Levels Of Nonphytate Phosphorus Research Articles

Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in broiler chicks fed with different levels of phytase and non-phytate phosphorus

Tartrate-resistant acid (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were evaluated in the serum and bone of broiler chicks fed with various amounts of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) or phytase. Data were analysed using a 4×3 factorial design containing four NPP levels per period. Analyses were performed in chicks aged 1–21 days (0.21; 0.29; 0.37; 0.45 ppm) and 36–42 days (0.13; 0.21; 0.29; 0.37 ppm) and under three different phytase level treatments (0, 500 and 1000 FTU/kg) for each period. In 42-day-old animals, the serum ACP and ALP activities did not differ in response to NPP and phytase levels and bone ACP activity decreased with increased phosphorus levels. We observed effects on ALP activity by approximately 70% in lower phosphorus (0.13 and 0.21) levels without phytase. The phytase addition decreased (P<0.05) ALP values in lower phosphorus levels. The bone ALP and ACP levels of 21-day-old animals were not affected by phosphorus or phytase. Pi depletion induces a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase synthesis, suggesting that the function of this enzyme is downregulated by phosphorus.

Effects of Non-Phytate Phosphorus Levels and Phytase Sources on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical and Tibia Parameters of Broiler Chickens

A 3×3 factorial arrangement with dietary non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) levels and phytase sources (3- and 6-phytase) was conducted to evaluate the effects of NPP levels, phytase sources and their possible interactions on growth performance, serum biochemical and tibia parameters of broiler chickens from hatch to 42 days of age. A total of 540 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into nine dietary treatments, each containing 5 replicates pens with 12 birds per pen. Interaction was statistically significant in the performance till day 21 of trial, supplementation of low NPP diet decreased body weight (BW) (P<0.001), depressed average daily gain (ADG) (P<0.001) and deteriorated average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.001) over day 42. During the 8-to-21-day period, even if interaction between NPP levels and phytase sources was significant (P<0.01), BW, ADG and ADFI always increased due to dietary supplementation of phytase, with source not differing. Dietary high NPP enhanced serum calcium and P concentrations on day 21 and 42 (linear contrast, P<0.01), while decreased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity on day 42 (linear contrast, P<0.001), and interaction was not significant. Both dietary sources of phytase decreased serum AKP activities on day 42 (P<0.001), and urea nitrogen content on day 21 (P<0.01) and 42 (P<0.001). Both phytase improved ash percentage on day 21 and P content in tibia at 21 and 42 days of age (P<0.001). The results confirmed that dietary supplementation of phytase may enhance P availability during the 8-to-21-day period. Nevertheless, no difference between the two phytase sources was observed.

Effect of inositol and phytases on hematological indices and α-1 acid glycoprotein levels in laying hens fed phosphorus-deficient corn-soybean meal-based diets

The effects of feeding low nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with myo-inositol at 0.1%, or with phytase B at 1,300 acid phosphatase units/kg, or with phytase B enriched in 6-phytase A at 300 phytase units/kg on the hematological indices and the α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations in the blood of Bovans Brown laying hens were investigated. The experimental design comprised also a negative control diet and an internal control diet that had the NPP content adjusted by the addition of 0.304 g of monocalcium phosphate per kg to reach the NPP level similar to that resulting from the combined action of both phytases. A total of sixty 50-wk-old hens were randomly assigned to the dietary treatments with 12 cage replicates of 1 hen, and fed the experimental diets until wk 62, when the blood samples were taken and analyzed for basic hematological indices and for AGP concentrations in sera. The hematological indices from all the experimental groups remained in a normal range; nevertheless, the statistically significant effects of diet on hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.003), erythrocyte counts (P = 0.035), the percentage of lymphocytes (P = 0.020), heterophils (P = 0.002), eosinophils (P = 0.023), and basophils (P = 0.001) in the leucocyte population, as well as on the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.003), were observed. The highest erythrocyte counts were characteristic for hens fed the diet supplemented with both phytase A and phytase B. The highest heterophil to lymphocyte ratios were found in blood of hens fed the diet supplemented with phytase B, whereas the highest basophil percentages and the highest AGP concentrations occurred in birds fed the negative control diet. A highly significant correlation was observed between AGP concentrations in sera and BW losses determined previously. The results indicate that the low-NPP corn soybean meal-based diets increased acute phase protein level in laying hens. Phytase B alone, and particularly in combination with phytase A, acted as a potent mediator of the response, whereas supplementary myo-inositol did not.

Efficacy of contrast levels of non-phytate phosphorus and Aspergillus niger phytase in hens fed wheat-maize-based diets

A 2 &amp;times; 2 factorial design experiment examined the effect of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) (1.3 and 4.0 g/kg) and 3-phytase (F) (0 and 150 FTU/kg) on the performance indicators of hens, physical parameters of eggs, phosphorus (P) content of the eggshells, and the pH of the digestive tract of laying hens. Two hundred and forty hens (ISA Brown) were housed in enriched cages and fed a wheat-maize-based diet. A significant effect of both NPP and F was found for the yolk colour (P = 0.016) and shell thickness (P&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;0.038). The F supplement or higher level of NPP alone and in combination increased the value of the yolk colour and shell thickness. The supplementation of the basal diet with F significantly increased the laying performance, especially with regard to the egg weight and feed conversion ratio. The higher dose of NPP had a negative effect on the egg production, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The lower level of NPP (1.3 g/kg) decreased the internal egg quality and shell quality, except for the shell strength. In contrast, the addition of 3-phytase to the diet increased the shell thickness and shell weight. The P content in the eggshells was not influenced by the dietary treatment. The higher level of NPP or F increased the pH in the gizzard to a value suitable for F activity. The hens fed a diet containing 1.3 g/kg NPP achieved a higher performance; moreover, the F supplement at 150 FTU/kg increased the external quality of the eggs. &amp;nbsp;

Effects of Dietary Phytase and Different Levels of Non-Phytate Phosphorus on Some Serum Minerals and Biochemical Parameters in Broiler Chickens

Effects of Dietary Phytase and Different Levels of Non-Phytate Phosphorus on Some Serum Minerals and Biochemical Parameters in Broiler Chickens

The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance and nutrients digestibility in broilers fed with diet containing different levels of phosphorous

The effects of yeast culture (YC) with different levels of NPP (non phytate phosphorus) on performance, tibia and blood parameters and ileal digestibility of nutrients were investigated in broilers. A total of 720 one-day-old male broiler (Ross) chicks were divided into 48 groups and fed with 12 diets (4 groups per diet) for 42 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. The 12 treatments consisted of: 3 levels of NPP (normal, 80 and 60% normal level) and 4 levels of YC (0.0, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 % of diet). The results of this study showed that there were significant interactions (p<0.05) between NPP level and the concentration of YC in the diet with body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the 42 days of the experiment. In the lower levels of NPP, the improvement of FCR was dose dependent on YC. No NPP dietary x YC combination interactions were found in the other measured traits. The lower levels of NPP significantly (p<0.05) decreased ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and calcium (Ca). The addition of YC significantly (p<0.05) increased ileal digestibility of both P and Ca. The enhancement of NPP dietary significantly (p<0.05) increased the concentration of P, Ca and ash in the tibia. Only birds fed with the diets containing 0.45% YC significantly had (p<0.05) higher ash percentage than the other groups. Serum Ca and P were significantly (p<0.05) affected by different levels of NPP in the diet. The effect of YC on concentration of serum P and total protein was significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increased retention of P, CP and mineral utilization in deficient-NPP diets by YC resulted in increased availability of P and Ca to the broilers, which could have led to improved growth performance. Key words: Yeast culture, phosphorus, broilers, performance, digestibility.

The effects of feeding various levels of nonphytate phosphorus in the starter phase on broiler growth performance and bone characteristics in subsequent phases

SUMMARY The ability of broilers to adapt to a deficiency or excess of nonphytate P (nPP) in the starter phase without any negative effect on growth performance and bone characteristics in subsequent phases has received very little attention. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding marginally deficient or excessive P in the starter phase on growth and bone responses of broilers in subsequent phases. Feeding below the nPP requirement for 0 to 14 d resulted in better adaptation to lower nPP in the later phases, whereas feeding above the nPP requirement for 0 to 21 d resulted in a decrease in FE.

An Examination of the P Requirements of Broiler Breeders for Performance, Progeny Quality and P Balance 1. Non-phytate Phosphorus

A 40-wk study was performed to assess the effects of reduced dietary Non-Phytate Phosphorus (NPP) on broiler breeder performance, progeny quality and P balance. Seven hundred Cobb 500 chicks were reared according to Cobb guidelines (Cobb-Vantress, 2005) and transferred to a production house at 21 wk. At 24 wk, 285 birds were switched over to one of five experimental diets (5 groups of 57) that differed only in NPP. Phosphorus levels ranged from 0.2% to 0.4% NPP in 0.05% increments; and corresponded to a daily intake of 288, 360, 432, 504 and 576 mg at peak. Production performance, egg quality, breeder and progeny skeletal quality, hatchability, progeny weight and P retention were monitored throughout the experimental period. Results show that total egg production, egg number, age at sexual maturity and egg weight were not negatively effected by lowering NPP levels to 0.20% (288 mg/day). Shell quality, though statistically impacted by NPP level, remained at high levels for all treatments (above 1.081). Reproductively, reduced dietary NPP did not negatively impact hatchability or subsequent progeny performance. Day old progeny wt and progeny bone quality were not significantly different from the breeders fed different NPP intake. Breeder tibia ash and relative strength was impaired at 0.20% NPP. The % total P (TP) retention showed a negative linear response with increasing dietary NPP, although absolute P retained increased with increasing dietary NPP. The amount of P deposited into the egg was not different among the treatment groups. Results appear to indicate that 360 mg NPP/day at peak (0.25% NPP) is sufficient for breeder hen performance, progeny 1 d wt and progeny skeletal quality. Breeder hens are able to maintain their performance by mobilizing bone reserves to meet the demands of egg formation and utilize dietary sources to replenish these reserves.

Performance and bone mineralisation in broiler chicks fed on diets with different concentrations of cholecalciferol at a constant ratio of calcium to non-phytate phosphorus

1. An experiment was conducted with broiler female chicks (720) to study the effects of graded concentrations (7⋅5, 15, 22⋅5 or 30 µg/kg) of cholecalciferol (CC) in diets containing varying levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) at a 2:1 ratio (4:2, 5:2⋅5, 6:3 or 7:3⋅5 g/kg, respectively), on the performance (2–35 d of age), bone mineralisation and mineral (Ca, P, Mn, Fe, Cu) concentration in excreta. 2. Body weight gain, food intake, tibia density and tibia ash increased, and leg abnormality score decreased with dietary increase of CC from 7⋅5 to 30 µg at 4 g Ca and 2 g NPP. However, this improvement was not comparable with the birds receiving the highest concentrations of CC, Ca and NPP (30 µg, 7 g and 3.5 g, respectively/kg diet). 3. Significant improvements in the majority of parameters noted with increasing CC up to 22⋅5 µg at 5 g Ca and 2⋅5 g NPP/kg, which was comparable to those fed the highest levels of CC, Ca and NPP. 4. Concentrations of Ca, P, Mn, Fe and Cu in excreta decreased significantly with increasing CC at all Ca:NPP ratios tested. 5. The predicted requirement of CC for most of the parameters ranged between 16⋅25 and 25 µg/kg diet at 5 g Ca and 2⋅5 g NPP. 6. Considering the performance, bone mineralisation, and mineral concentration in excreta, it can be concluded that Ca and NPP levels in broiler diet could be reduced to 5 and 2⋅5 g, respectively, while maintaining CC at 25 µg/kg.

Effects of Reduced Calcium and Phosphorous Diets Supplemented with Phytase on Laying Performance of Hens

The aim of this experiment was to examine the potential for reduced environmental impact by reducing dietary calcium and phosphorus content and phytase addition of laying hen diets. A randomized complete block design with a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of 8 dietary treatments: 2 levels ofphytase (0 and 300 FTU kg(-1)) and 2 mineral levels (Ca: 34/18 and NPP: 3.2/2.2 g kg(-1), respectively). A total of 240 White Leghorn (WL) layers, 25 weeks of age were used. Considering birds in 12 cages as a replicate, 5 such replicates were randomly allotted to each dietary treatment. Individual body weight of the bird was recorded at the beginning and end of the experiment. Egg production on an individual basis was recorded daily and percentage hen day egg production was calculated. The cleaned eggshells were dried for 24 h, weighed and expressed as percentage of whole egg. One bird from each experimental unit were selected at random and killed by cervical dislocation at the end of the experiment and the left tibia was removed. Dried bone samples were ashed at 680 degrees C for 12 h for estimation of bone ash. The results of this experiment showed that reducing Ca and NPP (Non-Phytate Phosphorus) without phytase decreased BWG (Body Weight Gain), feed intake, FCE (Feed Conversion Efficiency), egg production, egg shell weight and tibia ash. However, phytase addition to low mineral diets completely corrected the adverse effects associated with low dietary Ca and NPP. It can therefore be concluded that reducing levels of Ca and NPP below current standards and phytase supplementation can reduce pollution potential from laying hen production without adversely affecting bird performance or welfare.

Effects of 1慣-Hydroxycholecalciferol and Phytase on Growth Performance, Tibia Parameter and Meat Quality of 1- to 21-d-old Broilers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of interaction between la-hydroxycholecalciferol (la-OH D 3 ) and phytase on growth performance, parameters of tibia and plasma, and meat quality of 1- to 21-d-old broilers. Two hundred and forty male, 1-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to 20 cages, with 12 chicks per cage. Five treatments were designed, with four cages each. A 2x2 factorial experiment was designed to test 0 and 5 μg/kg of la-OH D 3 in combination with 0 and 500 U/kg of phytase. A basal diet was formulated to contain 2.9 g/kg of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), and the control diet was formulated to contain a normal level of NPP (4.5 g/kg). Results showed that la-OH D 3 alone increased tibia ash, contents of calcium and phosphate, breaking strength, concentrations of plasma calcium and phosphate, and water-holding capacity of breast and thigh meat, while it decreased growth of broilers. Phytase alone improved performance and tibia quality. Although growth of broilers was lower than that of the positive control when the diet was supplemented with la-OH D3 and phytase, tibia quality was significantly improved by the addition of la-OH D 3 and phytase. These data suggest that interaction between la-OH D 3 and phytase at 2.9 g/kg of dietary NPP could significantly increase bone quality of 1- to 21-d-old broilers, while not improving growth performance.

Interaction between dietary calcium and non-phytate phosphorus on growth performance and bone ash in early White Pekin ducklings

A 4 × 5 factorial experiment containing four non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) levels (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 g/kg) and five calcium (Ca) levels (4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0 g/kg) was conducted to evaluate the interaction between dietary Ca and NPP on growth performance and bone ash in White Pekin ducklings from hatch to 14 days of age. A total of 1280 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were assigned to twenty experimental treatments, each containing 4 replicate pens with 16 birds per pen, and these birds were raised with feed and water provided ad libitum. At 14 days of age, weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain and tibia ash of each treatment were measured. In the current study, the interaction between dietary Ca and NPP significantly influenced weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, and tibia ash but the overall effects of these two minerals on these parameters except tibia ash were not significant. The weight gain, feed intake and tibia ash decreased (P<0.01) as dietary Ca increased from 4.0 to 12.0 g/kg at the lowest NPP level (2.0 g/kg) but these adverse effects could be alleviated or reversed at other dietary NPP from 3.0 to 5.0 g/kg. Considering the significant interaction between dietary Ca and NPP, the quadratic response surface regression analysis was used to predict the Ca and NPP requirements of ducklings. According to this regression analysis, the predicted requirements of Ca and NPP for maximum weight gain and minimum feed/gain were 8.06 and 4.03 g/kg, 7.96 and 3.79 g/kg, respectively.

Efeito de níveis de fósforo não-fítico e de fitase sobre o fêmur de frangos de corte

Effect of nonphytate phosphorus and phytase levels on broiler femur. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) and phytase levels on the weight, morphometry and weight/length index (WLI) of broiler femurs at 21 and 42 days of age. One thousand, two hundred chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design and 4 x 3 factorial arrangement (NPP x phytase levels), with four replicates. The NPP levels, at each phase were of 0.45, 0.37, 0.29 and 0.21% in the initial phase, 0.41, 0.33, 0.25 and 0.17% in the growth phase, and of 0.37, 0.29, 0.21 and 0.13% in the final phase. The phytase levels used were 0, 500 and 1000U/kg of diet. At 21 and 42 days of age, 48 birds were sacrificed for femur collection. At 21 days, there was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of NPP x phytase interaction on bone parameters, but the NPP reduction decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the weight, length and WLI of the femurs, and the inclusion of 500U/kg of phytase improved (P &lt; 0.05) the weight and WLI of the bones. At 42 days of age, NPP x phytase interaction was significant (P &lt; 0.05) for the weight and length, and birds fed diets with no phytase had femurs that were lighter and shorter when the lowest NPP levels were evaluated. However, the inclusion of 500 or 1000U/kg of phytase produced weights and lengths similar to those produced by treatment with recommended NPP levels, and the lower NPP levels evaluated caused a reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in the diameter and WLI of femurs. It was concluded that diets with 0.29, 0.25 or 0.21% of NPP, with 500 U/kg of phytase, could be used with no negative effect on the femur quality in broilers from one to 42 days of age.

Qualidade óssea de frangos alimentados com dietas com fitase e níveis reduzidos de fósforo disponível

It was evaluated the mineral content, density, weight, morphometry and breaking strength of tibiae in broilers fed diets containing phytase and reduced nonphytate phosphorus levels (NPP). The experimental design was completely randomized and factorial arrangement 2 x 3 with two phytase levels (0 and 25U/kg) and three NPP levels (100, 85 and 70% of the requirements) in a total of six treatments and five replicates. There was no effect of NNP levels and/or phytase on phosphorus and ashes levels, weight, length and diameter. Interaction NPP x phytase was significant to Ca content that was lower in tibiae of birds fed diets with 70% of NPP and with no phytase. Proximal epiphysis density decresead due the reduction of NPP and increased with phytase inclution in the diet. There was effect of the interaction NPP x phytase to diaphysis, distal epiphysis and mean densities. Breaking force decreasead in birds fed diets with 70% of NPP. Diets with 85% of NPP requirements, supplemented with 25U/kg of phytase, can be used with no negative effects on mineral content, density, weight, morphometry and breaking strength of broilers tibiae. Key words: bone density, bone mineralization, breaking strength

Utilização de nutrientes em frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase e níveis reduzidos de fósforo não-fítico

Avaliaram-se a digestibilidade ileal, retenção de nutrientes e valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) de dietas suplementadas com fitase e níveis reduzidos de fósforo não-fítico (FNF) para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 330 pintos machos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial 2 x 3 com dois níveis de fitase (0 e 25U/kg) e três níveis de FNF (100, 85 e 70% das exigências da ave), totalizando seis tratamentos com cinco repetições de 11 aves cada. Não houve efeito da interação FNF vs fitase e dos níveis de FNF ou fitase sobre a retenção de matéria seca e de fósforo, e a interação FNF vs fitase foi significativa para retenção de proteína bruta e coeficiente de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca. A suplementação com fitase, independente dos níveis de FNF, melhorou o coeficiente digestibilidade ileal da proteína bruta, do cálcio e do fósforo. A retenção de cálcio e a redução dos níveis de FNF diminuíam a metabolização da energia bruta das dietas com 85 e 70% das exigências de FNF. Dietas com nível de 70% das exigências de FNF, suplementadas com fitase, podem ser usadas para frangos de corte sem prejuízos à digestibilidade ileal e retenção da matéria seca, proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo e à metabolização da energia bruta.

Effect of wheat type grinding, heat treatment and phytase supplementation on growth efficiency and nutrient utilization of wheat-based diets for broilers

This experiment studied the effect of phytase and processing (heat treatment, grind size) on performance and nutrient utilization of broilers fed diets from 1 to 21 d that included hardred spring (HRS) and durum wheat with three grind sizes (470, 560, 630 µm) with or without heat treatment (oven dry at 80°C for 15 h) before supplementation with phytase (Natuphos® 0 or 600 FTU kg-1). All 24 diets contained 0.5 g Avizyme 1302 kg-1 and were formulated (80% wheat, 20% basal diet) to supply nutrients necessary to meet the requirements of broiler chicks, except for a low level of nonphytate phosphorus (P, 2.7 g kg-1). The medium ground HRS-based diet produced significantly better feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weights compared with the other two grind sizes. Heat treatment significantly improved feed conversion ratio and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), protein, and P digestibility of diets. It also significantly decreased feed intake, but produced no differences in 21 d body weight. Supplementation with phytase significantly improved AME, protein, and P digestibility of test diets. The AME of diets was influenced by wheat type, processing and grind size. Phytase increased N and P digestibility. Improvements in N and P digestibility by phytase and heat treatment were dependent on wheat type and grind size.The present results suggest an advantage of both phytase and xylanase in durum- and HRS-based diets. Heat processing destroyed endogenous phytase and xylanase in wheat-based diets, and increased the levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides. Combined phytase, heat treatment, and grind size may synergistically improve N and P digestibility. Key words: Wheat source, grind size, heat treatment, phytase, digestibility, broiler

Effect of Surfeit Concentrations of Vitamin D&lt;SUB&gt;3&lt;/SUB&gt; on Performance, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Retention in Commercial Broiler Chicks

An experiment was conducted to see the effect of higher concentrations of vitamin D3 in diets containing sub optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) in broiler chickens. Maize-soybean meal based starter and finisher reference diets (RD) prepared to contain 1.0% and 0.9% Ca, 0.45 and 0.35% NPP, respectively. The RD contained 1200ICU D3/kg. Another basal diet (BD) was prepared to contain 0.4% Ca and 0.2% NPP. The BD was supplemented with D3 at 4 different concentrations such as 1200, 2400, 4800 and 9600ICU/kg. Each diet was fed to 11 replicates of 5 chicks each during experimental period of 0 to 6 weeks of age. The body weight gain decreased significantly with reduction in levels of Ca and NPP in diet compared to those fed RD. Supplementation of vitamin D3 to the low Ca and NPP diet, though improved the weight gain significantly but not at per with RD. The feed efficiency was not affected by concentrations of Ca, NPP and D3 in diet at 36d of age. The relative weight of tibia, tibia breaking strength and tibia ash content decreased significantly with reduction in Ca and NPP levels in diet. Supplemental D3 replenished the tibia ash content and enhanced tibia weight and strength. Supplemental D3 non-linearly increased the serum Ca, P, acid and alkaline phosphatase contents in serum. Concentrations of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in excreta decrease non-linearly with increase vitamin D3 concentration in BD. It is concluded that higher levels of D3 supplementation to low Ca and NPP diet improved the performance partially but not at per with diet containing the recommended concentrations of Ca and NPP in broiler diet.

Effects of Dietary Levels of Calcium and Nonphytate Phosphorus in Broiler Starter Diets on Total and Water-Soluble Phosphorus Excretion as Influenced by Phytase and Addition of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol

A st udy was conducted utilizing a 2 x 2 x 4 x 4 factorial arrangements in which a nutritionall y adequate diet was fed with and without 1200 FTU/kg of phytase and with or without 69 µg/kg of 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol, four levels of nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) (0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50%) and four levels of calcium (2:1 Ca:NPP ratio, 0.2% Ca less than the 2:1 ratio, 0.2% Ca more than the 2:1 ratio, and 0.4% Ca more than the 2:1 ratio) for a total of 64 treatments, each fed to two replicate pens of five male broilers in wire-floored battery brooders. At 14 d of age excreta samples were collected, frozen, freeze dried, and analyzed for total P (TP), Ca, and water-soluble P (WSP). The ratio of WSP/TP was calculated from these data. The TP, Ca and WSP in excreta increased as the NPP content of the diet increased. Phytase supplementation reduced TP and Ca but increased WSP concentration and the WSP/TP ratio; this effect might be reversed if levels of NPP lower than those evaluated in the present study are utilized to account for the improvement on phytate phosphorus digestion. The addition of Hy-D reduced TP and Ca concentration in broiler excreta. The most remarkable effect was seen by increasing dietary calcium levels above the 2:1 Ca:NPP ratio typically used in the poultry industry. As the dietary Ca increased, there were significantly reduced excreta levels of TP, WSP and the WSP/TP ratio was significantly reduced. Compared to chicks fed diets with the 2:1 Ca:NPP ratio, the WSP in excreta was reduced 40% by adding 0.20% more Ca and 54% by adding 0.40% more Ca. As the WSP fraction of broiler litter is the primary concern in eutrophicatio n, increasing the dietary Ca level in conjunction with feeding closer to the P requirement should be a cost- effective means of combating the adverse effects of broiler litter on pastures.

Requirement of Non-phytate Phosphorus in Synthetic Broiler Breeder Diet

An experiment was conducted to study the laying performance, shell quality, bone mineralization, hatchability of eggs and performance of progeny (weight at day one and 14 d of age, P content in day old chick, leg score and survivability of chicks) of synthetic broiler breeders fed different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Six levels of NPP (1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6 and 4.2 g/kg diet) at a constant calcium (Ca) level (30 g/kg) in a maize-soya-deoiled rice bran based diet were tested. Levels of dicalcium phosphate, shell grit and deoiled rice bran were adjusted to achieve the desired levels of NPP and Ca. Each level of NPP was fed with a weighed quantity of feed (160 g/b/d) to 40 female broiler breeders from 25 to 40 weeks of age housed in individual cages. Each bird was considered as a replicate. Egg production, feed/egg mass, body weight, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, egg specific gravity, serum Ca content and tibia breaking strength were not influenced (p>0.05) by the variation in dietary NPP levels tested. Increasing the dietary levels of NPP did not influence the hatchability of eggs, phosphorus (P) contents both in egg yolk and day old chick, chick body weight at day one and 14 d of age, leg score and survivability of chicks up to 14 d of age. Maximum response (p≤0.01) in shell breaking strength, tibia ash and serum inorganic P contents were observed at NPP levels of 2.09, 2.25 and 3.50 g per kg diet, respectively. The retention of Ca increased, while the P retention decreased (p≤0.01) with increasing dietary levels of NPP. Though maximum responses in shell breaking strength, bone ash and serum inorganic P were observed at NPP higher than 1.2 g/kg diet, the broiler breeder performance in terms of egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and progeny performance and their survivability was not influenced by dietary NPP concentrations. It is concluded that synthetic broiler breeders maintained in cages do not require more than 1.2 g NPP/kg diet with a daily intake of 192 mg NPP/b/d during 24 to 40 weeks of age.

Effects of Phosphorus Level and Phytase in Broiler Breeder Rearing and Laying Diets on Live Performance and Phosphorus Excretion

The effects of a reduced dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) level and inclusion of phytase on broiler breeder performance and P concentrations in the litter and manure were investigated. Ross 308 broiler breeder pullets and Ross 344 cockerels were placed sex-separate in a blackout growing house and fed standard starter and grower diets to 9 wk of age. At 10 wk of age, 4 treatments (A, B, C, D) were assigned to each of 4 floor pens of 68 pullets and 1 pen of 50 cockerels. From 10 to 21 wk, treatments A to D contained 0.37, 0.27, 0.27, and 0.17% NPP, respectively, with 300 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase added to treatments B and D. At 21 wk of age, birds were photostimulated and transferred to a two-thirds slat-litter breeder house with 16 pens of 60 pullets and 6 cockerels. A laying diet was fed from 22 to 64 wk and NPP levels of treatments A to D were adjusted to 0.37, 0.27, 0.19, and 0.09%, respectively, and phytase addition to treatments B and D was increased to 500 FTU/kg. Analysis of the litter from growing pens showed no effect on litter total P when phytase replaced 0.1% of NPP. However, decreasing the dietary NPP by 0.1% without phytase reduced the litter total P by 18%. Water-soluble P (WSP) and the WSP:total P ratio decreased when the grower dietary NPP level was reduced to 0.17% with added phytase and was correlated with litter moisture levels in growing pens. During the laying period, a reduction in NPP from 0.37 to 0.09% with added phytase reduced both the manure total P and WSP by 42%. Hen-day egg production was highest on the lowest NPP diet with phytase, but fertility decreased when the dietary NPP was reduced below 0.37%. Results showed that phytase inclusion in a broiler breeder laying diet at the expense of all added P from dicalcium phosphate reduced the manure total P and WSP concentrations by 42%, with no effect on the number of chicks produced per hen housed.