Levels Of Phosphatidylethanolamine Research Articles

Huaier Polysaccharide Alleviates Dextran Sulphate Sodium Salt-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress, Maintaining the Intestinal Barrier, and Modulating Gut Microbiota.

The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasing annually, and UC has a serious impact on patients' lives. Polysaccharides have gained attention as potential drug candidates for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in recent years. Huaier (Trametes robiniophila Murr) is a fungus that has been used clinically for more than 1000 years, and its bioactive polysaccharide components have been reported to possess immunomodulatory effects, antitumour potential, and renoprotective effects. In this study, we aimed to examine the protective effects and mechanisms of Huaier polysaccharide (HP) against UC. Based on the H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in HT-29 cells and the dextran sulphate sodium salt (DSS)-induced UC model, we demonstrated that Huaier polysaccharides significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis (weight loss, elevated disease activity index (DAI) scores, and colonic shortening). In addition, HP inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation and alleviated DSS-induced intestinal barrier damage. It also significantly promoted the expression of the mucin Muc2. Furthermore, HP reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Anaerotruncus, and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified to regulate the intestinal flora disturbance caused by DSS. Nontargeted metabolomics revealed that HP intervention would modulate metabolism by promoting levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These results demonstrated that HP had the ability to mitigate DSS-induced UC by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, maintaining the intestinal barrier, and modulating the intestinal flora. These findings will expand our knowledge of how HP functions and offer a theoretical foundation for using HP as a potential prebiotic to prevent UC.

Liver Lipidomics Analysis Revealed the Protective mechanism of Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Formula in type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHepatic steatosis, a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), represents a significant global health issue. Liver lipidomics has garnered increased focus recently, highlighting Traditional Chinese Medicine's (TCM) role in mitigating such conditions through lipid metabolism regulation. The Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Formula (ZGJTQGF), a longstanding TCM regimen for treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) with NAFLD, lacks a definitive mechanism for its lipid metabolism regulatory effects. Aim of the studyThis research aims to elucidate ZGJTQGF's mechanism on lipid metabolism in T2DM with NAFLD. Materials and methodsThe study, utilized db/db mice to establish T2DM with NAFLD models. Evaluations included Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Oil Red O stainedstaining of liver tissues, alongside biochemical lipid parameter analysis. Liver lipidomics and Western blotting further substantiated the findings, systematically uncovering the mechanism of action mechanism. ResultsZGJTQGF notably reduced body weight, and Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), enhancing glucose tolerance in db/db mice. HE, and Oil Red O staining, complemented by biochemical and liver lipidomics analyses, confirmed ZGJTQGF's efficacy in ameliorating liver steatosis and lipid metabolism anomalies. Lipidomics identified 1571 significantly altered lipid species in the model group, primarily through the upregulation of triglycerides (TG) and diglycerides (DG), and the downregulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Post-ZGJTQGF treatment, 496 lipid species were modulated, with increased PC and PE levels and decreased TG and DG, showcasing significant lipid metabolism improvement in T2DM with NAFLD. Moreover, ZGJTQGF's influence on lipid synthesis-related proteins was observed, underscoring its anti-steatotic impact through liver lipidomic alterations and offering novel insights into hepatic steatosis pathogenesis. ConclusionsLiver lipidomics analysis combined with protein verification further demonstrated that ZGJTQGF could ameliorate the lipid disturbance of TG, DG, PC, PE in T2DM with NAFLD, as well as improve fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism through De novo lipogenesis pathway.

Temporal metabolomics state in pregnant rat: Analysis of amniotic fluid, placenta, and maternal plasma at embryonic and fetal time points

IntroductionDuring pregnancy, the dynamic metabolic demands for fetal growth require a continuous supply of essential metabolites. Understanding maternal metabolome changes during gestation is crucial for predicting disease risks in neonates. MethodsThe study aimed to characterize the placental and amniotic fluid (AF) metabolomes during gestation in rats at gestational days GD-13 and 19 reflecting the end of the embryonic and fetal periods, respectively, and the maternal plasma, using metabolomics (LC-MS) and chemometrics. The objective was to highlight, through univariate and multivariate analyses, the complementarity of the data obtained from these different biological matrices. ResultsThe biological matrix had more impact on the metabolome composition than the gestational stage. The placental and AF metabolomes showed specific metabolome evolving over the two gestational stages. Analyzing the three targeted metabolomes revealed evolving pathways in arginine and proline metabolism/glutathione metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism; purine metabolism; and carbohydrate metabolism. Significantly, lipid metabolism in the placenta exhibited substantial changes with higher levels of certain phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelins at GD19 while some cholesteryl esters and some glycosphingolipids levels being in higher levels at GD13. DiscussionThese data highlight the metabolic gradients (mainly in placenta, also in AF, but only a few in plasma) observed through embryonic patterning and organ development during mid-to late gestation.

Sex-Specific Effect of Ethanol on Colon Content Lipidome in a Mice Model Using Nontargeted LC/MS.

Consumption of alcohol has widespread effects on the human body. The organs that are most significantly impacted are the liver and digestive system. When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed in the intestines and processed by the liver. However, excessive alcohol use may affect gut epithelial integrity, microbiome composition, and lipid metabolism. Despite past studies investigating the effect of ethanol on hepatic lipid metabolism, the focus on colonic lipid metabolism has not been well explored. In this study, we investigated the sex-specific effect of ethanol on the colonic content lipidome in a mouse model using nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Comprehensive lipidome analysis of colonic flush samples was performed using ethanol-fed (EF) and pair-fed (PF) mice of each sex. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis revealed that ethanol altered colonic lipid composition largely in male mice compared with female mice. A significant increase in free fatty acids, ceramides, and hexosylceramides and decreased phosphatidylglycerols (PG) was observed in the EF group compared to the PF group in male mice. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels were increased significantly in the EF group of both sexes compared to the PF group. The volcanic plot shows that PG (O-15:1/15:0) and PE (O-18:2/15:0) are common markers that are increased in both sexes of the EF group. In addition, decreased fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) were observed specifically in the EF group of female mice. Overall, a significant variation in the mice colonic content lipidome between the EF and PF groups was observed. Target pathways, such as sphingolipid metabolism in males, FAHFA in females, and PE metabolism in both sexes, were suggested. This study provides new insight into the sex-dependent lipid change associated with alcohol-induced gut-microbiota dysfunction and its potential health impacts.

An integrated metabo-lipidomics profile of induced sputum for the identification of novel biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of asthma and COPD

BackgroundDue to their complexity and to the presence of common clinical features, differentiation between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be a challenging task, complicated in such cases also by asthma–COPD overlap syndrome. The distinct immune/inflammatory and structural substrates of COPD and asthma are responsible for significant differences in the responses to standard pharmacologic treatments. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is of central relevance to assure the appropriate therapeutic intervention in order to achieve safe and effective patient care. Induced sputum (IS) accurately mirrors inflammation in the airways, providing a more direct picture of lung cell metabolism in comparison to those specimen that reflect analytes in the systemic circulation.MethodsAn integrated untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics analysis was performed in IS of asthmatic (n = 15) and COPD (n = 22) patients based on Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and UHPLC–tandem MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to resulting dataset. The analysis of main enriched metabolic pathways and the association of the preliminary metabolites/lipids pattern identified to clinical parameters of asthma/COPD differentiation were explored. Multivariate ROC analysis was performed in order to determine the discriminatory power and the reliability of the putative biomarkers for diagnosis between COPD and asthma.ResultsPLS-DA indicated a clear separation between COPD and asthmatic patients. Among the 15 selected candidate biomarkers based on Variable Importance in Projection scores, putrescine showed the highest score. A differential IS bio-signature of 22 metabolites and lipids was found, which showed statistically significant variations between asthma and COPD. Of these 22 compounds, 18 were decreased and 4 increased in COPD compared to asthmatic patients. The IS levels of Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (34:1), Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (18:1;18:2) and spermine were significantly higher in asthmatic subjects compared to COPD.ConclusionsThis is the first pilot study to analyse the IS metabolomics/lipidomics signatures relevant in discriminating asthma vs COPD. The role of polyamines, of 6-Hydroxykynurenic acid and of d-rhamnose as well as of other important players related to the alteration of glycerophospholipid, aminoacid/biotin and energy metabolism provided the construction of a diagnostic model that, if validated on a larger prospective cohort, might be used to rapidly and accurately discriminate asthma from COPD.Graphical

Metabolomic interference induced by short-chain chlorinated paraffins in human normal hepatic cells

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are widely detected in environmental matrices and human samples. Because of their environmental persistence, long-range transport potential, bioaccumulation potential, and biotoxicity, SCCPs pose a significant threat to human health. In this study, metabolomics technology was applied to reveal the metabolomic interference in human normal hepatic (L02) cells after exposure to low (1 μg/L), moderate (10 μg/L), and high (100 μg/L) doses of SCCPs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and metabolic effect level index (MELI) values showed that all three SCCP doses caused notable metabolic perturbations in L02 cells. A total of 72 metabolites that were annotated by MS/MS and matched with the experimental spectra in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) or validated by commercially available standards were selected as differential metabolites (DMs) across all groups. The low-dose exposure group shared 33 and 36 DMs with the moderate- and high-dose exposure groups, respectively. The moderate-dose exposure group shared 46 DMs with the high-dose exposure group. In addition, 33 DMs were shared among the three exposure groups. Among the 72 DMs, 9, 9, and 45 metabolites participated in the amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism pathways, respectively. The results of pathway enrichment analysis showed that the most relevant metabolic pathways affected by SCCPs were the lipid metabolism, fatty acid β-oxidation, and nucleotide metabolism pathways, and that compared with low-dose exposure, moderate- and high-dose SCCP exposures caused more notable perturbations of these metabolic pathways in L02 cells. Exposure to SCCPs perturbed glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism. Significant alterations in the levels of phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins indicated SCCP-induced biomembrane damage. SCCPs inhibited fatty acid β-oxidation by decreasing the levels of short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines in L02 cells, indicating that the energy supplied by fatty acid oxidation was reduced in these cells. Furthermore, compared with low- and moderate-dose SCCPs, high-dose SCCPs produced a significantly stronger inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, SCCPs perturbed nucleotide metabolism. The higher hypoxanthine levels observed in L02 cells after SCCP exposures indicate that SCCPs may induce several adverse effects, including hypoxia, reactive oxygen species production, and mutagenesis in L02 cells.

Upregulated selenoprotein I during lipopolysaccharide-induced B cell activation promotes lipidomic changes and is required for effective differentiation into IgM-secreting plasma B cells.

The mechanisms driving metabolic reprogramming during B cell activation are unclear, particularly roles for enzymatic pathways involved in lipid remodeling. We found that murine B cell activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to a 1.6-fold increase in total lipids that included higher levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and plasmenyl PE. Selenoprotein I (SELENOI) is an ethanolamine phospholipid transferase involved in the synthesis of both PE and plasmenyl PE, and SELENOI expression was also upregulated during activation. Selenoi knockout (KO) B cells exhibited decreased levels of plasmenyl PE, which plays an important antioxidant role. Lipid peroxidation was measured and found to increase ∼2-fold in KO vs. wild-type (WT) B cells. Cell death was not impacted by KO in LPS-treated B cells and proliferation was only slightly reduced, but differentiation into CD138 + Blimp-1+ plasma B cells was decreased ∼2-fold. This led to examination of B cell receptors important for differentiation that recognize the ligand B cell activating factor, and levels of TACI (transmembrane activator, calcium-modulator, and cytophilin ligand interactor) (CD267) were significantly decreased on KO B cells compared with WT control cells. Vaccination with ovalbumin/adjuvant led to decreased ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in sera of KO mice compared with WT mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed a decreased switch from surface to secreted IgM in spleens of KO mice induced by vaccination or LP-BM5 retrovirus infection. Overall, these findings detail the lipidomic response of B cells to LPS activation and reveal the importance of upregulated SELENOI for promoting differentiation into IgM-secreting plasma B cells.

Aberrant accumulation of ceramides in mitochondria triggers cell death by inducing autophagy in Arabidopsis.

Sphingolipids are membrane lipids and play critical roles in signal transduction. Ceramides are central components of sphingolipid metabolism that are involved in cell death. However, the mechanism of ceramides regulating cell death in plants remains unclear. Here, we found that ceramides accumulated in mitochondria of accelerated cell death 5 mutant (acd5), and expression of mitochondrion-localized ceramide kinase (ACD5) suppressed mitochondrial ceramide accumulation and the acd5 cell death phenotype. Using immuno-electron microscopy, we observed hyperaccumulation of ceramides in acer acd5 double mutants, which are characterized by mutations in both ACER (alkaline ceramidase) and ACD5 genes. The results confirmed that plants with specific ceramide accumulation exhibited localization of ceramides to mitochondria, resulting in an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Interestingly, when compared with the wild type, autophagy-deficient mutants showed stronger resistance to ceramide-induced cell death. Lipid profiling analysis demonstrated that plants with ceramide accumulation exhibited a significant increase in phosphatidylethanolamine levels. Furthermore, exogenous ceramide treatment or endogenous ceramide accumulation induces autophagy. When exposed to exogenous ceramides, an increase in the level of the autophagy-specific ubiquitin-like protein, ATG8e, associated with mitochondria, where it directly bound to ceramides. Taken together, we propose that the accumulation of ceramides in mitochondria can induce cell death by regulating autophagy.

Phosphatidylserine synthesis controls oncogenic B cell receptor signaling in B cell lymphoma.

Cancer cells harness lipid metabolism to promote their own survival. We screened 47 cancer cell lines for survival dependency on phosphatidylserine (PS) synthesis using a PS synthase 1 (PTDSS1) inhibitor and found that B cell lymphoma is highly dependent on PS. Inhibition of PTDSS1 in B cell lymphoma cells caused a reduction of PS and phosphatidylethanolamine levels and an increase of phosphoinositide levels. The resulting imbalance of the membrane phospholipidome lowered the activation threshold for B cell receptor (BCR), a B cell-specific survival mechanism. BCR hyperactivation led to aberrant elevation of downstream Ca2+ signaling and subsequent apoptotic cell death. In a mouse xenograft model, PTDSS1 inhibition efficiently suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival. Our findings suggest that PS synthesis may be a critical vulnerability of malignant B cell lymphomas that can be targeted pharmacologically.

Lipidomics Characterization of the Microbiome in People with Diabetic Foot Infection Using MALDI-TOF MS.

Lipidomic profiling has emerged as a powerful tool for the comprehensive characterization of bacterial species, particularly in the context of clinical diagnostics. Utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), this study aims to elucidate the lipidomic landscapes of bacterial strains isolated from diabetic foot infections (DFI). Our analysis successfully identified a diverse array of lipids in the cellular membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, revealing a total of 108 unique fatty acid combinations. Specifically, we identified 26 LPG, 33 LPE, 43 PE, 114 PG, 89 TAG, and 120 CLP in Gram-positive bacteria and 10 LPG, 14 LPE, 124 PE, 37 PG, 13 TAG, and 22 CLP in Gram-negative strains. Key fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid, were prominently featured. Univariate analysis further highlighted distinct lipidomic signatures among the bacterial strains, revealing elevated levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in Gram-negative bacteria associated with DFI. In contrast, Gram-positive strains demonstrated increased or uniquely fluctuating levels of triglyceride (TAG) and cardiolipin (CLP). These findings not only underscore the utility of MALDI-TOF MS in bacterial lipidomics but also provide valuable insights into the lipidomic adaptations of bacteria in diabetic foot infections, thereby laying the groundwork for future studies aimed at constructing microbial lipid libraries for enhanced bacterial identification.

Untargeted lipidomics reveal association of elevated plasma C18 ceramide levels with reduced survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients

Emerging evidence highlights the potential prognostic relevance of circulating lipids in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), with a proposed 3-lipid signature. This study aims to analyze the lipidomic profiles of individuals with mCRPC to identify lipid species that could serve as predictive indicators of prognosis and therapeutic response. Plasma samples were collected from mCRPC patients initiating first-line treatment (1 L) (n = 29) and those previously treated with at least two lines of therapy (> 2 L) (n = 19), including an androgen-receptor signaling inhibitor and a taxane. Employing an untargeted lipidomic approach, lipids were extracted from the plasma samples and subjected to analysis. A comprehensive identification and quantification of 789 plasma lipids was achieved. Notably, 75 species displayed significant dysregulation in > 2 L patients in comparison to the 1 L group. Among these, 63 species exhibited elevated levels, while 12 were reduced. Patients included in > 2 L cohort showed elevated levels of acylcarnitines (CAR), diacylglycerols (DG), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), triacylglycerols (TG), and ceramides (Cer). Notably, some upregulated lipids, including CAR 14:0, CAR 24:1, Cer d18:1/16:0, Cer d18:1/18:0 (C18 Cer), Cer d18:2/18:0, Cer d18:1/24:1, and Cer d20:1/24:1, showed significant associations with overall survival (OS) in univariate models. Specifically, increased levels of C18 Cer remained significantly associated with poorer OS in the multivariate model, even after adjusting for treatment line and PSA levels (Hazard Ratio: 3.59 [95% Confidence Interval 1.51–8.52], p = 0.004). Employing quantitative mass spectrometry, our findings underscore the independent prognostic significance of C18 Cer in individuals with mCRPC. This discovery opens avenues for further studies within this field.

Lipid dynamics of 'Fenjiao' bananas (Musa ABB Pisang Awak) during post-ripening based on lipidomics analysis

Changes in cellular lipid homeostasis during ripening of ‘Fenjiao’ bananas (Musa ABB Pisang Awak) significantly affected its storage tolerance, and an in-depth understanding of the changes in cellular lipids during fruit ripening could provide more information and basic data for post-harvest quality regulation of 'Fenjiao' bananas. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomics approach was employed to annotate and characterize a total of 184 lipids, which encompassed glycerides, glycero-phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. In the pulp of 'Fenjiao' bananas at three different stages of ripening (color-transferring, yellow-ripening, and over-ripening), of which glycerides and glycerophospho-lipids were the most predominant lipid constituents in the pulp of ‘Fenjiao’ bananas, with the percentages of the species accounting for 60.33% and 30.43%, respectively. During the post-ripening process of ‘Fenjiao’ bananas, the percentage of glycerides in the pulp exhibited a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend. In contrast, the trend of glycerophospholipids was opposite to that of glycerides, showing an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend. The tria-cylglycerol (TAG) content will increase significantly during the senescence stage of the 'Fenjiao' bananas, whereas the levels of diglycerides (DAG), Phosphatidylinositol (PI), Pho-sphatidylcholine (PC), and Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) will gradually decrease. Through analysis of the differential lipid metabolites, it was discovered that these lipids were primarily enriched in the glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. This study is the first to describe and analyze the lipid dynamics during the post-ripening process of 'Fenjiao' bananas, providing valuable insights into its cellular lipid metabolism during this stage.

Biomarker Discovery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Using Untargeted Metabolomics and Lipidomics Studies.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of liver cancer, is the third leading cause of mortality globally. Patients with HCC have a poor prognosis due to the fact that the emergence of symptoms typically occurs at a late stage of the disease. In addition, conventional biomarkers perform suboptimally when identifying HCC in its early stages, heightening the need for the identification of new and more effective biomarkers. Using metabolomics and lipidomics approaches, this study aims to identify serum biomarkers for identification of HCC in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). Serum samples from 20 HCC cases and 20 patients with LC were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS). Metabolites and lipids that are significantly altered between HCC cases and patients with LC were identified. These include organic acids, amino acids, TCA cycle intermediates, fatty acids, bile acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids. The most significant variability was observed in the concentrations of bile acids, fatty acids, and glycerophospholipids. In the context of HCC cases, there was a notable increase in the levels of phosphatidylethanolamine and triglycerides, but the levels of fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine exhibited a substantial decrease. In addition, it was observed that all of the identified metabolites exhibited a superior area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in comparison to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The pathway analysis of these metabolites revealed fatty acid, lipid, and energy metabolism as the most impacted pathways. Putative biomarkers identified in this study will be validated in future studies via targeted quantification.

Fetal sex differences in placental LCPUFA ether and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine contents in pregnancies complicated by obesity

BackgroundWe have previously reported that maternal obesity reduces placental transport capacity for lysophosphatidylcholine-docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA), a preferred form for transfer of DHA (omega 3) to the fetal brain, but only in male fetuses. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), have either sn-1 ester, ether or vinyl ether (plasmalogen) linkages to primarily unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and DHA or arachidonic acid (ARA, omega 6) in the sn-2 position. Whether ether and plasmalogen PC and PE metabolism in placenta impacts transfer to the fetus is unexplored. We hypothesized that ether and plasmalogen PC and PE containing DHA and ARA are reduced in maternal–fetal unit in pregnancies complicated by obesity and these differences are dependent on fetal sex.MethodsIn maternal, umbilical cord plasma and placentas from obese women (11 female/5 male infants) and normal weight women (9 female/7 male infants), all PC and PE species containing DHA and ARA were analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Placental protein expression of enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis, were determined by immunoblotting. All variables were compared between control vs obese groups and separated by fetal sex, in each sample using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment to account for multiple testing.ResultsLevels of ester PC containing DHA and ARA were profoundly reduced by 60–92% in male placentas of obese mothers, while levels of ether and plasmalogen PE containing DHA and ARA were decreased by 51–84% in female placentas. PLA2G4C abundance was lower in male placentas and LPCAT4 abundance was lower solely in females in obesity. In umbilical cord, levels of ester, ether and plasmalogen PC and PE with DHA were reduced by 43–61% in male, but not female, fetuses of obese mothers.ConclusionsWe found a fetal sex effect in placental PE and PC ester, ether and plasmalogen PE and PC containing DHA in response to maternal obesity which appears to reflect an ability of female placentas to adapt to maintain optimal fetal DHA transfer in maternal obesity.

Luteolin alleviates depression-like behavior by modulating glycerophospholipid metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of LOD rats.

Late-onset depression (LOD) is defined as primary depression that first manifests after the age of 65. Luteolin (LUT) is a natural flavonoid that has shown promising antidepressant effects and improvement in neurological function in previous studies. In this study, we utilized UPLC-MS/MS non-targeted metabolomics techniques, along with molecular docking technology and experimental validation, to explore the mechanism of LUT in treating LOD from a metabolomics perspective. The behavioral results of our study demonstrate that LUT significantly ameliorated anxiety and depression-like behaviors while enhancing cognitive function in LOD rats. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the effects of LUT on LOD rats were primarily mediated through the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The levels of key lipid metabolites, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway were significantly altered by LUT treatment, with PC and PE showing significant correlations with behavioral indices. Molecular docking analysis indicated that LUT had strong binding activity with phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1), phosphatidylserine synthase 2 (PTDSS2), and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PISD), which are involved in the transformation and synthesis of PC, PE, and PS. Lastly, our study explored the reasons for the opposing trends of PC, PE, and PS in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex from the perspective of autophagy, which may be attributable to the bidirectional regulation of autophagy in distinct brain regions. Our results revealed significant alterations in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of LOD rats. Moreover, LUT appears to regulate autophagy disorders by specifically modulating glycerophospholipid metabolism in different brain regions of LOD rats, consequently alleviating depression-like behavior in these animals.

Mechanistic insights into sulfur source-driven physiological responses and metabolic reorganization in the fuel-biodesulfurizing Rhodococcus qingshengii IGTS8.

Comparative proteomics and untargeted metabolomics were combined to study the physiological and metabolic adaptations of Rhodococcus qingshengii IGTS8 under biodesulfurization conditions. After growth in a chemically defined medium with either dibenzothiophene (DBT) or MgSO4 as the sulfur source, many differentially produced proteins and metabolites associated with several metabolic and physiological processes were detected including the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, protein synthesis, transcriptional regulation, cell envelope biogenesis, and cell division. Increased production of the redox cofactor mycofactocin and associated proteins was one of the most striking adaptations under biodesulfurization conditions. While most central metabolic enzymes were less abundant in the presence of DBT, a key enzyme of the glyoxylate shunt, isocitrate lyase, was up to 26-fold more abundant. Several C1 metabolism and oligotrophy-related enzymes were significantly more abundant in the biodesulfurizing culture. R. qingshengii IGTS8 exhibited oligotrophic growth in liquid and solid media under carbon starvation. Moreover, the oligotrophic growth was faster on the solid medium in the presence of DBT compared to MgSO4 cultures. In the DBT culture, the cell envelope and phospholipids were remodeled, with lower levels of phosphatidylethanolamine and unsaturated and short-chain fatty acids being the most prominent changes. Biodesulfurization increased the biosynthesis of osmoprotectants (ectoine and mannosylglycerate) as well as glutamate and induced the stringent response. Our findings reveal highly diverse and overlapping stress responses that could protect the biodesulfurizing culture not only from the associated sulfate limitation but also from chemical, oxidative, and osmotic stress, allowing efficient resource management. IMPORTANCE Despite decades of research, a commercially viable bioprocess for fuel desulfurization has not been developed yet. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge of the physiology and metabolism of fuel-biodesulfurizing bacteria. Being a stressful condition, biodesulfurization could provoke several stress responses that are not understood. This is particularly important because a thorough understanding of the microbial stress response is essential for the development of environmentally friendly and industrially efficient microbial biocatalysts. Our comparative systems biology studies provide a mechanistic understanding of the biology of biodesulfurization, which is crucial for informed developments through the rational design of recombinant biodesulfurizers and optimization of the bioprocess conditions. Our findings enhance the understanding of the physiology, metabolism, and stress response not only in biodesulfurizing bacteria but also in rhodococci, a precious group of biotechnologically important bacteria.

Phosphatidylethanolamine alleviates OX-LDL-induced macrophage inflammation by upregulating autophagy and inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome activation

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL)-induced inflammation and autophagy dysregulation are important events in the progression of atherosclerosis. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a multifunctional phospholipid that is enriched in cells, has been proven to be directly involved in autophagy which is closely associated with inflammation. However, whether PE can influence OX-LDL-induced autophagy dysregulation and inflammation has not been reported. In the present study, we revealed that OX-LDL significantly induced macrophage inflammation through the CD36-NLRP1-caspase-1 signaling pathway in fish. Meanwhile, cellular PE levels were significantly decreased in response to OX-LDL induction. Based on the relationship between PE and autophagy, we then examined the effect of PE supplementation on OX-LDL-mediated autophagy impairment and inflammation induction in macrophages. As expected, exogenous PE restored impaired autophagy and alleviated inflammation in OX-LDL-stimulated cells. Notably, autophagy inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effect of PE on OX-LDL-induced maturation of IL-1β, indicating that the regulation of PE on OX-LDL-induced inflammation is dependent on autophagy. Furthermore, the positive effect of PE on OX-LDL-induced inflammation was relatively conserved in mouse and fish macrophages. In conclusion, we elucidated the role of the CD36-NLRP1-caspase-1 signaling pathway in OX-LDL-induced inflammation in fish and revealed for the first time that altering PE abundance in OX-LDL-treated cells could alleviate inflammasome-mediated inflammation by inducing autophagy. Given the relationship between OX-LDL-induced inflammation and atherosclerosis, this study prompts that the use of PE-rich foods promises to be a new strategy for atherosclerosis treatment in vertebrates.

Comprehensive analysis of the composition of the major phospholipids during the asexual life cycle of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans

Filamentous fungi undergo significant cellular morphological changes during their life cycle. It has recently been reported that deletions of genes that are involved in phospholipid synthesis led to abnormal hyphal morphology and differentiation in filamentous fungi. Although these results suggest the importance of phospholipid balance in their life cycle, comprehensive analyses of cellular phospholipids are limited. Here, we performed lipidomic analysis of A. nidulans during morphological changes in a liquid medium and of colonies on a solid medium. We observed that the phospholipid composition and transcription of the genes involved in phospholipid synthesis changed dynamically during the life cycle. Specifically, the levels of phosphatidylethanolamine, and highly unsaturated phospholipids increased during the establishment of polarity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the phospholipid composition in the hyphae at colony margins is similar to that during conidial germination. Furthermore, we demonstrated that common and characteristic phospholipid changes occurred during germination in A. nidulans and A. oryzae, and that species-specific changes also occurred. These results suggest that the exquisite regulation of phospholipid composition is crucial for the growth and differentiation of filamentous fungi.

The elucidation of plasma lipidome profiles during severe influenza in a mouse model

Although influenza virus infection has been shown to affect lipid metabolism, details remain unknown. Therefore, we elucidated the kinetic lipid profiles of mice infected with different doses of influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8) by measuring multiple lipid molecular species using untargeted lipidomic analysis. C57BL/6 male mice were intranasally infected with PR8 virus at 50 or 500 plaque-forming units to cause sublethal or lethal influenza, respectively. Plasma and tissue samples were collected at 1, 3, and 6 days post-infection (dpi), and comprehensive lipidomic analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography–linear trap quadrupole–Orbitrap mass spectrometry, as well as gene expression analyses. The most prominent feature of the lipid profile in lethally infected mice was the elevated plasma concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) at 3 dpi. Furthermore, the facilitation of PUFA-containing phospholipid production in the lungs, but not in the liver, was suggested by gene expression and lipidomic analysis of tissue samples. Given the increased plasma or serum levels of PUFA-containing PEs in patients with other viral infections, especially in severe cases, the elevation of these phospholipids in circulation could be a biomarker of infection and the severity of infectious diseases.

Characteristics of glucolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in breeding pigeons (Columba livia) during lactation.

Breeding pigeons is a fundamental source of profit in various enterprises but little is known on the metabolic laws governing their lactation. In this study, we analysed the metabolic profile of different sex of breeding pigeons (Columba livia, European pigeons, Mimas) during lactation. We found that male pigeons exhibited catabolism during lactation. Extension of lactation resulted in increased weight loss, then slow recovery of body weight. Conversely, the weight loss in female pigeons peaked on the seventh day of lactation. They then gradually recovered their body weight. Male pigeons showed more duration of combing, while female pigeons showed more duration of resting. In male pigeons, except for triglyceride (TG), which increased, blood lipid indexes barely changed during lactation. Conversely, in females, both TG and total cholesterol increased in middle and late lactation. The level of oxidative stress in female pigeons during lactation was higher than in males, lipid peroxide malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), plasma calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels increased in late lactation. Levels of estradiol and progesterone in female pigeons increased during lactation, whereas those of luteotropic hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone gradually decreased. As per LC-MS spectra analysis, the differential metabolites in the plasma on the day of hatching and before laying in female pigeons in lactation were enriched in retrograde endocannabinoid signalling, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, choline, glycerophospholipid metabolisms, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradations. Levels of fatty acids, amino acids, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol related to the secretion of pigeon milk had reduced, whereas the levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and TG, which are all related to egg production, had increased. In conclusion, our study systematically revealed the different metabolic characteristics of male and female breeding pigeons during lactation. This is useful for precision feeding of pigeons and applicable in nutritional interventions for improved production.