Levels Of Naphthalene Acetic Acid Research Articles

“Influence of Micro Nutrients and Naphthalene Acetic Acid on Growth, Yield and Economics of Summer Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)”

A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P) to determine the “Influence of micronutrients and naphthalene acetic acid on growth, yield and economics of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.)”. To study treatments consisting of three Micronutrients viz. Zn @ 100 ppm, Boron @ 100 ppm and Mn @ 50 ppm and three levels of Naphthalene acetic acid viz. 30, 40 and 50 ppm. There were 10 treatments, each of which was replicated three times and laid out in a random block design. The results showed that treatment 3 [Zinc (100ppm) + NAA (50ppm)] recorded significantly higher plant height (47.6 cm), higher number of branches/plant (9.00), higher number of leaves/plant (13.60), higher dry weight (7.40g), higher number of nodules/plant (7.6). Whereas, maximum number of pods/plant (29.00), maximum number of seeds/pod (10.27), higher test weight (29.40 g), higher seed yield (1.24t/ha), higher stover yield (2.73 t/ha) and higher harvest index (30.30 %) was recorded in treatment 3 [Zinc (100ppm) + NAA (50ppm)]. Similarly, maximum gross return (86,085.00 INR/ha), higher net return (58,674.00 INR/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (2.14) was also recorded in treatment 3 [Zinc (100ppm) + NAA (50ppm)] as compared to other treatments.

Effect of GA3 and NAA on tomato production under protected cultivation in Kaski, Nepal

A field experiment was carried out under naturally ventilated greenhouse to assess the performance of tomato cv. Srijana as influenced by GA 3 and NAA during the summer season of 2018–2019 at Kham Ghale Krishi farm, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal. The treatments comprised of four levels of Gibberellic Acid (GA 3 ) (i.e., 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm) combined with four different levels of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (i.e., 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm). Treatments were replicated thrice in the two factorial RCBD. The results revealed that the fruit yield was significantly influenced by the levels of GA 3 , NAA and their interactions. Among four levels of NAA, the highest yield (109.91metric ton ha-1) of tomato was recorded with NAA @ 25 ppm which was 10.37%, 17.47% and 24.78% higher over NAA @ 0 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm and NAA @ 75 ppm, respectively. Similarly, a significantly higher yield (103.46metric ton ha-1) of tomato was attained with GA 3 @ 50 ppm and it was 13.91%, 10.31% and 6.74% higher over GA 3 @ 0 ppm, GA 3 @ 25 ppm and GA 3 @ 75 ppm, respectively. Interactions between GA 3 and NAA levels were significant for all yield attributes. Regression analysis on the effect of GA 3 and NAA on the yield of tomato exhibited a polynomial regression equation, while the physical dose of GA 3 and NAA was observed to be 52.65 ppm and 20.29 ppm, respectively. It could be suggested that the production of tomato could be improved by the combined application of GA 3 @ 50 ppm and NAA @ 25 ppm under the controlled condition of Kaski, Nepal. • Average yield per hectare for tomato is very low in summer season particularly due to poor fruit set and flower drop. • GA3 and NAA can be used to address the problem of poor fruiting and flower drop. • Application of GA3 @50 ppm and NAA@25 ppm led to better fruit set and yield under protected condition. • This can boost the yield and encourage tomato growers to use PGR's at proper concentration under protected condition.

Effect of Foliar Application of Nitrogen and NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) on Yield and Economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif (Autumn) season 2021 at Experimental Field of the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Praygraj, Uttar Pradesh, India which is located at 250 30’ 42’’N latitude, 810 60’ 56” E longitude and 98 m altitude above mean sea level. The treatments consisted of three levels of urea spray – 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% and four levels of Naphthalene Acetic Acid [NAA] spray – 0ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm. The Treatments were applied as foliar spraying after 20 and 40 days after sowing. The Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with twelve Treatments replicated thrice on the basis of one year experimentation. To determine the “Effect of foliar application of nitrogen(N) and NAA on yield and economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The results showed that treatment with the application of N (Urea) 2.0% + NAA at 25 ppm recorded significantly highest number of pods per plant (16.93), number of seeds per pod (14.33), pod dry weight (4.17 g), test weight (18.42 g), seed yield (1436.26 kg ha-1), haulm yield (2651.97 kg ha-1). However, Maximum gross returns (1,20,204.7 INR ha-1), net returns (87,414.74 INR ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.66) were also reported in the same treatment of Nitrogen (Urea) 2.0% + NAA at 25 ppm.

Effect of nitrogen and naphthalene acetic acid on the growth and yield of summer onion

The experiment was conducted to study the response of summer onion to N2 and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA). The experiment consisted of two factors. Factor A: 4 levels of Nitrogen viz. N0-0kg (control), N1-90kg ha-1, N2-110kg ha-1 and N3-130kg ha-1 and Factor B: 4 levels of NAA viz. H0-0ppm, H1- 50ppm, H2-100ppm and H3-150ppm. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Results revealed that in terms of nitrogen, the highest bulb diameter (4.90cm), bulb weight plant-1 (51.48g) and bulb yield ha-1 (17.78t) were found from N2 (110kg N ha-1). In case of application of NAA, the highest bulb length (3.22cm), bulb diameter (4.38cm), bulb weight plant-1 (45.18g) and bulb yield ha-1 (15.49t) were recorded from H2 (100ppm NAA). Regarding combined effect of nitrogen and NAA the highest bulb length (3.76cm), highest bulb diameter (5.26cm), highest bulb weight plant-1 (55.50g) and highest bulb yield ha-1 (19.60t) were recorded from the treatment combination of N2H2. Considering economic analysis, the highest BCR (2.39) was also obtained from N2H2 (110kg N ha-1 with 100ppm NAA) treatment combination.

Effect of Nitrogen and Foliar Application of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) on Growth and Yield of Baby corn (Zea mays L.)

The experiment entitled effect of nitrogen and foliar application of naphthaleneacetic acid on growth and yield of Baby corn (Zea mays L.) was conducted during the Rabi season of 2020 at the Fodder Production Farm of Livestock Research Station, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Lam Farm, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 10treatments and each replicated thrice. Treatments consisted of a combination of three levels of nitrogen (60.0, 90.0, 120.0kg/ha) and three levels of naphthalene acetic acid (20,40,60 ppm). It was found that an application of 120 kg Nitrogen/ha as basal along with foliar spray of 40 ppm naphthalene acetic acid at 25 and 35 days after sowing, was the most suitable treatment for obtaining growth and yield attributes such as plant height (177.60 cm), number of leaves (11.33), plant dry weight (113.58g/plant), chlorophyll content (68.43), Leaf Area Index (8.65) and green fodder yield (20333 kg/ha) with net return (83,701.88 Rs/ha) and B:C ratio (1.68). On the basis of one-year experimentation it is concluded that the application of 120 kg Nitrogen/ha + 40 ppm naphthalene acetic acid, on baby corn improved cob yield by 25 % and was found more productive than the recommended dose of fertilizer.

The Effect of Different Levels of Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the Rooting of The Effect of Different Levels of Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the Rooting of Pear Stem CuPear Stem Cutting

The Effect of Different Levels of Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the Rooting of The Effect of Different Levels of Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the Rooting of Pear Stem CuPear Stem Cutting

Effect of Different Levels of Naphthalene Acetic Acid at Various Phenological Stages of Hybrid Sorghum to Enhance Fodder Productivity

Effect of Different Levels of Naphthalene Acetic Acid at Various Phenological Stages of Hybrid Sorghum to Enhance Fodder Productivity

Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Irrigation Regimes Influence Paddy Yield and its Economics under Arid Conditions

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to highlight the impact of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and irrigation regimes on the productivity of coarse rice under agro-ecological conditions of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The experiment was comprised of two factors with four levels (0, 60, 90, 120 mL ha-1) of NAA and irrigation at the depths (60, 75, 90 and 105 cm) of soil profile. The data was interpreted to observe the plant height (cm), productive tillers (m-2), sterility percentage (%), biological yield (t ha-1), and grain yield (t ha-1) of coarse rice. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was also calculated. The results indicated that the application of NAA was found very effective in improving paddy yield and hence resulted in better BCR value. The maximum paddy yield was attained under the application of NAA 90 mL ha-1 as PGR (NAA) at 75 cm irrigation depth. The experimental data confirm that the application of NAA at the rate of 90 mL ha-1 with irrigation upto depth of 75 cm increases grain yield in rice and ensures better economic returns, thus inclusion of 90 mL ha-1 as PGR (NAA) at 75 cm irrigation depth under arid conditions assist in boosting paddy yield.

Effect of Naphthalen Acetic Acid and Brassinostroids on Propagating of Strawberry plants CV. Alboin.

This study was carried out in a plastic house of a Palm Date Research Unit-Agricultural College-University of Baghdad, during season 2013-2014, to study the effect of naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) and Brassinosteroids (BL) and their interaction to the strawberry vegetative growth. The study include 12 treatments, to spray strawberry's plant with three levels from the NAA (0, 25,50,100)mg.l-1. And three levels from the BL ( 0, 0.10, 0.05 )mg.l-1. A factorial experiment carried out at randomized completed blocked design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results were revealed the plants were significantly increased in plant height, length of runner, crown, s number, at 100 mg.l -1 levels of NAA. While the treatment (50mg.l-1) give runner ,s number and number of new plant per runner. The additions of BL were increased in plant height and crown diameter, at 0.1mg.l-1level,s of BL . While the treatment (0.05mg.l-1) give significantly increased in length of runner, crowns number's, runner numbers and plants number per runner. The interaction of two van able were significant for all the studies traits.

Ácido naftalenoacético associado à adubação potássica na brotação de café conilon

Os gastos com mão de obra podem representar mais de 50% do custo total de produção do café Conilon, sendo a poda e a desbrota responsáveis por maior parte desses custos, ficando atrás somente dos gastos com colheita. Alguns fitorreguladores de crescimento do grupo das auxinas associados ao potássio (K2O) podem reduzir a emissão de brotos. Objetivaram-se com o trabalho verificar o efeito do ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) associado à adubação potássica na brotação de café Conilon. O experimento foi realizado de junho de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, em lavoura adulta de café Conilon não irrigada, da cultivar “G35-Verdebrás”, localizada no Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo – Campus Santa Teresa. Utilizaram-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com o arranjo fatorial 5x4 entre níveis de ANA e níveis de K2O, respectivamente. Foram empregadas cinco doses de ANA (0, 50, 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1), e quatro de K2O na adubação, (60, 120, 240 e 480 kg ha-1). Observou-se que a aplicação de ANA influencia a emissão de brotos por favorecer a dominância apical das plantas. Os níveis aplicados de K2O interferem na ação do ANA, sendo que a aplicação de dosagens elevadas do nutriente pode inibir a ação deste fitorregulador. A aplicação de 344 mg L-1 de ANA associada à adubação de 120 Kg ha-1 de K2O reduziu o número de brotos por planta sem interferir na produtividade e desenvolvimento das brotações remanescentes.

Influence of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield and economics attributes of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

The present experiment was conducted to study the response of naphthalene acetic acid NAA and integrated nutrient management on yield and yield attributes as well as and economics of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) with four levels of NAA (0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm) and five levels of vermicompost (VC) along with RDF (V0-100% Recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. 120:60:60 Kg N P K /ha ), V1-100% N through Vermicompost, V2-75% N through VC + 25% (RDF), V3-50% N through VC + 50% (RDF) , V4-25% N through VC + 75% (RDF), having 20 treatment combinations. The results revealed that the combine application of 50 ppm NAA and 100% N through vermicomposti.e. P2V1 performed well in respect of fruit length (8.73 cm), fruit diameter (1.46 cm) and fruit weight (2.91 g) while the application of NAA 50 ppm + 50% N through vermicompost along with 50% RDF i.e. P2V3 gave significantly (P=0.05) maximum number of fruits/plant (73.86) and fruit yield per hectare (121.20 q) with higher gross income (Rs.2,66,640.00/ ha), net profit (Rs.1,98,946.00/ ha) and benefit - cost ratio (2.94). Therefore, it can be concluded that the combine effect of NAA 50 ppm along with 50 % N through vermicompost +50% inorganic fertilizers (RDF) gave better result regarding growth and yield attributes and also generated maximum gross income, net return and B:C ratio while the next best treatment was application of NAA 75 ppm along with 25 % N through vermicompost + 75 % inorganic fertilizers (RDF).

Effects of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Indole -3- Butyric Acid (IBA) on In Vitro Rooting of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Micro- Shoots

In Vitro rooting of micropropagated micro-shoots of two commercial sugarcane varieties was carried out with the aim of evaluating the root induction responses of the sugarcane varieties (B41-227 and N14) to alpha naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole -3- butyric acid (IBA). Accordingly, four levels of NAA (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1) and IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg L-1) in a completely randomized design with 4 × 4 × 2 factorial treatment combination arrangements were tested. Data on the number of roots per shoot and average root length (cm) were collected after 30 days of culture on ½ MS root induction medium. Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effects of NAA, IBA and the sugarcane genotypes on number of roots per shoot and average root length of both sugarcane varieties was very highly significant (P<0.0001). Culture medium containing 2 mg L-1 NAA and 1 mg L-1 IBA for B41-227 and 1 mg L-1 NAA alone for N14 was found to be optimum. On these medium, B41-227 gave 33 ± 0.15 roots per shoot with 2.92 ± 0.18 cm root length and N14 produced 35± 0.20 roots per shoot with 3.2 ± 0.25 cm root length. The rooted plantlets were survived 100% after four weeks of acclimatization in greenhouse on Farmyard manure and soil at 2:8 ratios. The optimized protocol can be used to develop healthy and profuse root system in the sugarcane micro-shoots, an essential stage in sugarcane micropropagation.

Effects of photoperiod, plant growth regulators and culture media on in vitro growth of seedlings of Cyrtochilum loxense (Lindl.) Kraenzl. an endemic and endangered orchid from Ecuador

Cyrtochilum loxense (Lindl.) Kraenzl. is an endemic and seriously endangered orchid species endemic in the Loja Province (Southern Ecuador). The main goals of this research were to analyze how culture media, plant growth regulators and photoperiod affect the growth of C. loxense. Eight month old plants (approximate 1 – 1.5 cm in height) obtained by in vitro germination, were cultivated on MS media or Knudson C; MS with three levels of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2/0.5; 1/0.5 y 0.5/ 0.5 mg-1L); and three photoperiodic regimes (24/0, 16/8, 8/16 h) on MS with and without plant growth regulators. No significant differences of shoot induction were observed on media with or without plant growth regulators, and all tested photoperiods. The highest growth (1.2 cm) was observed in plantlets cultivated on growth regulator-free media with a 16/8 photoperiod. Also the shoot and root formation was better in this species in absence of plant growth regulators. Probably this response is due to the endogenous hormone levels in the tissues or due to the kind and concentrations of PGRs used were too low to induce positive morphogenetic responses.

Effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) as growth regulator along with chelated zinc and iron on the availability of manganese, zinc, copper and iron in Mentha piperita Linn cultivar Kukrail

A field experiment was displayed at the research plot of chemistry Department of Allahabad Agricultural Institute Deemed University, Allahabad to study the effect of NAA along with chelated Zinc and Iron on the availability of micronutrients of Mentha piperrita cultivar Kukrail during winter season. It is quite obvious that Mn was influenced significantly by application of NAA and Zn/Fe EDTA through foliar spray. The concentration of Mn increased with increasing levels of NAA with or without application of Zn/Fe EDTA and markedly higher in Mentha plants at 60 ppm NAA with 10ppm Zn/Fe EDTA. The higher concentration of NAA suppressed the uptake of nutrients above 60 ppm. However, the intake of Mn, Zn and Cu was much higher in second year trial with NAA and Zn while Fe obtained higher uptake in first year than that of second year experiment. The application of NAA was found to increase the Cu uptake with increasing doses till 60ppm with or without the incorporation of Zn/Fe and then gradually a fall at higher concentrations. The second cutting value in second year trial was higher than the corresponding year cutting affected by NAA with Zn. The result was found significant over control due to foliar application of NAA and Fe separately in second year experiment. Fe uptake in mint plants grown with different doses of NAA and Fe in second year trial was greater than first year trial. The Fe uptake in menta piperita plants in both trials were found higher over control. But the Fe uptake in mint plants narrowed down above 60ppm of NAA application with or without Zn/Fe EDTA spray.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10636 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 238-245

Effect of phase of medium, growth regulators and nutrient supplementations on in vitro shoot-tip necrosis in pear

The incidence of shoot-tip necrosis (STN) was observed during the in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting stages of five Pyrus genotypes. During shoot multiplication, there was no incidence of STN in any of the five pear genotypes after 2 weeks of culture. However, after 6 weeks of culturing, necrotic apices were observed in all the pear genotypes, except wild pear. After 8 weeks of culture, 79.31% STN was observed in Punjab Beauty, followed by Patharnakh (49.60%), kainth (24.65%), shiara (17.68%) and wild pear (7.32%). Irrespective of the genotype, STN increased with an increase in BA concentration only in 8-week-old cultures. During in vitro rooting, the incidence of STN also varied with the genotype. In all five pear genotypes, the use of liquid media for in vitro rhizogenesis was useful in reducing the incidence of necrotic apices. The auxin type and level also influenced the occurrence of STN significantly. In wild pear, the incidence of necrotic apices increased with an increase in the concentration of auxins. A combination of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)+Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) resulted in a higher incidence of STN than IBA or NAA alone at higher concentrations. Lower concentrations of IBA (0.62 to 2.46 µM L−1) resulted in a higher incidence of STN compared with the lower levels of NAA (0.67 and 1.34 µM L−1). In kainth, there was no significant difference in the incidence of STN at higher concentrations of IBA (5.37 and 10.74 µM L−1) and NAA (4.92 and 9.84 µM L−1). 2, 4-D resulted in a higher incidence of STN in comparison with IBA, NAA or NAA+IBA in the rooting medium. In Punjab Beauty, the percentage of necrotic apices at 0.67 and 1.34 µM L−1 NAA (40.46% and 40.04%, respectively) was on a par with the control (37.92%), but it was significantly less than the STN observed at 0.62 and 1.23 µM L−1 of IBA. In Patharnakh, IBA resulted in a significantly higher incidence of STN than NAA at all tested concentrations. In shiara, all the auxin treatments significantly increased STN. At lower levels (0.62 and 1.23 µM L−1), IBA resulted in a higher incidence of STN than the lower concentration of NAA (0.67 and 1.34 µM L−1), whereas at higher levels (2.46 to 9.84 µM L−1) IBA was on a par with NAA (2.69 to 10.74 µM L−1). Supplementation with calcium and boron significantly affected the percentage of necrotic apices in wild pear, Punjab Beauty and Patharnakh. In wild pear, raising the calcium level to 3 mM reduced the STN to 2.60%. In Punjab Beauty and Patharnakh, STN increased with an increase in calcium levels. Boron supplementations eliminated the incidence of STN in wild pear. Similarly, in Patharnakh, boron (500 µM and 1000 µM) significantly reduced the STN. Callus development was also observed at the base of pear shoots showing STN symptoms during rooting phase, but it did not show any significant trend. Higher levels of IBA, NAA+IBA and 2, 4-D resulted in the formation of large-sized calluses and STN in wild pear shoots on solid medium. There was a high incidence of STN in Punjab Beauty, Patharnakh and shiara but, the basal callus development in these genotypes was much less.

Tissue culture in &lt;i&gt; Pinus caribaea &lt;/i&gt; mor. var. &lt;i&gt; hondurensis &lt;/i&gt; barr &amp; golf. 1. effects of two auxins and two cytokinins on callus growth and greening

Growth of callus explants was studied by manipulating the hormonal composition of Von Arnold and Eriksson's (AE) 1977 medium. Various auxin – cytokinin combinations were tested. Growth of callus on fresh weight basis, was best promoted by 2mgl-1 Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and also by the interaction between Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) at 2mgl-1 and 6- Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) at 0.5mgl-1. Although there were no significant differences among the various combinations of NAA levels with kinetin levels and NAA levels with BAP levels with respect to fresh weight production, per cent increments over the controls were determined. Maximum increments were obtained from 1mgl-1 NAA x 0.5mgl-1 kinetin (406.5%) and 1mgl-1 NAA x 0.5mgl-1 BAP (198.06%). There were strong indications that high fresh weights were not always synonymous with dry matter production. Among the levels of NAA, 0mgl-1 and 0.5mgl-1 produced the highest percentages. In NAA x kinetin cultures, 0mgl-1 produced a value of 0.467% while 0.5mgl-1 in NAA x BAP cultures produced a value of 0.485%. For kinetin levels, 5mgl-1 produced the maximum percentage of 0.451% while for BAP levels, 0mgl-1 (0.471%) and 5mgl-1 (0.462%) produced the optimum percentages. With respect to the hormonal interactions, optimal percentages were obtained in 0mgl-1 NAA x 5mgl-1 kinetin (0.643%) and 0.5mgl-1 NAA x 0mgl-1 BAP (0.625%) cultures. Spectrophotometric studies revealed the existence of an association between the chlorophyll content of calluses and the grade of greening. Callus greening was best promoted by the main effects of kinetin (5mgl-1), BAP (5mgl-1) and NAA (2mgl-1). An unusual sign of physiological specialization (reddish pigmentation) was observed in some of the callus clumps. The implications of the results have been discussed.. Keywords: Totipotency, Explants, Auxins, Cytokinins, Callus Agro-Science Vol. 4(1) 2006: pp. 14-23

(279) Morinda citrifolia In Vitro Seminal Germination, Callus and Organogenesis Induction

Noni, Morinda citrifolia, is receiving a lot of attention for its potential medicinal effects. Hawaii is an ideal growing environment for this plant, where it has been used for many purposes, including medicinal ones, by ancient Polynesians. Currently, there is a rapidly developing noni industry in the state of Hawaii. Propagation of this plant is almost exclusively by seeds, and germination generally requires a couple of months without preconditioning or about a month if mechanically scarified. We developed an in vitro protocol that significantly improves percent germination rate by altering incubation temperature and the in vitro culture basal medium. Germination time was decreased to 4 days when the embryo was extracted and exposed to 31 °C. A basal medium containing 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (M&amp;S) salts was the most effective in reducing germination time and increasing percent germination. Stem pieces obtained from in vitro-propagated seedlings produced callus when explanted in 1/2 M&amp;S containing various levels of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The most effective treatment was 0.5 μm NAA and the least effective treatment was 2 μm NAA. Treatments without NAA did not produce callus. Calli treated with 4.40 μm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or 8.80 μm BA were the most effective in promoting caulogenesis. We also demonstrated that the number of first generation seedlings produced from each embryo could be increased by treatment with 8.80 μm BA.

In vitro regeneration of the tennessee coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis)

Abstract Tennessee coneflower [Echinacea tennesseensis (Beadle) Small] was regenerated from flower stalks, leaf sections from flowering plants, and hypocotyls and cotyledons from seedlings. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.54 μM and thidiazuron (TDZ) at 22.7 μM yielded the most shoots per leaf explant. NAA and 6-benzylaminopurine concentrations for optimal shoot regeneration from leaf, flower stalk, cotyledon and hypocotyl explants in MS media were 0.54 and 24.6 μM, respectively. All explant types generated shoots; however, those derived from leaves and flower stalks produced the highest number of shoots per explant and highest percentage of explants with shoots. Explants cultured on media containing high levels of NAA (5.4–27 μM) formed calluses but no adventitious shoot. Leaf explants responded to a wider range of NAA concentrations than the other explant types but shoots generated from flower stalks grew the fastest. While all cytokinins tested increas...

In vitro culture of common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.)

Verbascum thapsus L. is a medicinal herb and has been used to treat inflammatory disease, asthma, spasmodic coughs and migraine headaches. Studies were initiated to establish an in vitro culture protocol for V. thapsus. Explants (leaf dises, petioles and roots) were cultured on Murashing and Skoog minimal organics (MSMO) medium with benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin. Best shoot proliferation was obtained from leaf dise and petiole explants at 13.32 μM BA. Leaf dises were cultured on MSMO medium with 13.32 μM BA in combination with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). More shoot development was obtained with 13.32 μM BA and 5.37 μM NAA. Shoots were transferred to rooting media containing different levels of NAA and 2,4-D. Most of the shoots formed roots on media with 5.37 μM NAA. Plants were transferred to vermiculite and subsequently to potting media and maintained in the greenhouse.

Micropropagation of `Norton' Winegrape

A method has been developed for micropropagation of the difficult-to-root winegrape cultivar `Norton' (Vitis aestivalis). Plants were established in vitro from axillary bud cuttings of field-grown plants. Four levels of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and three levels of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested in a factorial arrangement for their effectiveness in promoting multiplication of shoots from single-node explants. Three levels of NAA and two concentrations of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium were tested for their effectiveness in promoting rooting of shoot tips. The greatest number of shoots per axillary bud in combination with the greatest shoot length were produced with 4 μmol·L-1 [0.90 mg·L-1 (ppm)] BA. NAA had no effect on shoot multiplication. NAA was not required for in vitro rooting. All rooted plants survived the transition to soil.