionalism, while also offering recommendations that can be used by policy makers in designing effective teacher development programs. In addition, this study is also expected to be a reference for educators in reflecting on and improving the quality of their professionalism in accordance with the demands of the times. This study uses a library search approach (library research). This research method aims to provide an overview of teacher professionalism based on data obtained through literature reviews and primary data from respondents. The results of the study indicate that teacher professionalism at SMA Negeri 5 Sungai Penuh still has several significant shortcomings. The results of the questionnaire showed that the majority of teachers have a good understanding of professionalism, especially in the dimensions of pedagogical and professional competence. The conclusion of this study is Most teachers have shown a good level of professionalism, especially in pedagogical and professional competence.

Technological tools for multiplatform software development within the labor sector

This article presents the results of a research carried out by graduates of the Software Development and Management Engineering degree, generation 2019-2022 and 2020-2023 from the Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán; with the objective of identifying the technological tools that the software production sector currently implements in the development of multiplatform applications. A survey was applied to the graduates according to the Tuning Latin America project to be answered based on their professional experience developed during their stay and work activity. With the statistical analysis, the programming languages, frameworks and databases implemented and/or in trend could be identified. The results were of great impact to generate a comparison with the tools implemented within the curricular map of the Educational Program and thereby strengthen its academic activities and technical knowledge to guarantee the quality of the service offered by the institution at a professional level.

“Green Cities:” A Panel Discussion Activity for Promoting Pre-Service Teachers’ Skills Oriented toward Environmental Education

The purpose of this study was to analyze the potentialities of a learning module, created within an Erasmus+ project, which involved pre-service elementary teachers in a socio-scientific scenario related to green cities. The participants were involved in a panel discussion activity, with the main objective of discussing and reflecting on how to transform a particular city into a green city, taking into account the perspectives of the different stakeholders. A total of 60 pre-service teachers and one teacher educator were involved. In this case study, data were collected through a pre- and post-questionnaire, on the importance of a set of transversal skills at a professional and personal level, two focus-group interviews, and a panel discussion analysis. The results revealed that this activity has the potential to promote pre-service teachers’ competence to assume a holistic view of an environmental issue, contributing to the development of their capacity to make “justified decision-making.” It also allowed pre-service teachers to experience and reflect on new visions of science education from a learner’s perspective. These outcomings are extremely important for helping pre-service teachers to create innovative learning contexts capable of promoting more critical, responsible, and proenvironmental active citizens.

The Expression of Teacher Professional Burnout in Lithuanian Preschool Education

Burnout by educators of educational institutions is already a vital problem in some national education systems. Lithuania is not an exception. The current research concentrates on the situation of preschool teaching, as there is a lack of research investigating this particular group of teachers. Taking into account the fact that professional burnout syndrome begins imperceptibly, but later causes serious consequences not only for the educator himself/herself but also for the entire educational process, it is appropriate to conduct a research that aims to evaluate the manifestation of the burnout syndrome expressions of Lithuanian preschool teachers. Research methods: analysis of the scientific literature, quantitative research approach, aiming to evaluate the expression of professional burnout of pedagogues of Lithuanian preschool education institutions. Data were collected while using questionnaire survey the sample consists of respondents who represent the studied population, i.e. educators of preschool education institutions in Lithuanian cities and districts. During the quantitative research survey, 240 preschool teachers were interviewed. The results of the research showed that approximately one out of seven preschool education teachers experience severe burnout. The were revealed the major issues of the nature of professional burnout, highlighting its complexity, involving increasing emotional and physical fatigue, depersonalization, and decreased professional aspirations. Factors such as age, qualification category, and working hours also have influence on the professional burnout level. Management factors such like heavy workloads, poor relationships among the teachers and administration, large group sizes contribute to teacher burnout. These factors have direct impact on the interactions with children, parents, colleagues, and managers. Burnout reduces motivation, organizational ability, and can lead to job dissatisfaction and workplace changes. Additionally, the negative impact on the educational process, such as creating an unfavourable learning environment and increasing the workload for other staff may be cleared out.

Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of organizational and instructional guidance of teaching and learning in Russian within the Sri Lankan education system

Introduction. The article examines the problem of promoting Russian as a foreign language in educational institutions in Sri Lanka. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of organizational and instructional guidance of teaching and learning in Russian in the Sri Lankan education system. Materials and Methods. The main research methods are the analysis of the educational system of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, the collection and generalization of data on the organizational and instructional support of teaching Russian as a foreign language in the schools of the country. At the diagnostic stage, questionnaires and interviews were conducted, which allowed to identify professional deficiencies and assess the professional level of Russian language teachers. Results. The authors identified key problems in the organization of Russian-language education in Sri Lanka. The results of the survey indicate the need to develop the material and technical equipment for teaching and learning at schools, develop effective organizational mechanisms, and provide instructional support for Russian language teachers. The analysis of existing methods of teaching Russian in Sri Lankan schools shows a low level of students’ language competencies, which is due to an insufficient number of qualified Russian teachers, the lack of a system for improving their qualifications and limited access to specialized teaching materials and educational resources. The expediency of updating the existing educational program for teaching the Russian language, taking into account the cultural and educational characteristics of the country, is substantiated. Conclusions. The research confirms the need to create a system of organizational and instructional support for teaching Russian as a foreign language in secondary schools in Sri Lanka, which will improve the quality of teaching and learning in the country and will contribute to strengthening bilateral humanitarian cooperation.

Organization of otolaryngological care in Ukraine: current challenges and directions of response

Annotation. Diseases of the ear, throat, and nose remain an urgent public health problem. The aim of the study was to conduct a theoretical study of the organization of otolaryngological care for the population of Ukraine; identify current problems and areas of response. Content analysis of legislative and regulatory acts, analysis of reference materials, industry statistical data and generalization of results was carried out. It was established that until 2023, otolaryngological care to the population was traditionally provided in primary care institutions by general practitioners-family doctors, as well as in multidisciplinary inpatient and outpatient healthcare institutions. In order to ensure the ability of the network of health care facilities to function not only in peacetime, but also in wartime conditions, from 2023 specialized medical care will be provided in designated facilities of hospital districts, in particular, otolaryngological care is available to the population in primary care facilities, cluster and supracluster health care institutions. From 2012 to 2022, the number of otolaryngologists in Ukraine decreased from 4.033 to 2.580 (0.63 per 10 000 population), and the supply of general practitioners-family doctors remained insufficient (3.44 per 10 000 population). As a result, the volumes of primary medical care are low (40.0-60.0% of the total number of outpatient visits), which increases the burden on specialized care facilities, including those where otolaryngological care is provided. One of the problematic issues in primary care institutions is the lack of medical equipment to help patients with ear, throat, and nose diseases. The professional level of medical workers in specialized offices of outpatient facilities needs to be increased, and it is necessary to ensure strict adherence by doctors to the standards of otolaryngological care. Thus the identified shortcomings require justification for improving the organization of otolaryngological care for the population of the hospital district in order to ensure its availability and quality, which are the prospects for further research.

МУЗИЧНО-ВИКОНАВСЬКА КОМУНІКАТИВНІСТЬ СТУДЕНТІВ ФАКУЛЬТЕТІВ МИСТЕЦТВ: ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ДІАГНОСТИКА ТА РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ КОНСТАТУВАЛЬНОГО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТУ

In the article, the author highlights the process and results of pedagogical measurements aimed at determining and stating the levels of formation of musical and performing communicative skills of students of the faculties of arts. The course of the process of pedagogical diagnostics is carried out consistently in accordance with the structural and content components of musical and performing communicativeness in accordance with the developed and formulated criteria and indicators. The ascertaining stage of research-experimental work on the formation of musical-performance communicativeness presented in the article is implemented by carrying out a set of such experimental-measuring measures as the selection, development, modification and integrated application of pedagogical-measuring tools for establishing and ascertaining the levels of formation of each of the structural components in the respondents, as well as musical and performing communication in general. Among the most effective experimental and measuring methods, we note the methods of pedagogical observation, expert assessment, individual verbal questioning and interviewing of students, written and oral music-theoretical analysis of means of musical expression, analysis of the results of current and final certification, analysis of the results of modular and final control, analysis of the results of music festivals and competitions; modified methods of O. Khoruzhaya - "Diagnostics of the manifestation of existential essence in the spiritual and rational activity of students", "Self-analysis of the ability to practical mastery of information and communication technologies", "Diagnostic and survey methodology for revealing the professional orientation of students of the faculties of arts to instrumental and performing activities". In the article, the author presents and analyzes the statistical results of the conducted pedagogical diagnostics, which testify to the predominance of a low (initial) level of formation of musical and performing communication over professional (high) and sufficient (average) levels, which determines the importance of further pedagogical measures to implement the developed methodological tools.

Investigation of the Effect of Organizational Silence on Job Performance in Healthcare Professionals

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational silence on job performance in healthcare professionals. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional descriptive study with 367 healthcare professionals . Data were collected using the "Individual Descriptive Characteristics Form", "Organizational Silence Scale" and "Job Performance Scale". Statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze the data. In addition, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationships and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the scales. Regression analysis was used to model the relationships between the scales. Significant relationships were found between the demographic characteristics of the participants and organizational silence and job performance. In correlation analyses, significant positive relationships were observed. It was determined that the silence levels and job performance levels of healthcare professionals were at an average level. The findings obtained from this study show that healthcare professionals generally have a moderate organizational culture. In this context, employees' opinions should be recognized as valuable and employees should be supported and cared for. Keywords: Job Performance, Sılence, Organizatıonal, Healthcare Worker, Sılence

The effect of forensic accounting drivers on social distrust trauma to the accounting profession

Purpose This study aims to contribute to the accounting knowledge literature by presenting the framework of forensic accounting drivers and evaluation of its identified factors on social distrust trauma contexts in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Design/methodology/approach This study adopted mixed, both inductive and deductive approach to develop an integrated framework, validate its practicability and verify its effectiveness in selected firms listed on the TSE, respectively. In developing the framework and implementation procedure, the study used an exploratory data collection (qualitative) approach to review the phenomenon of the shadow accounting functions. Then, in the second phase, this study tested the research hypothesis through a partial least squares process. The population of the study is made up of all financial managers and heads of the accounting department of capital market companies in Iran. Presently, there are 185 companies (TSE). From this, a sample of 100 companies was selected which are all in the TSE. As suggested by Niles (2006), a minimum sample size of 10% of the population is generally acceptable. A questionnaire survey was adopted in obtaining primary data for this study. Therefore, based on Cochran sampling techniques, 405 questionnaires were returned and became the basis of analysis. Findings Based on the mixed method of this study, the result in the qualitative part provides the forensic accounting framework of the existence of three categories; there are six components and 39 themes during 13 interviews. In the quantitative section, the results of the study showed that forensic accounting has a negative and significant effect on the trauma of social mistrust in the accounting profession. Originality/value This paper has created a framework that provides empirical evidence for an approach for future research to examine further issues of forensic accounting work. Moreover, this paper, through the provided framework, developed propositions showing relationships between the professionalism level, the legislation infrastructure and the quality of services, particularly in relation to forensic accounting, which helps to develop the protection of shareholders in the future.

What If…The Impact of Institutional Accreditation on PA Programs Transitioning to an Entry-Level Professional Doctorate Degree.

There are several ramifications of a potential degree transition to an entry-level doctoral degree for Physician Assistant (PA) programs. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact on institutional accreditation and transitioning to an entry level doctoral degree. To understand the potential impact on racial diversity, a subset of programs was further reviewed. The Standards from the Accreditation Review Commission for PA Education (ARC-PA) and the six Institutional Accreditation commissions that recognize institutions were reviewed. The accreditation outcomes from all ARC-PA accredited programs' institutions were reviewed. The majority of PA programs, including those that graduate the highest diverse populations of PAs, are already recognized as comprehensive or doctoral degree granting institutions. This means they would likely not encounter significant accreditation challenges in an application to transition. Most PA programs meet the requirements for credit hour, length of program, and expectations of 'substantial mastery' of the content in the curriculum to satisfy institutional accreditation requirements at the professional doctoral degree level. The faculty qualifications and level of scholarship required would need to be in compliance with the institutional accreditor's expectations. This paper highlighted the general institutional accreditation requirements that would need to be met in order to establish a PA doctoral program. Fortunately, the standards tend to be broad and if the PA program can meet ARC-PA Standards, it is likely the institutional accreditor standards would be satisfied.