Levels Of Organic Fertilizer Research Articles

The Effect of Bio, Organic and Mineral Fertilizations on the Activity of the Urease, L-Glutaminase and L-Aspartase Enzymes in the Soil

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of various sources of fertilizers on the activity of urease, L-glutaminase, and L-aspartase enzymes in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Pots experiment was carried out in the wire canopy in one of the fields affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture - the University of Qadisiyah for the summer season 2018 in soil with a silty loam texture. Seeds of mung bean crops were cultivated of a local variety (Khedrawi). The treatments of the study were two levels of nitrogenous mineral fertilizer (urea) (M1 and M2) (20 and 40) kg.N.h-1, respectively, a single level of organic fertilizer (poultry waste) (10 tons h-1), a single level of bio-fertilizer with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, the control, and their interactions. The experiment was carried out according to Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D) with six replications. Means were compared according to the (L.S.D) test at the probability level (α=0.05(. The efficiency of urase, L-clotamene, and L-aspartase in the soil of the root zoon and bulk soil were estimated for all study parameters 30 days after planting. These measurements were done once again for some characteristics of vegetative and root growth after 60 days of planting.
 The bio-fertilizer treatment (B) resulted in the highest increase in the efficiency of the urease enzyme and L-aspartase for 30 days of cultivation compared to the control treatment that recorded the least value of the enzyme activity average (45.22 and 42.54) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. These values were increased after 60 days of cultivation (45.34 and 43.16) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. This treatment achieves the highest increase in the activity of L-enzymes (25.89 and 24.72) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and beyond. It increased after 60 days of cultivation (26.23 and 25.06) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and bulk soils. The treatment of poultry wastes (O) resulted in the highest increase in the value of the activity of the L-clotamines enzyme in the rhizosphere and bulk soils for a period of 30 days from planting (43.47 and 57.39) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. Its activity values then increased after 60 days of cultivation, reaching (44.33 and 40.43) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively.
 The overlap treatment between poultry residues and biofertilizers (OB) achieved the highest increase in the activity value for the urase enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and distant soil for 30 days of cultivation (54.47, 46.84 and 28.28 µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and (49.14, 37.81 and 23.94) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The activity of enzymes then increased after 60 days of cultivation (54.56, 47.69 and 28.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (49.23, 38.67 and 24.18) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The combination treatments between poultry residues, bio-fertilizer, and urea at level II (OBM2) achieved the highest increase in the activity values for urease enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and bulk soil for 30 days of cultivation (58.46, 48.58 and 30.40) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively for the rhizosphere, and (54.13, 46.30 and 27.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The activity of enzymes then increased 60 days after planting (58.55, 49.44 and 30.74) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (54.22, 47.15 and 27.96) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, outside the rhizosphere.

Phosphate fertilization and organic compost on the initial growth of sorghum in degraded soils

One of the strategies for the recovery of degraded soils is the planting of fast-growing forage species with high biomass production. In this sense, the objective of this research was to evaluate the initial growth of sorghum in degraded soils with organic fertilization and different phosphorus levels. A completely randomized design with a 4 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with four soil types, three levels of phosphorus fertilization and two levels of organic fertilization. At 64 days after sowing the characteristics of the initial growth were analyzed: plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and fresh shoot mass. The height was measured by measuring the neck of the plant until the end of the newest fully expanded leaf, measured with the aid of a measuring tape and expressed in centimeters. The diameter of the stem, by means of a digital pachymeter. The application of phosphorus and organic matter in degraded soils is necessary for the initial development of sorghum plants, due to the low availability of this element, caused by the high adsorption of P in the soil colloids. Besides that, the lack of organic matter in the studied soils led to a decrease in the growth of sorghum, therefore, it is concluded that soil management in saline environments is necessary for the application of phosphorus and organic matter for a sustainable and technically viable production.

Effect of Organic, Chemical Fertilizations and Plant Stimulants on Eggplant (Solanum melongea L.) Yield and Quality under Conditions of Saline Soil

Two experiments were carried out at a private Farm in Rowad Village belong to Sahl El-Husseiniya, Sharkia Governorate through 2019 and 2020 seasons to determine the impact of organic,chemical fertilizations and spraying with some plant stimulants (yeast extract, potassium silicate and chicken manure tea) on growth traits, yield and its components and chemical ingredients of eggplant(Black Beauty cultivar) grownup under saline soil. The experiments were conducted using split-plots design with three replications. Organic and chemical fertilization treatments were arranged in the main-plots. The sub-plots were assigned to some plant stimulants (yeast extract, potassium silicate and chicken manure tea) treatments.The obtained results showed that growth, yield and its components and chemical ingredients of both eggplant leaves and fruits were significantly affected by the different levels of organic and chemical fertilization in both time of years. The supreme values of these traits were obtained from using 100%of (NP and K)chemical + 0% of (FYM) farmyard manure fertilizers,50%of NP and K+ 50% of FYM and75%of NP and K+ 25% of FYM fertilizers.Spraying eggplant plants with potassium silicate, chicken manure tea and yeast extract significantly improved growth, yield and its components and chemical in gredients in leaves and fruits through both years. It could be recommended that spraying eggplant plants with yeast extract with using50%of NP and K+ 50% of FYM to enhance growth, yield and its components and chemical ingredients under the ecological situation of this research.

Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizer levels on growth and yield of dual purpose K12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under irrigated condition

Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam during rabi season (October 2019 - January 2020) to find out the suitable organic manures and level of fertilizers on the growth and yield of dual purpose K12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. The main plot consists of four different organic manures namely FYM @12.5 t ha-1, poultry manure @ 5.0 t ha-1, vermicompost @5.0 t ha-1 and composted pressmud @ 3.0 t ha-1. In sub plots 75%, 100%, 125% recommended dose of fertilizers was applied along with absolute control (without fertilizer). Observation on plant growth parameters like plant height and dry matter production was recorded at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest. The grain yield and stover yield was also recorded. The experimental result shows that application of poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 with 125% recommended dose of NPK recorded significantly higher plant height (307.3cm), dry matter production (19635 kg ha-1), grain (4589 kg ha-1) and stover yield (15711 kg ha-1).

Comparative Effects of Different Levels of Kolgrace Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield Attributes of Greengram (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) in the Screenhouse

Aim: To investigate growth and yield response of greengram to different levels of Kolgrace organic fertilizer with a view to determining the most favorable application rate for greengram production.
 Study Design: Completely randomized design (CRD) with treatments replicated five (5) times.
 Place and Duration of Study: Screenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, between July to November 2016.
 Methodology: Six levels of kolgrace organic fertilizer were used (0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00 t ha-1). Top soil (0 -15 cm) was collected from the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy, and leached of nutrients by soaking and washing in water for 24 hours. 2 kg of air-dry soil was mixed with the appropriate fertilizer rate and filled in each pot. 3 seeds were sown per pot and thinned to 1 seed at 2 weeks after sowing (WAS). Chemical analysis of air-dry soil sample and Kolgrace fertilizer were done at the soil chemistry laboratory of the Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, to ascertain their elemental composition. Soil particle size distribution [1], Soil pH [2], exchangeable K and Na [3], exchangeable Mg and Ca [4], exchangeable acidity [5], organic matter and organic carbon [6], available P [7], Nitrogen [8] and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) [4] were determined.
 Results: Application rates were significant (p<0.05) for all the traits measured. 0.5 t ha-1 was significantly higher in plant height (39.5), number of pods (7.0) and dry pod weight (4.98). Application rate of 1 t ha-1 was higher in number of leaves (18.0) although was comparable to application rate of 0.5 t ha-1.
 Conclusion: Application rate of 0.5 t ha-1 was best for three of the five traits measured and is hereby recommended.

Changes In Sub Optimal Soil Nutrient Status By Adding Liquid Organic Fertilizer From Tofu Wastewater And Lemongrass

This study aims to determine the nutrient levels of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) Wastewater and Lemongrass Wastewater and soil nutrient status sub-optimal land after incubation for 21 days. Sub-optimal land is land that naturally has low productivity, therefore it is necessary to add nutrients in both organic and inorganic fertilizers to change nutrient status in the soil. Organic fertilizer in liquid form is one type of fertilizer that can facilitate the absorption of nutrients. Tofu wastewater has an unpleasant odor, one of the efforts that will be made to reduce the odor is by adding fragrant lemongrass in making liquid organic fertilizer. Based on the results of the study note that the total macro nutrient levels (N + P2O5 + K2O) Liquid Organic Fertilizer Wastewater and Lemongrass Wastewater is 0.17% with a degree of acidity 4.39. Suboptimal soil nutrient status after incubation for 21 days with different concentration treatments namely 10%, 30% and 50% addition of Liquid Organic Fertilizer tofu waste water and lemongrass experience changes in potassium nutrient status at concentrations of 0%, 10 %, 30% and 50%, while the phosphorus changes at concentrations of 30% and 50%, but not nitrogen.

Influence of Organic and Inorganic Top Dressing Fertilization on Production Characteristics of Ruzi Grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) in Thailand

This experiment was aimed to investigate the production characteristics and nutritive quality of Ruzi grass by varying levels of organic and inorganic fertilizer viz. cow dung (CD) and urea fertilizer (UF), respectively. The treatments were arranged into a factorial design and grouped according to a completely randomized design with three replications. Three doses of CD (0; 5; and 10 t/ha) were applied at sowing and four UF doses were applied as top dressing (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg/ha). The application of CD and UF have a positive effect on the length of leaves (p=0.00 and p=0.02) but their interactions are not significantly different (p=0.12). The effect of CD, UF and their interaction significantly increased the number of leaves (p=0.00), the number of tillers (p=0.00) and dry matter yield (p=0.00). There were no significant effect of CD and interaction on the leaf/stem ratio (p=0.17 and p=0.23, respectively) but UF slightly increased the ratio (p=0.00), CP% (p£0.00), NDF% (p£0.00) and ADF% (p£0.00). The best combination of fertilizer could be noted at 50 kg/ha UF and 10 t/ha CD to obtain better results. It might recommend that better fertilizer management can improve productivity as well as the nutritional quality of Ruzi grass.

Response of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) Grown in an Alfisol and Inceptisol to Different Organic Fertilizers and Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Nigeria

Background and Objective: The use of organic fertilizers in soil usually upsurge the infection rate of mycorrhizal in a plant, thereby increases the nutrients content, uptake and promotes the vegetative growth of the host plant. This experiment was conducted to assess the influence of different organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal inoculation on Corchorus olitorius growth and yield in an Alfisol and Inceptisol in Nigeria.
 Materials and Methods: The experiment was set up at the screenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, Ibadan. 2 x 2 x 5 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted with two levels of soil (Alfisol and Inceptisol); two levels of mycorrhizal inoculation (with and without) and five levels of organic fertilizers (organic fertilizers; poultry manure, cattle manure, Moringa, Tithonia and control) in two-kilogram soil under three replications.
 Results: Soil supplemented with organic fertilizers significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the growth and yield of Corchorus olitorius. The height, leaf area and number of leaves of Corchorus olitorius in soil supplemented with organic fertilizers were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than control. Higher leaf area and number of leaves were obtained in C. olitorius influenced by mycorrhizal (+AM) than without mycorrhizal (-AM) under poultry manure application in Alfisol. Inceptisol without fertilizers and mycorrhizal inoculation was also high in the leaf area of C. olitorius compared to Alfisol corresponding treatment with about 31.1%. Number of leaves of C. olitorius without mycorrhizal (-AM) inoculation and Tithonia can be compared with mycorrhizal (+AM) inoculation and cattle manure at 7 weeks after transplanting in both soils. Plants height obtained was highest in C. olitorius grown in Alfisol without mycorrhizal and cattle manure with about 12.2% higher over Inceptisol. Shoots and roots observed under mycorrhizal inoculation were also significantly different from those observed without mycorrhizal inoculation in both soils under different fertilizers application.
 Conclusion: Integration of different fertilizer types (organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal inoculation) can be efficiently used as a suitable nutrient management system due to positive responses observed in this investigation.

Assessment of the organic-based system of rice intensification (SRI) under coastal rice field ecosystem

Objectives: The effects of different levels of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice were investigated in a coastal field ecosystem under the systems of rice intensification (SRI) technology. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study was conducted in a coastal rice field with 8.38 pH. It was laid out in a split-plot design with four treatments replicated thrice. Different amounts of organic fertilizer were applied as basal fertilizer. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance of the treatment effect was determined using the F-test. Least significant difference (LSD) determined which means are statistically different at the 5% probability level. Findings: Results showed that the filled grains and yield increase were 35.6% and 45%, respectively, when applied with an organic fertilizer at the rate of 6 ton/ha compared with the control. Other parameters measured like the height of plants at maturity and the number of unfilled grains were all comparable with the control group. Applications: SRI technology is a potential option for growing inbred rice in coastal rice fields. Keywords: Coastal rice field; Organic-based; Rice crop; System of rice intensification

Early Growth Response of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Seedlings to Ranging Levels of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on an Alfisol

Aim: To investigate the early growth response of Morinda citrifolia to varying levels of Aleshinloye compost and N:P:K 15:15:15 in a degraded Alfisol in a tropical Nigerian environmental condition.
 Study Design: The study was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with twelve (12) treatments replicated six (6) times with a total of seventy two (72) experimental units.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the greenhouse of Soil and tree Nutrition department of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria Ibadan (FRIN) and it lasted for a period of 6 month.
 Methodology: Degraded top soil used for the experiment was collected within FRIN arboretum. The soil was air dried and passed through a 2 mm diameter sieve before being filled into polythene pots of 15 cm x 20 cm dimension having a 3 kg soil capacity. The organic fertilizer was applied at 4 weeks before transplanting while the inorganic fertilizer was applied at 2 weeks after transplanting and pre-germinated seedlings of Noni were transplanted at four leaves stage. The data collected include Stem Girth (mm), plant height (cm) and Number of leaves starting from 30 Days After Transplanting (DAT).
 Results: The result revealed that the soil sample used for this study had pH value of 6.06 and the total N value of 0.11%. Noni plant with treatment T11 (N:P:K 15:15:15 at 80 Kg Nha-1 + Aleshiloye compost (AC) at 80 Kg Nha-1) had the highest plant height values of 48.17, 65.67 and 77.87 cm respectively which are significantly higher (P = .05) than T1 (control) with 37.17, 47.50 and 55.33 cm respectively that are the least values observed from 120 DAT to 180 DAT. The Plant Dry Matter (PDM) for leaves, stem and root (3.593, 2.720 and 4.220 g/plant) respectively from the control (T1) plant was the least when compared to every other treatment in the study.
 Conclusion: The use of composted manure in combination with N:P:K 15:15:15 ensured early and continuous supply of nutrient with resultant higher growth performance of Noni over a period of six months as shown in the study.

Effects of organic fertilizer levels and spray rates of organic solution on tomato yield (Lycopersicum estulentum Mill.)

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate effects of organic fertilizer levels and spray rates of organic solution on tomato yield. A 4 x 3 factorial field experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design was conducted in Spring - Summer season 2018 at the experimental site of Faculty of Agronomy (Vietnam National University of Agriculture). The two factors included (1) organic fertilizer rates with four levels (0, 11, 13.5, & 16 tons/ha) and (2) sprayed concentration of HB101 organic solution with three levels (0, 0.15, & 0.3 mL/L). The amount of water used for 1 ha was 10.000 L. The experimental results showed that increased amounts of organic fertilizer and HB101 solution doses positively increased the number of flowers per inflorescence, number of inflorescences per plant, number of fruits per plant, average weight of fruit, and tomato yield. Meanwhile, combinations of 16 tons/ha of organic fertilizer and HB101 solution at the concentrations of 0.3 mL/L and 0.15 mL/L gave the highest tomato yield with 44.0 tons/ha and 42.6 tons/ha, respectively. The highest profit margin obtained with the treatment of nonapplication of organic sources was 3.8. However, the highest economic profit was obtained with the treatment of 16 tons/ha of organic fertilizer combined with 0.15 mL/L HB101.

Monitoring Plant Status and Fertilization Strategy through Multispectral Images.

A crop monitoring system was developed for the supervision of organic fertilization status on tomato plants at early stages. An automatic and nondestructive approach was used to analyze tomato plants with different levels of water-soluble organic fertilizer (3 + 5 NK) and vermicompost. The evaluation system was composed by a multispectral camera with five lenses: green (550 nm), red (660 nm), red edge (735 nm), near infrared (790 nm), RGB, and a computational image processing system. The water-soluble fertilizer was applied weekly in four different treatments: (T0: 0 mL, T1: 6.25 mL, T2: 12.5 mL and T3: 25 mL) and the vermicomposting was added in Weeks 1 and 5. The trial was conducted in a greenhouse and 192 images were taken with each lens. A plant segmentation algorithm was developed and several vegetation indices were calculated. On top of calculating indices, multiple morphological features were obtained through image processing techniques. The morphological features were revealed to be more feasible to distinguish between the control and the organic fertilized plants than the vegetation indices. The system was developed in order to be assembled in a precision organic fertilization robotic platform.

Phytochemical screening and return on investment of pechay (Brassica napus L. subsp. chinensis var. Black Behi) as influenced by inorganic fertilizers (ground and foliar application) and organic fertilizer

The study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical properties of Pechay applied with different types and levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers under different methods of application. In particular, the study aimed to determine the phytochemical components of Pechay using different nutrient sources and application methods and compute its Return on Investment (ROI). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replications conducted at Mindanao State University-Main Campus, Marawi City. Results of the study revealed that all three replications of T2 plants showed double positive (++) in tannins while T5 plants revealed double positive (++) in flavonoids indicating that both T2 and T5 plants are having harmful levels of the phytochemicals. The results showed that all other treatments are safe from harmful phytochemical components. Based on the results of the study, considering that T2 (Rec. Rate (RR) Inorganic Fertilizer) and T5 (50% RR Inorganic Fertilizer + 50% RR Organic Fertilizer) treated plants are high in tannins and flavonoids respectively, it is therefore safe to recommend the use of T6 (50% RR Inorganic Fertilizer + 50% RR Foliar Fertilizer), T3 (RR Organic Fertilizer) and T4 (RR Foliar Fertilizer) whatever is affordable and locally available to the farmers. In areas where land area is a problem, this study showed that the use of pots can be a viable alternative to increase production and provide food in urban settings.

Bidens pilosa - picão preto: influência da adubação orgânica e da luminosidade na produtividade e no teor de flavonoides

Espécies vegetais podem ser consideradas úteis, ou não, dependendo do modo que são caracterizadas pelos humanos. Algumas passam de daninhas a alimentícias, cosméticas ou medicinais, tornando interessante economicamente seu cultivo. Bidens pilosa L. (picão preto) é uma espécie neste contexto, que foi submetida a ensaio agronômico visando avaliar sua produtividade (massa fresca e massa seca) e o teor de flavonoides. Ela foi cultivada com diferentes níveis de adubação orgânica (esterco bovino curtido - 50 t ha-1) e de sombreamento. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, em esquema fatorial de 22, constituído de 4 tratamentos (1. Com adubação + sombreamento 0%; 2. Com adubação + sombreamento 50%; 3. Sem adubação + sombreamento 50% e 4. Sem adubação + sombreamento 0%). Os resultados mostraram que o cultivo usando adubação orgânica, ao sol pleno produziu 63% mais droga vegetal que os tratamentos sem adubação orgânica, usando ou não sombreamento. Em relação ao teor de flavonoides, igualdade estatística entre todos os tratamentos foi encontrada, porém o maior resultado numérico (0,096% m/m) para este parâmetro foi obtido sem uso de adubação e sem restrição de iluminação e o menor (0,058% m/m), com uso de adubação, ao sol pleno.

Pengaruh pupuk organik cair genetika plus dan jarak tanam yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi biomas rumput gajah (pennisetum purpureum)

ABSTRACTAbdul Karim Madina. 2018. The Effect of different Levels of Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Genetika Plus and different Spacing on Growth and Production of Elephantgrass Biomass (Pennisetum purpureum). Supervised by Muhammad Mukhtar as main supervised and Musrifah Nusi as vice supervised.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the level of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) of Genetika Plus and different spacing on the growth and production of elephantgrass biomass (Pennisetum purpureum). This research was conducted in Tamboo Sub-District Tilongkabila, Bone Bolango District, from April to June 2018. The method used in this study is Factorial RAL with two factors. Data were analyzed using analysis of varian. The results showed that under fertilizer treatment and plant spacing had a significantly effect on the growth and production of biomass. The highest plant height was obtained in R3K2 (397 cm) and the lowest in R0K3 (210 cm), the highest tillering production was in R3K3 (7.5) and the lowest was in R0K1 (3.5). Whereas biomass production, the highest in fresh matter weight was obtained in R3K1 (29,076) and the lowest in R0K3 (1,638), the highest leaf blade percentage obtained in R3K1 (38,519) and the lowest in R0K1 (14), the highest dry matter weight was obtained in R3K1 (494) and lowest in R0K3 (27.75). Based on the research, the level of genetics plus liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and plant spacing has a significantly effected on the growth of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) on plant height, fresh matter production, leaf blade percentage, dry matter production and number of tillers.Key words: Biomass production, elephantgrass, Genetika plus fertilyzer, plant spacing

Influencia del estiércol composteado y micorriza arbuscular sobre la composición química del suelo y el rendimiento productivo de maíz forrajero (Zea mays L.)

Introducción: El estiércol composteado (E) es una alternativa al reciclaje de nutrientes, y puede mejorar o mantener la fertilidad del suelo sustituyendo a la fertilización convencional. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características y composición química del suelo, porcentaje de infección del hongo micorrízico arbuscular (M) en raíz, características agronómicas de la planta, tasa de crecimiento en el cultivo, acumulación de nutrientes y rendimiento productivo, en respuesta del E y del Glomus intraradices (M) en maíz forrajero.Método: Se evaluaron seis niveles de fertilización orgánica (15, 30 y 45 t ha-1 de E, 15, 30 y 45 t ha-1 de EM), uno de fertilización química (FQ: 160-60-30 kg ha-1 de NPK), y un testigo (sin fertilizar: SF), en dos ciclos de cultivos (Ciclo, PV: primavera-verano y OI: otoño-invierno). Se utilizó E y G. intraradices. Las variables estudiadas en el suelo fueron: pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), materia orgánica (MO), N, P, K, Ca, capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), numero de esporas; en la planta: acumulación de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca), porcentaje de infección en raíz, altura, numero de hojas y materia seca (MS); en el cultivo: tasa de crecimiento del cultivo (TCC), rendimiento de forraje en materia verde (MV t ha-1) y materia seca (MS t ha-1).Resultados: Con excepción del K en suelo y la CIC, el Tratamiento, Ciclo y la interacción de ambos factores afectaron (P<0.05) las variables que definieron la composición química del suelo (pH, CE, MO, N, P, Ca), la acumulación de nutrientes en planta (N, P, K, Ca) y el rendimiento de forraje en MV y MS. En OI, FQ presentó el menor contenido de MO; en PV, un incremento en el E (de 15E a 45E) permitió aumentar la MO (P>0.05). El N en suelo fue mayor en OI con relación a PV en todos los tratamientos (P>0.05). En OI, 30EM presentó la mayor acumulación de nutrientes en planta (N, P, K y Ca) con respecto al resto de los tratamientos (P>0.05). En ambos ciclos, PV y OI, 30EM tuvo el mayor rendimiento de forraje en MS (P>0.05).Discusión o Conclusión: La composición química del suelo, planta y el rendimiento de maíz forrajero fueron afectados por el uso de E solo o en combinación con M durante los ciclos PV y OI. El uso de 30EM representa una mejor opción de fertilización con relación SF y FQ debido a que la planta tuvo mayor producción de forraje en MS durante la PV y OI. El uso de G. intraradices en combinación con E contribuye a optimizar la utilización de nutrientes del suelo por la planta. Los resultados obtenidos son importantes para incrementar la calidad y cantidad de maíz forrajero.

Optimization of Yields and Yield Components of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam) Using Organic Manure and Phosphate Fertilizer

Sweet potato production has been faced with various constraints including small land sizes and inappropriate agronomic practices, especially on management of soil fertility. Many studies that have been carried out on the effects of application of farmyard manure on sweet potatoes yields have just been used to get the best treatment within the range of treatments used. However, the designs used in data analysis are not appropriate for optimisation process. Therefore, there is need to use an appropriate design that will optimise the yields within the limited available resources for sustainable production of sweet potatoes. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum operating settings and to optimise the yields and the yield components in sweet potatoes. The study was conducted at Chuka University horticultural demonstration farm. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design and replicated three times. The treatments included cattle manure and poultry manure (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tons per hectare) and inorganic phosphate fertilizer (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 tons of P2O5 per hectare). Data was collected on number of tubers, tuber diameter, length and weight of tubers per plot. Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied in the optimization process. Data obtained was analysed using R statistical software and the second order mathematical model which described the response as a function of input variables, was generated. The study found that the optimal levels of inorganic phosphate, poultry manure and cattle manure that led to maximum yield were; 2.895 tons/ ha, 7.5 tons/ ha and 14.88 tons/ha, respectively. The study demonstrated that CCD can serve as an inexpensive tool in optimization of the sweet potato yield. The study was also useful to the farmers in the area of study since they can get information on the optimal levels of application organic manure and phosphate fertilizer that would lead to maximum yields.

The Effect of The Levels of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Traditional-Market Waste on The Production and Nutrient Contents of Setaria Grass

Tradidional-market waste liquid organic fertilizers can be used to fertilize setaria grass (Setaria splendida Stapf). This research was conducted to get information concerning the best dosage of liquid organic fertilizer utilization. An experimental method using Completely Randomized Design was applied in this study. The treatments were: 6 (six) doses of mixtures of the liquid organic fertilizer : water, of the ratios of 0:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, volume by volume, each of which was repeated 4 times. The land area used was 2 m x 1.5 m per plot (experimental unit). The variables measured were the dry matter (DM) concentration, DM production, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CFt), and crude fiber (CFb) contents. The data used were the results of the harvest at second defoliation. The results of the study showed that the doses of water in the fertilizer did not indicate any significant differences on all variables being studied. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that the addition of water into the fertilizer can be applied up to 5 folds the volume of the organic liquid fertilizer in the agronomy management of Setaria grass.

Growth and Yield of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as Influenced by Different Levels of Kalli Organic Fertilizer on the Jos Plateau

Aims: To determine the effect of Kalli organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of radish.
 Study Design: The experimental design used for this study was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of four (4) treatments (0, 400, 500 and 600 kgha-1) which were replicated four (4) times.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The experiment was conducted at Federal College of Forestry Jos, Plateau State located in the North Central part of Nigeria between September – October, 2018.
 Methods: Soil samples were collected and analysed. Agronomic practices such as land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, weeding and harvesting were also carried out. The data was collected on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of roots, length of roots, diameter of roots, root weight and root yield. Data collected was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Minitab 23 statistical package at 5% level of probability and where significance was determined Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to separate the means.
 Results: The findings from this research work revealed that there was no significant effect of Kalli organic fertilizer on the plant height, number of leaves. But the leaf area was found to be significant (p=0.05) at 8WAP with the application of 600 kgha-1 recording the largest (143.30 cm2) leaf. The number of roots, length of roots, weight of root and total yield was found to be significant (P=0.05) on the application of different levels of Kalli organic fertilizer. The application of 600 kgha-1 produced the highest number (35.50) of radish roots, length (24.83 cm) of radish roots, weight (7.20 kg) of radish and total yield (18000 kgha-1) of Radish.
 Conclusion: Based on this research study it could be concluded that the application of Kalli (600 kgha-1) organic fertilizer significantly increased the yield of Radish. It is therefore recommended that organic fertilizer can be applied for optimum production of Radish.

Kandungan Mineral Arbila (Phaseulus lunatus L.) Sebagai Pakan Pada Tanah Vertisol dengan Penambahan Bokashi Berbahan Chromolaena odorata dan Feses Sapi

This study aimed to evaluate the mineral content of arbila for the administration of bokashi based on Chromolaena odorata and faeces on the advertisol soil. Field trials had been carried out for 5 months in the villange of Noelbaki, and analysis of this plant in the Food Chemistry Laboratory Hassanuddin University, Makassar. This study was designed based on a complete randomized design (CDR) with 5 treatments, and 4 replications. Plants were planted on the advertiser soil in polybags. The treatments were the level of organic fertilizer (bokashi) i.e. B0=without bokashi B10=10 ton/Ha, B20=20 ton/Ha, B30=30 ton/Ha, B40=40 ton/Ha. Bokashi level was changed to polybag as followed, B0=without treatment, B10=75 g/polybag, B20=150 g/polybag, B30=225 g/polybag, B40=300 g/polybag. The variables observed the mineral content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Bokashi level had a very significant effect on phosphorus and magnesium content, but had not a significant effect on calsium content. The percentage of calsium content was 0.75%, and the average of each treatments were B0 and B10=0.56%, B20=0.58%, B30=0.61%, B40=0.55%. The average of phosphorus content for each treatments were B0=0.15%, B10=0.21%, B20=0.18%, B30=0.16%, and B40=0.23%. The average of magnesium content for each treatments were B0=0.15%, B10=0.18%, B20=0.27%, B30=0.32%, and B40=0.37%. It was concluded that the levels of organic fertilizer (bokashi) had a significant effect on the percentage of phosphorus and magnesium but did not have a significant effect on the calcium content of arbila forage.