Levels Of NAA Research Articles

Effect of NAA and GA3 on Fruit Yield and Yield Attributary Traits in Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.) cv. Sharbati

The experiment included four levels of NAA, 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm, and four levels of GA3, 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm, administered topically and evaluated in comparison to a control (water spray). The measurements of several parameters, such as fruit set, fruit size, fruit volume, fruit weight of 100 fruits, fruit yield per plant, and fruit yield per hectare, were made. According to the experiment, GA3 at 40 ppm enhanced fruit set, size, weight, and volume of the fruits, yield. Combining NAA+GA3 proved effective in improving the fruit set, fruit size, yield, and quality characteristics of phalsa fruits. For higher returns in the agro-climatic conditions of Central Uttar Pradesh, phalsa growers may be advised to apply these growth regulators.

Response of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra cv. Kashi Kranti

The present work was conducted to evaluate the response of okra cv. Kashi Kranti to plant growth regulators and micronutrients at the vegetable seed production area, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India during Kharif season. The experiment was laid out in RBD (Factorial) and replicated thrice. The experiment was framed with two levels of PGRs, GA3 (100 ppm,150 ppm) and NAA(100 ppm and 150 ppm), sprayed twice, first at twenty days after sowing and second at forty days after sowing. The maximum number of leaves (18.13), number of branches (3.48), plant height (104.17 cm), number of fruit per plant (23.39), fruit fresh weight (17.95g) and fruit yield (130.88q/ha), 1000 seed weight (78.49g) chlorophyll-a (1.84), chlorophyll-b( 0.81), zinc content (30.81 ppm), boron (22.55 ppm), copper (18.24 ppm) and germination (85.48%) was observed on application of GA3-100ppm, which was found to be significantly superior in most of the cases. Maximum net return highest benefit cost ratio (2.67) was also obtained on application of GA3100 ppm.

Kombinasi BAP dan NAA untuk Media Perbanyakan Nanas Varietas Smooth Cayenne, Toboali in Vitro

Toboali pineapple variety is a smooth cayenne variety because it contains high antioxidants in the form of vitamins A and C. In addition, it is a source of citric and malic acids, substances that can be used to enhance the taste of the fruit. Pineapple is a plant that is propagated with vegetative organs such as suckers, slips, and crowns. However, conventional propagation has a low propagation rate. Tissue culture is an in vitro technique used in the rapid propagation of plants and in large quantities to meet the needs of cultivation and research. The selection of regeneration media is very influential on the development of plants in tissue culture. This study aimed to obtain the optimal media combination with BAP and NAA in the regeneration of Smooth Cayenne pineapple (Toboali) in vitro for mass propagation of seedlings and genetic engineering research. This study used 6 levels of BAP, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> and 4 levels of NAA, namely 0, 1, 2, 3 mg.L<sup>-1</sup>. The treatment used was a combination of BAP and NAA as many as 24 treatments with 3 replications. The best pineapple regeneration medium for mass plant propagation in this study was BAP 3 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> without NAA media which produced the highest shoots of 17.33 shoots per explant at 12 week after planting. The best pineapple regeneration medium for genetic engineering research was a combination BAP 3 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> and NAA 2 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> media which produced 18.33 shoots per explant from embryogenic callus.

Metabolomics-based study of the potential interventional effects of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceXiao-Xu-Ming Decoction (XXMD) is a classical Chinese medicinal compound for the treatment of ischemic stroke, which has good efficacy in clinical studies and also plays a neuroprotective role in pharmacological studies. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study is to investigate the potential and integral interventional effects of XXMD on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat model. Materials and methodsIn this study, 1H NMR metabolomics was used, combined with neurological functional assessments, cerebral infarct area measurements, and pathological staining including Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining of NeuN and TUNEL, and immunohistochemical staining of MCT2, to analyze the metabolic effects of XXMD in the treatment of an ischemia/reperfusion rat model. ResultsIt's observed that XXMD treatment could improve the neurological deficit scores and reduce the cerebral infarct areas on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat model. The pathological staining results performed that XXMD treatment could improve the decrease of Nissl bodies and the expression of NeuN and MCT2, reduce the high expression of TUNEL. In 1H NMR study, it revealed that the metabolic patterns among three experimental groups were different, the level of lactate, acetate, NAA, glutamate, and GABA were improved to varying degrees in different brain area. ConclusionOur findings indicated that XXMD has positive effect on neuroprotection and improvement of metabolism targeting cerebral ischemic injury in rats, which showed great potential for ischemic stroke.

Therapeutic development for Canavan disease using patient iPSCs introduced with the wild-type ASPA gene

SummaryCanavan disease (CD) is a devastating neurological disease that lacks effective therapy. Because CD is caused by mutations of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, we introduced the wild-type (WT) ASPA gene into patient iPSCs through lentiviral transduction or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. We then differentiated the WT ASPA-expressing patient iPSCs (ASPA-CD iPSCs) into NPCs and showed that the resultant ASPA-CD NPCs exhibited potent ASPA enzymatic activity. The ASPA-CD NPCs were able to survive in brains of transplanted CD mice. The engrafted ASPA-CD NPCs reconstituted ASPA activity in CD mouse brains, reduced the abnormally elevated level of NAA in both brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and rescued hallmark pathological phenotypes of the disease, including spongy degeneration, myelination defects, and motor function impairment in transplanted CD mice. These genetically modified patient iPSC-derived NPCs represent a promising cell therapy candidate for CD, a disease that has neither a cure nor a standard treatment.

Somatic embryogenesis and β-glucuronidase transformation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum cv. Bivanich).

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important kernel legume in the world. To optimize the plant tissue culture some experiments such as direct regeneration, proliferation, rooting shoots and somatic embryogenesis were done. In experiments were used direct regeneration and proliferation, various levels of plant growth regulators NAA (0 and 1.0mg/l), BAP (0, 1, 3 and 5mg/l) and three explants' types (epicotyl, cotyledon and embryonic axis). The results of both experiments showed that embryonic axis explant was better than other explants. The highest percentage was obtained in MS media containing 1mg/l BAP and also 3mg/l BAP and 0.1mg/l NAA with an average of 72%. The highest average number of branches (4.66) was found in the proliferation of embryonic axis in MS medium containing 3mg/l BAP. The highest rooting shoot (90%) was found in 1/2MS in B5 medium vitamins with 0.2mg/l of IBA and 0.5mg/l NAA. Somatic embryogenesis experiments were compared on the concentration gradient of 2,4-D in fine embryonic axis explants. The results displayed that the concentration gradient of 10mg/l 2,4-D to 5mg/l of 2,4-D and then to zero concentration showed the highest number of embryos. The best environment for regeneration embryos was MS medium with 2.5mg/l of 2,4-D concentration gradient to zero. In this study, the PCR reaction showed the presence of the β-glucuronidase (gus) marker gene in regenerated cotyledons for 20min in all three strains studied.

Vital Parameters Assessments of Starvation Tolerance of in vitro Populus alba Culture

Populus alba is a large woody deciduous plant. The plant has been introduced to shooting, then multiplication of rooting on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. This work was designed to estimate the effect of two factors (low levels of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid NAA and sucrose) on P. alba response resulting in 6 treatments compared to the control, with twelve measured responses. There was a significant difference in some measurements in morphology, like plantlets fresh-weight, shoot-, root-length, and leaf number. In the physiological measurements, there were significant differences in all the measured parameters. The low concentrations of sucrose and media composition/power (MS grams/L) led to starvation in plants; however, these conditions led to enhancement in some morphological and physiological parameters to overcome the starvation effect, compared to the control. The RAPD-PCR molecular marker (four decamers) was used to evaluate the new individuals’ genetic variation (instability), resulting in a total polymorphism percentage of 50.83%. It was formerly known that the plantlets were identical to each other and to the mother plant. In this study, however, the use of distinct media power, hormonal and sucrose levels resulted in molecular variation reflected in P. alba’s morphological and physiological responses.

1H-[13C]-NMR investigation of brain energy metabolism in zebrafish: Impact of acute ethanol

Zebrafish has emerged as an excellent model organism for understanding the biology of the central nervous system. There is limited data pertaining to neurotransmitter energetics in the zebrafish brain. The present study evaluated brain energy metabolism in zebrafish by 1H-[13C]-NMR spectroscopy together with an intracardial administration of [1,6-13C2]glucose. Additionally, the impact of acute ethanol (1% in water) on brain energy metabolism was evaluated. The 13C turnover of brain amino acids from [1,6-13C2]glucose was measured in 1H-[13C]-NMR spectrum of brain tissue extract from 15 min to 90 min. The concentrations of neurometabolites in zebrafish are different than in rats and mice. There is fast incorporation of 13C labels into brain amino acids suggesting rapid glucose metabolism in the zebrafish brain. The incorporation of 13C in [4-13C]glutamate increased linearly until 30 min, and was maintained to a similar level thereafter. This is followed by [4-13C]glutamine and [3-13C]glutamate. The 13C turnover of [2–13C]GABA was much slower, and could attain ∼64% of [4-13C]glutamate labeling even at 90 min. Acute ethanol exposure significantly (p < 0.04) reduced levels of glutamate and NAA in the zebrafish brain. Most interestingly, the amount of 13C label accumulated into [4-13C]glutamate (p = 0.016), [2-13C]GABA (p = 0.016) and [3-13C]glutamate (p = 0.029) was decreased following acute neurotoxicity of ethanol. Moreover, the reduction in [4-13C]glutamine labeling in ethanol exposed fish points towards reduced synaptic transmission in acute ethanol exposed zebrafish. These data suggest that acute ethanol exposure in zebrafish suppresses neurometabolic activity of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Zebrafish exhibited neurometabolism similar to rats, mice and humans, and could be used as an alternate model to study the mechanism of various neurological disorders, and drug screening.

​Effect of Different Media on In vitro Rooting in Different Cultivar of Lilium longiflorum Cv. Elite, Brunello, Cordelia

Background: Lilium (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) belongs to the family Liliaceae and is a native of Northern Hemisphere (up to South Canada and Siberia). Conventionally Lilium can easily be propagated by sexual and asexual methods of propagation but these prevalent methods are not capable of meeting the increasing demand in domestic and global market. Generally, Lilium is propagated through bulbs but, limited number of bulbs per plant, long dormancy period of bulbs which again results into non-availability of planting material throughout the year. Keeping in view the above facts, the present study was undertaken with the following objective: “To standardize the cost effective protocol for micro propagation of lilium to produce disease free and true to type plants at a faster rate”. Methods: The present investigation was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Centre for Research and Application in Plant Tissue Culture. The experiment was laid out in a C.R.D. (Factorial) with three replications. In vitro raised bulblets were separated out and were transferred on to the root regeneration media. Different levels of NAA were used in MS media for the rooting of in vitro raised bulblets and percent rooting of plantlet is recorded. Result: It was interesting to note that the media LR-3 (MS + NAA 1.0 mg/l) is most efficient for rooting in all type of cultivars. All the three cultivars used responded very poor on media LR-1 (MS basal).

Brain energy metabolism in intracerebroventricularly administered streptozotocin mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: A 1H-[13C]-NMR study

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder. Although a majority of the AD cases are sporadic, most of the studies are conducted using transgenic models. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administered streptozotocin (STZ) animals have been used to explore mechanisms in sporadic AD. In this study, we have investigated memory and neurometabolism of ICV-STZ-administered C57BL6/J mice. The neuronal and astroglial metabolic activity was measured in 1H-[13C]-NMR spectrum of cortical and hippocampal tissue extracts of mice infused with [1,6-13C2]glucose and [2-13C]acetate, respectively. STZ-administered mice exhibited reduced (p = 0.00002) recognition index for memory. The levels of creatine, GABA, glutamate and NAA were reduced (p ≤ 0.04), while that of myo-inositol was increased (p < 0.05) in STZ-treated mice. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.014) reduction in aspartate-C3, glutamate-C4/C3, GABA-C2 and glutamine-C4 labeling from [1,6-13C2]glucose. This resulted in decreased rate of glucose oxidation in the cerebral cortex (0.64 ± 0.05 vs. 0.77 ± 0.05 µmol/g/min, p = 0.0008) and hippocampus (0.60 ± 0.04 vs. 0.73 ± 0.07 µmol/g/min, p = 0.001) of STZ-treated mice, due to similar reductions of glucose oxidation in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Additionally, reduced glutamine-C4 labeling points towards compromised synaptic neurotransmission in STZ-treated mice. These data suggest that the ICV-STZ model exhibits neurometabolic deficits typically observed in AD, and its utility in understanding the mechanism of sporadic AD.

Effect of spacing and plant growth regulators on yield and economic of Zaid sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The field experiment was conducted during Zaid season, 2020 at Crop Research Farm (CRF), Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (UP) On sandy loam soil to investigate the Effect of Spacing and Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Economic of Zaid Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments replicated thrice with the different spacing (30cm x 10cm and 45cm x 10cm) and different levels of NAA (10 ppm & 20 ppm), GA3 (10 ppm & 20 ppm), IAA (10 ppm & 20 ppm) and salicylic acid (10 ppm & 20 ppm) as foliar spray. Study revealed that Spacing 45cm x 10cm + GA3 10 ppm foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS was recorded significantly higher Seed yield (8.27 q/ha), Stover yield (27.84 q/ha) as compared to all the treatment combinations. The economic analysis clearly indicates that higher B:C ratio (2.10) recorded with treatment of spacing 45cm x 10cm + GA3 10 ppm foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS as compared to all treatment combinations.

IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF VACHELLIA MACRACANTHA, AN IMPORTANT SPECIES OF THE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST IN NORTHERN PERU

Vachellia macracantha (ex Acacia macracantha) is one of the most important tree species in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTR) of northern Peru. The study aims to develop an efficient callus induction and micropropagation protocol from microcuttings of adult trees of this mentioned species, distributed across the North of Peru to the South of Ecuador. Shoot and uninodal microcuttings from three to five-year-old plants were investigated respecting their vegetative propagation and rooting capacity in vitro. High levels of NAA (2.5 to 7.5 mg L-1) were most efficient for shoot elongation and axillary bud development, although the basal callus formation and defolitation occurrence was also very high. In this case, the NAA 0.02 mg L-1, BAP 0.05, and GA3 0.05 mg L-1 interaction has been produced a better multiplication rate after 30 days without both basal callus formation and defoliation. Our findings suggest that other treatments tested such as NAA-BAP, NAA-KIN and NAA-2iP interaction, not were significantly satisfactory. Rooting response and consequently shoot elongation were always better with IBA (0.5 to 2.0 mg L-1) than NAA, under the same growth regulators concentrations.

Determining the effect of bioregulators on in-vitro rooting of Carica papaya L. through shoot tip and inflorescences

Papaya is a highly heterozygous fruit crop, therefore there is a need for multiplication of plant through Tissue Culture for bearing fruits in almost all the plants. Keeping these facts in view the multiplication of Papaya Carica papaya L. cv. Pusa Delicious through Tissue Culture were studied in the Tissue Culture Lab of the Department of Horticulture, Sardar Vallabhbhai University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, (U.P.) during the year 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in two way factorial design with 10 treatments comprising 5 levels of NAA (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 ppm) and 5 levels of IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 ppm) replicated thrice. The different concentrations of Auxins alone are applied. The effect of these treatment was observed among the different concentration of the bio-regulators, In case of rooting of explants, the effect of IBA and NAA was studied with the half dose of CHU (N6) media, NAA 3 ppm was most effective in terms of root induction in explant which induced the root just in 11.66 days. IBA 1 ppm was best in inducing maximum number of roots. Hence based on the result obtained from the investigation it can be concluded that the NAA 3 ppm is the best for early rooting and IBA 1 ppm is ideal for obtaining maximum numbers of root in CHU (N6) media for Papaya (Carica papaya L.) tissue culture.

Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributing characteristics of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari

The present investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributing characteristics of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari” was carried out at the instructional Farm, Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G) during the year 2017-18 employing Randomized Block Design with three replications. Three levels of NAA i.e., 15, 25 and 35 ppm, three levels of GA3 i.e. 15, 25 and 35 ppm and three levels of 2, 4-D i.e. 15, 25 and 35 ppm were sprayed at pea and marble stage of fruit development. All the treatments significantly influenced the number of fruits retained at pea, marble and harvesting stage of fruit growth and development as compared to the control. Foliar application of 35 ppm GA3 at pea and marble stage of fruit development increased number of fruits (880.49) as well as total yield (135.46 kg/plant). Physical characters of fruit viz., Fruit Length (11.65cm) and width of fruits (6.82cm), average fruit weight (177.84g), volume (173.63g) and pulp weight (130.41g) were also improved with the foliar application of 35 ppm GA3. While, stone weight (25.39g) and peel weight (19.02g) was reduced with the foliar application of 35 ppm NAA and 25 ppm foliar application of 2, 4-D. Among the different concentrations of plant growth regulators; the foliar application of 35 ppm NAA, 35 ppm GA3, 35 ppm 2, 4-D were found to be optimum concentration by which yield and yield attributing characteristics of fruits can be significantly influenced.

Micropropagation of Chapada Diamantina ornamental bromeliad

ABSTRACT: Sincoraea mucugensis (Wand. &amp; A.A. Conc.) LOUZADA &amp; WAND, an endangered bromeliad, is confined to the central region of the Chapada Diamantina, in the municipality of Mucugê, Brazil. From various researches, it is evident that for the propagation of this species, the in vitro technique is a feasible option. However, due to the low multiplication rates reported in various papers, this study aimed to establish a micropropagation protocol of direct organogenesis for S. mucugensis. First, the inoculation of the stem explants was done in MS ½ culture medium which contained different levels of BAP (0.00; 6.66; 8.88; 11.10; 13.20 µM) and NAA (0.00; 2.60; 5.20 µM). These shoots were then subjected to a couple of distinct rooting periods (of 30- and 60-day duration) using activated charcoal; finally, these microplants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization, and covered with transparent plastic cups, as a water loss prevention test method. All the data were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were subjected to regression analysis or compared using the Tukey test. The findings revealed that the S. mucugensis stem explants raised in the NAA-rich medium (6.42 to 7.43 shoots/explants) showed high multiplication rates; the shoot rooting was done for 30 days using activated charcoal with the medium. Acclimatization, which was performed by directly exposing the microplants to the ex vitro environment, showed 95% survival rate.

Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth and yield of cabbage

A field experiment was conducted at the Plant Physiology Field of Horticulture Research Center (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during the rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the response of cabbage (var. Krishibid Hybrid-1 and Atlas-70) to foliar application of GA3 and NAA with different concentrations. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete block Design with three replications. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz., three levels of GA3 (at 50, 75 and 100 ppm) and four levels of NAA (at 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm) along with distilled water as control. The varieties Krishibid Hybrid-1 and Atlas-70 were used in 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. Foliar spray of GA3 and NAA was given at 25 and 45 days after transplanting of seedling. The results of the investigation indicated significant differences among the treatments on most of the parameters studied. In Krishibid Hybrid-1, application of 50 ppm GA3 and 60 ppm NAA increased plant height, plant spread, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, head height, head diameter, single head weight without unfolded leaves as well as head yield (81.18 t/ha for 50 ppm GA3 and 78.57 t/ha for 60 ppm NAA) than the control (67.29 t/ha) and other treatments. But, in Atlas-70, application of 75 ppm GA3 gave the maximum values of most of the growth parameters, yield components and yield (102.40 t/ha), which was followed by 50 ppm GA3 (94.96 t/ha). In Krishibid Hybrid-1, application of 60 ppm NAA gave the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 3.63 followed by 75 ppm GA3 (3.59) while in Atlas-70, 75 ppm GA3 recorded the highest BCR of 4.79 followed by 50 ppm GA3 (4.54) and 60 ppm NAA (4.37). Therefore, application of GA3 @ 50-75 ppm or NAA @ 60 ppm concentration can be recommended for increasing the yield of cabbage with higher return.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(2): 367-376, June 2019

Auxin Modulated Initiation of Lateral Roots Is Linked to Pericycle Cell Length in Maize.

Auxin is essential for the regulation of root system architecture by controlling primary root elongation and lateral root (LR) formation. Exogenous auxin has been reported to inhibit primary root elongation and promote the formation of LRs. In this study, LR formation in the Zea mays primary root was quantitatively evaluated after exogenous auxin treatment by comparing the effects of auxin on two selected zones elongated either before or after auxin application. We determined two main variables in both zones: the LR density per unit of root length (LRD), and the mean phloem pericycle cell length. The total number of phloem pericycle cells (PPCs) per unit of root length was then calculated. Considering that each LR primordium is initiated from four founder cells (FCs), the percentage of PPCs (%PPC) that behave as FCs in a specific root zone was estimated by dividing the number of pericycle cells by four times the LRD. This index was utilized to describe LR initiation. Root zones elongated in the presence of a synthetic auxin (1-naphthalene acetic acid, NAA) at low concentrations (0.01 μM) showed reduced cell length and increased LRD. However, a high concentration of NAA (0.1 μM) strongly reduced both cell length and LRD. In contrast, both low and high levels of NAA stimulated LRD in zones elongated before auxin application. Analysis of the percentage of FCs in the phloem pericycle in zones elongated in the presence or absence of NAA showed that low concentrations of NAA increased the %PFC, indicating that LR initiation is promoted at new sites; however, high concentrations of NAA elicited a considerable reduction in this variable in zones developed in the presence of auxin. As these zones are composed of short pericycle cells, we propose that short pericycle cells are incapable to participate in LR primordium initiation and that auxin modulated initiation of LRs is linked to pericycle cell length.

English

Potato is a versatile vegetable that is eaten all around the year. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for in vitro micropropagation of Gudene and Belete popular varieties in Ethiopia from lateral bud explants. For shoot induction and multiplication, lateral bud explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentration levels of PGRS. Rooting was done on the same media type with different concentration levels of IBA and NAA in&nbsp;combination. The rooted plantlets were then acclimatized under poly-house conditions by transplanting the plantlets regenerated on moist soil mixture of loam soil, sand and compost in 2:1:1 ratio respectively. Results showed that shoot initiation, shoot multiplication and root formation responses were significant (P&lt;0.05) at different hormone levels and combinations. 91.67 and 87.5% of explants survived and initiated for Gudenie and Belete varieties, respectively on shoot initiation MS basal medium supplemented with combination of 2.0 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l IAA. In both varieties, number of nodes/explant, number of shoots/explant and shoot length/explant were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher at 0.5 mg/l BAP and 2 mg/l Kn. Number of days to shoot emergence was also found to be shorter at this level of hormonal combination than other treatments. Number of roots/shoot, root length/shoot, root fresh and dry weight were significantly affected due to growth regulators combination. The acclimatization experiment showed that plantlets of both varieties survived better on the sterilized soil mixture (loam red soil, san and compost) in a ratio of 2:1:1 with better Gudene performance as compared to the second variety. &nbsp; Key words: Explants, auxin, cytokinin, in vitro propagation, MS media and lateral buds.

Left fimbria atrophy is associated with hippocampal metabolism in female major depressive disorder patients.

Despite the high incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in females, the detailed neurobiology mechanism remains not fully understood. Increasing evidence showed that MDD was associated with hippocampal volumetric abnormality with different subfields demonstrating various alteration features. However, the linkage between hippocampal atrophy with its biochemical information remains unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between bilateral hippocampal subfields volumetric and metabolic information in female MDD patients, using a combined T1weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) technology. There are 15 female MDD patients and 12 matched healthy controls involved in the study. We found a significant decrease in left fimbria volume in MDD group, which was negatively correlated with left hippocampal choline level. In addition, the left hippocampal creatine concentration in patients was negatively correlated with left fimbria volume. Moreover, the NAA level in left hippocampus was negatively correlated with MDD clinical symptomology including anxiety and depression scores. Our findings suggest that the altered coupling between hippocampal structural and metabolic features might contribute to the etiology of female MDD patients.

Effect of monolingualism and bilingualism in the anterior cingulate cortex: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in two centers

Reports of an advantage of bilingualism on brain structure in young adult participants are inconsistent. Abutalebi et al. (2012) reported more efficient monitoring of conflict during the Flanker task in young bilinguals compared to young monolingual speakers. The present study compared young adult (mean age = 24) Cantonese-English bilinguals in Hong Kong and young adult monolingual speakers. We expected (a) differences in metabolites in neural tissue to result from bilingual experience, as measured by 1H-MRS at 3T, (b) correlations between metabolic levels and Flanker conflict and interference effects (c) different associations in bilingual and monolingual speakers. We found evidence of metabolic differences in the ACC due to bilingualism, specifically in metabolites Cho, Cr, Glx and NAA. However, we found no significant correlations between metabolic levels and conflict and interference effects and no significant evidence of differential relationships between bilingual and monolingual speakers. Furthermore, we found no evidence of significant differences in the mean size of conflict and interference effects between groups i.e. no bilingual advantage. Lower levels of Cho, Cr, Glx and NAA in bilingual adults compared to monolingual adults suggest that the brains of bilinguals develop greater adaptive control during conflict monitoring because of their extensive bilingual experience.***Efeito do monolinguismo e do bilinguismo no córtex anterior cingulado: um estudo de espectroscopia de ressonância magnética de prótons em dois centros***Relatos de uma vantagem do bilinguismo na estrutura cerebral em jovens participantes adultos são inconsistentes. Abutalebi et al. (2012) relataram uma monitorização mais eficiente do conflito durante a tarefa de Flanker em jovens bilíngues comparados com jovens monolíngues. O presente trabalho comparou jovem adultos (idade média = 24) bilíngues em Cantonês-Inglês de Hong Kong e jovens monolíngues adultos. Estávamos a contar com (a) diferenças em metabólitos no tecido neural como resultado de uma experiência bilíngue, medido pelo 3T 1H-MRS, (b) correlações entre os níveis metabólicos, conflito Flanker e efeitos de interferência (c) diferentes associações em falantes monolíngues e bilíngues. Encontramos evidências de diferenças metabólicas no ACC devido ao bilinguismo, especificamente nos metabólitos Cho, Cr, Gly e NAA. Porém, não constatamos correlações significativas entre os níveis metabólicos e efeitos de conflito e interferência e nenhuma evidência significativa de relações diferenciais entre falantes monolíngues e bilíngues. Além disso, não encontramos nenhuma evidência de diferenças significativas no tamanho médio dos efeitos do conflito e interferência entre os grupos, ou seja, nenhuma vantagem bilíngue. Níveis inferiores de Cho, Cr, Gly em adultos bilíngues em comparação com adultos monolíngues sugerem que o cérebro dos bilíngues desenvolve maior controle adaptativo durante a monitorização do conflito por causa da sua extensa experiência bilíngue.