Level Of Media Exposure Research Articles

Media Exposure and Its Impact on Women's Knowledge in Family Planning Program in Indonesia

Utilization of the mass media as a source of development information is a strategic way to ensure the success of the Family Planning (KB) program in Indonesia. Therefore, access to information on family planning and contraceptive use is an important factor in increasing knowledge of the society. This study aims to examine the correlation between the level of exposure of the mass media and the level of knowledge of women about modern contraceptives. By utilizing secondary data sourced from National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) that so called “Survey Kinerja dan Akuntabilitas Program” in the year 2019, this study also conducted an inferential statistical test through a linear regression test to see the effect between variables. The respondents in this study were Women of Childbearing Age, accounted for 59,982 women, which was the result of data collection from 34 provinces and 514 cities/districts in Indonesia. The results of this study showed that the level of media exposure had a positive effect on increasing women knowledge about family planning. The media exposure level is also influenced by characteristic of women regarding age, education and level of wealth.

The Influence of Media Exposure on Voters’ Behavior During The Sumbawa 2020 Local Election (PILKADA)

During Indonesia's general elections, mass media was the most popular medium for transmitting political influence. However, the extent of media influence on voting behaviour is unknown, creating a problem that necessitates careful research. As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of media exposure on voting behaviour among Sumbawa voters in Indonesia during the Pemilihan Kepala Daerah, or PILKADA 2020. A sample of 400 voters was chosen using a Multi-Level Random Sampling method. To better understand this phenomenon, a set of questionnaires was used as a data collection tool in the field. The collected data was then analysed using SPSS software version 26. Descriptive analysis revealed that the level of media exposure was divided into three categories: low, medium, and high. However, such exposure has only a minor impact on voter behaviour. While inferential analysis shows that non-mass media exposure has a significant influence on the voting behaviour of the Sumbawa community in PILKADA 2020. This strengthens the case that the media has a direct influence on voting behaviour, as opposed to previous theories that based their argument on social and cultural variables. In conclusion, this study concludes that, when compared to mass media, respondents in this area prefer online media and media such as billboards or banners, posters, calendars, or stickers as a source of political information. Keywords: Media exposure, Sumbawa, voters’ behavior, PILKADA, Indonesia election.

Broadcast Media Entertainment and Attitude Cultivation: A Study of Obscene Programme Viewership by College Students

This study examined broadcast media entertainment and attitude cultivation, a study of behavioural patterns of College Students. It is a survey designs study that investigated undergraduate communication students of The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo State and Moshood Abiola Polytechnics, Ogun State. Systematic random sampling was adopted to select a sample size of three hundred (300) communication students of the two institutions as respondents for this study. Programmes such as films, soap operas and musicals, etcetera were units considered. The theoretical framework is premised on the cultivation theory and gratification theory. Its analysis was hinged on the simple percentage statistical calculation. The study outcome showed that youth crave satisfaction in the entertainment programmes they watch and that entertainment programmes like musical videos, foreign and local drama do portray obscenity which brings about delinquent behaviour in the younger generation. It was recommended that producers and directors of entertainment products should be conscious of young people who form the chunk of their audience to eliminate obscenity in programme production, while parents should control the level of media exposure of their wards

COVID-19 related difficulties and perceived coping among university and college students: the moderating role of media-related exposure and stress

ABSTRACT Background: University and college students are not usually identified as a population at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, there is growing evidence of their specific distress associated with facing multiple abrupt changes and the need for rapid adaptation to a variety of academic, social, and financial challenges. The extent of their exposure to COVID-19 media and the associated media-related stress may further impair students’ perceived coping. Objective: This study assessed COVID-19-related functional difficulties and perceived coping among higher education students in Israel and explored the moderating role played by media coverage of the pandemic in inducing stress and exacerbating COVID-19-related difficulties in perceived coping among students. Method: Data was collected from 7,446 students from seven academic centres in Israel through online questionnaires about four to six weeks after the outbreak of the pandemic in Israel. Results: The findings showed positive associations between COVID-19-related difficulties, media exposure, media-related stress, and decreased levels of perceived coping with the pandemic. Moreover, media-related stress (but not the level of media exposure) moderated the relationship between COVID-19-related difficulties and perceived coping: the associations were significantly stronger for students reporting high media-related stress in comparison to individuals reporting low media-related stress. Conclusions: These results highlight the specific role of media-related stress and the need to distinguish this risk factor from the global impact of exposure to media coverage. The need for self-monitoring of the subjective level of stress associated with media exposure should be part of the psychoeducation efforts provided by public health authorities for promoting self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Study Of Expansion Of The Fmcg Market Across Rural Areas

The corporate companies dealing with FMCG products have started focusing on rural markets as the urban markets have become saturated and highly competitive. Capturing the rural markets brings forth a whole new set of challenges as it is laborious to break in. This market presents the companies with gamut challenges on a new dimension which demand entirely different strategies as compared to the ones used in urban areas. Studying the rural markets for rural markets has become crucial more than ever. It is an objective learning, psychiatry of dispersion, impact of the FMCG in rural areas. This research uses diverse utensils, procedure toward analyze composed records. Several of the features used in analyzing the data are the consumer characteristics like educational qualifications, professions they are in, and the income levels. The role of TV media advertising is also analyzed. Many deals and promotions advertised on TV are investigated. The scope of authority wield by publicity happening customer choice production has looked into. The different levels of media exposure and preferable TV watching times and their favorite programs considered while analyzing the data. The spending prototype of rural clients on FMCG is examined and further categorized based on their income levels, educational qualifications, and legal awareness of consumer act. All the analyzed data, results, and suggestions presented in the visual formats.

Leadership as a Reflection of Who We Are: Social Identity, Media Portrayal, and Evaluations of Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

The 2016 U.S. Presidential election presented a unique opportunity to study gender and leadership. Using the social identity theory of leadership (Hogg 2001) as a guiding framework, we sought to understand the effect of social identities—gender and political affiliation—on voters’ evaluations of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in this election. We surveyed 440 participants’ attitudes toward female leaders, political affiliation, level of media exposure, and their evaluations of Clinton’s charisma and effectiveness in Study 1. Results indicate that female voters, those with favorable attitudes toward female leaders, and Democrats were more likely to support Clinton; these relationships were strengthened by media exposure. Contrary to predictions, gender attitudes and political affiliation did not have a significant interaction effect on evaluations of Clinton. In Study 2, we conducted a content analysis of the media’s portrayal of Clinton on both ends of the political spectrum. Our findings revealed that partisan news outlets with opposite political leanings did significantly differ in their portrayal of Clinton’s prototypicality and competence as a leader. As a result, media coverage acted to magnify the role of political affiliation in voters’ evaluations of Clinton’s suitability for the highest political office. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Determinants of Sell-side Analysts’ Forecast Accuracy and Media Exposure

This study examines contributing factors to the differential forecasting abilities of sell-side analysts and the relation between the sentiments of these analysts and their media exposure. In particular, I investigate whether the level of optimism expressed in sell-side analysts’ reports of fifteen constituents of primarily the S&P 500 Oil and Gas Industry1, enhance the media appearance of these analysts. Using a number of variables estimated from the I/B/E/S Detail history database, 15,455 analyst reports collected from Thompson Reuters Investext and analyst media appearances obtained from Dow Jones Factiva from 1999 to 2014, I run a multiple linear regression to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. I find that an analyst’s forecast accuracy (as measured by the errors inherent in his forecasts) is negatively associated with the analyst’s level of media exposure, experience, brokerage size, the number of times he revises his forecasts in a year and the number of companies followed by the analyst, and positively associated with the analyst’s level of optimism expressed in his reports, forecast horizon and the size of the company he follows.

The Determinants of Sell-side Analysts’ Forecast Accuracy and Media Exposure

This study examines contributing factors to the differential forecasting abilities of sell-side analysts and the relation between the sentiments of these analysts and their media exposure. In particular, I investigate whether the level of optimism expressed in sell-side analysts’ reports of fifteen constituents of primarily the S&P 500 Oil and Gas Industry1, enhance the media appearance of these analysts. Using a number of variables estimated from the I/B/E/S Detail history database, 15,455 analyst reports collected from Thompson Reuters Investext and analyst media appearances obtained from Dow Jones Factiva from 1999 to 2014, I run a multiple linear regression to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. I find that an analyst’s forecast accuracy (as measured by the errors inherent in his forecasts) is negatively associated with the analyst’s level of media exposure, experience, brokerage size, the number of times he revises his forecasts in a year and the number of companies followed by the analyst, and positively associated with the analyst’s level of optimism expressed in his reports, forecast horizon and the size of the company he follows.

Predictors of delayed Antenatal Care (ANC) visits in Nigeria: secondary analysis of 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS).

IntroductionAntenatal Care (ANC) is an important component of maternal health and covers a wide range of activities with huge potential benefits for positive pregnancy out comes. However, large proportions of women do initiate ANC early resulting in adverse consequences.MethodsThe study utilized the nationally-representative sample of women of reproductive age interviewed during the 2013 Nigeria DHS. Analysis was restricted to 20, 467 women aged 15-49 years who had a live birth in the five-year period prior to the survey. Multinomial logistic regression was performed using Stata v13 to determine significant factors related to timing of initiation of ANC. Relative risk ratio (RRR) was used to assess the strength of association between independent and dependent variables.ResultsOverall, 27%, 62% and 12% of women initiated ANC in the first, second and third trimesters respectively. In both the two model, the findings reveal that maternal education, level of media exposure, region and place of residence are the uniform predictors of initiation of ANC; having health insurance is a significant predictor of third trimester ANC initiation relative to first to first trimester only. Within the categories of household wealth, levels of participation in household decision-making and region some categories are significant predictors while others are not.ConclusionMaternal education, level of media exposure, region and place of residence are the uniform and consistent predictors of delay in ANC initiation. This suggests that girl-child education, universal health coverage and universal health insurance could be the interventions required to improve service utilization and maternal health.

Media coverage and the escalation of militarized interstate disputes, 1992–2001

Some international crises – such as the Cuban Missile Crisis – receive widespread media coverage, while others are barely reported at all. Does this matter for the behavior of the dispute participants? Can widespread media coverage change the course of history? The authors’ goal is to assess how varying levels of coverage in elite news sources – The New York Times and The Times of London – influence the outcomes of international crises. Their analysis of over 300 dispute dyads indicates that, even after controlling for potential endogeneity and standard explanations of dispute outcomes, higher levels of media exposure make it more likely that targets of threats will escalate crises.

Parental HIV Status Linked to Sexual Debut In Sub-Saharan Africa

Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa who live in HIV-affected households are more likely than their peers to initiate sexual activity. (1) According to an analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data collected in 2003-2008 from 19 countries, adolescents aged 15-17 who lived with at least one HIV-positive adult had 27% higher odds of having ever had sex than did adolescents who were not living with an HIV-positive adult (odds ratio, 1.3). However, unlike some prior research, the study did not find that orphans have an elevated risk of sexual activity, once poverty level and other household circumstances are taken into account. Although considerable research has examined the vulnerabilities of children orphaned by AIDS, much less attention has been paid to those of children living with an HIV-positive household member. To address this gap in the literature, the researchers analyzed DHS data from 19 of the 21 Sub-Saharan countries with HIV-test data from 2003 to 2008 (the other two countries were excluded for technical reasons). Like all DHS surveys, these collected information from nationally representative samples of men and women of reproductive age; the current analysis was restricted to 22,620 adolescents aged 15-17. In addition to questions on social and demographic characteristics, respondents were asked about their maternal and paternal orphanhood status; whether they were enrolled in school; their level of media exposure; the household's possessions and amenities (from which information the DHS estimates household wealth); the sex of, the age of and their relationship to the household head; and whether they had ever had sex. Results of HIV tests administered to household members were used to classify adolescents according to whether they lived with an HIV-positive adult. The researchers constructed multilevel logistic regression models to assess the associations, stratified by sex, of living with an HIV-positive adult and of maternal or paternal orphanhood with the initiation of sexual activity. Overall, 11% of respondents lived with an HIV-positive adult, though the proportion varied widely, ranging from 2% in Ethiopia to 44% in Swaziland. In the 10 countries for which data on orphanhood were available, 7% of respondents were maternal orphans; the proportion was lowest in Liberia (4%) and highest in Zimbabwe (17%). The proportion of adolescents who were paternal orphans was 13% in the pooled sample, and ranged from 11% in Liberia to 34% in Lesotho. Thirty-two percent of adolescent females and 25% of adolescent males had ever had sex. Again, these proportions varied considerably across countries. For example, in Rwanda, 9% of females aged 15-17 had ever had sex, while this was true for 60% of their counterparts in Liberia. For males, the proportion was lowest in Ethiopia (3%) and highest in Cote d'Ivoire (52%). In multilevel logistic regression analyses that adjusted for household circumstances (household wealth, adolescent's relationship to head of household, and age and sex of household head) and other covariates, young women who lived with an HIV-positive adult had elevated odds of having had sex (odds ratio, 1. …

Moderating effects of media exposure on associations between socioeconomic position and cancer worry.

Reducing fear of cancer is significant in developing cancer screening interventions, but the levels of fear may vary depending on the degrees of media exposure as well as individuals' socioeconomic positions (SEP). However, few studies have examined how the SEP influences the fear of cancer under the moderating process of general and specific forms of media exposure. We investigated the moderating effect of media exposure on the relationship between SEP and the level of fear of cancer by assuming that cancer knowledge is a covariate between those two. In particular, this study examined how exposure to both general and specific media changes the series of processes from SEP to fear of cancer. We conducted path analyses with three types of media--television, radio and the Internet--using data from a health communication survey of 613 adults in Massachusetts in the United States. We found that SEP influences cancer knowledge directly and fear of cancer indirectly, as moderated by the level of media exposure. Health-specific exposure, however, had a more consistent effect than general media exposure in lowering the fear of cancer by increasing knowledge about cancer. A higher level of health-specific exposure and greater amount of cancer knowledge lessened the fear of cancer. In addition, the more people were exposed to health information on television and the Internet, the lower the level of fear of cancer as a result. These findings indicate a relationship between SEP and fear of cancer, as moderated by the level and type of media exposure. Furthermore, the findings suggest that for early detection or cancer prevention strategies, health communication approaches through mass media need to be considered.

Stakeholders’ Satisfaction towards Financial Disclosure of the Listed Companies in Stock Exchange of Thailand

The study emphasizes on factors determining stakeholders’ satisfaction towards financial disclosure of the listed companies in Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET). The factors include personal characteristics, media exposure, problem experienced from using financial information, investment behaviour, expectation, and attitude. A sample of 276 respondents representing stakeholders of the listed companies in SET is observed and analyzed by employing Linear Regression Model, Generalized Linear Models, and Ordered Logit Models. The results from Linear Regression Models and Ordered Logit Models indicated that level of media exposure, problem experienced, expectation and attitude have significant impacts on level of satisfaction towards financial disclosure of the listed companies in Stock Exchange of Thailand. The results also reveal that investment strategy of the respondents has significant impact on level of satisfaction. Respondents with fundamental based investment strategy are more likely to have lower level of satisfaction compared to technical based strategy.

Media Violence

Exposure to violence in media, including television, movies, music, and video games, represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. Pediatricians should assess their patients' level of media exposure and intervene on media-related health risks. Pediatricians and other child health care providers can advocate for a safer media environment for children by encouraging media literacy, more thoughtful and proactive use of media by children and their parents, more responsible portrayal of violence by media producers, and more useful and effective media ratings. Office counseling has been shown to be effective.

Impact of ‘Ideal Models’ Being Portrayed by Media on Young Females

The objective of this study is to identify and select the variables relating to the impact of idealized female models on females, to develop a relationship of the identified variables, to test the developed relationships based on local perception of the females, and to ascertain whether the behaviour and response of the local females are similar to what have been found in western literature. Hypothesis one referred there was a relationship between females that compare themselves with the media models and their self-esteem, satisfaction, and social consequences. Hypothesis two pointed out that there was a relationship between females that compare themselves with the models and dependent variables. The relationships of dependent and independent variables were significant. Hypothesis three mentioned that there was a relationship between females’ high level of media exposure and feeling of depression, stress, guilt, and shame. The coefficients of correlations of independent variable (exposure) with the guilt is non-significant. The relationships of these three dependent variables with the independent variable were significant. Hypothesis four postulated that females with high level of body dissatisfaction would respond positively to products featuring female model endorsers as compared to those who have low level of body dissatisfaction. This hypothesis was accepted.

Breasts Are for Men: Media, Masculinity Ideologies, and Men’s Beliefs About Women’s Bodies

Although masculinity ideology (MI) has been shown to predict men’s sexual risk-taking, less is known about MI’s contribution to men’s beliefs about women and their sexual bodies. Accordingly, we examined associations between masculine ideology, media consumption, and men’s attitudes about women’s reproductive body functions among a sample of 656 undergraduate men. Participants completed measures assessing their endorsement of traditional gender ideologies, their levels of media exposure and engagement, and their attitudes toward childbirth and breastfeeding. It was hypothesized that media use would contribute to traditional MI, and that traditional MI would contribute to negative views about breastfeeding and childbirth. Results supported these individual connections, but not a mediated model. Discussion focuses on implications of these findings for women’s lives.

The impact of the web on information and communication modes: the case of corporate environmental disclosure

The World Wide Web (web) considerably enhances corporations' ability to convey their strategies and other relevant information directly to their key stakeholders. However, it is not widely known if and how the advent of the web has modified the way corporations determine their disclosure strategies. Focusing on environmental reporting and using a cost/benefits framework, the study's purpose is twofold. First, we assess the extent of web-based environmental disclosure as well as its determinants. Second, we compare the determinants of print- and web-based environmental reporting. Results suggest that information costs and a firm's proprietary costs as well as its level of media exposure are the key determinants of both print- and web-based environmental disclosure. Results also suggest that environmental disclosure is determined by a firm's context (age of fixed assets, size, SEC regulations), with industry-wide trends and practices playing an important role in explaining both print and web environmental disclosure. Furthermore, results show an extensive overlap between print disclosure and web disclosure, with the use of the web as a disclosure platform still being driven by traditional print-based considerations. Hence, it appears that the web's potential as a reporting platform is not fully exploited.

Assessing the Television Campaign: The Impact of Party Election Broadcasting on Voters' Opinions in the 1997 British General Election

Although paid television and radio political advertising is banned in the United Kingdom, parties fielding sufficient candidates are entitled to free air time during election campaigns for a fixed number of party election broadcasts (PEBs). Over the years, parties have experimented with a variety of different PEB formats. But the impact of PEBs on voters is underresearched. This article therefore analyzes the influence of PEB viewing in the 1997 British General Election. Though a majority do not view PEBs, those who do are influenced by them, especially in terms of their evaluations of parties and their leaders: Other things being equal, viewers of a party's PEBs become more favorably disposed to the party and its leader than those who do not see the broadcast. Labour and Conservative PEBs have no impact on vote intentions, however. But viewers of Liberal Democrat broadcasts become more likely to support that party. We speculate that this reflects different background levels of media exposure for the major parties as compared to the third party.

Media Impact on Biased Perceptual Processing of Threat-Relevant Imagery Among Patients Who Recovered Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse Prior to the Onset of Treatment

ABSTRACT Several recent studies have indicated that patients who report a history of sexual abuse, on the basis of recovered or delayed recall of memory, process Rorschach stimuli in ways that substantially deviate from non-abused patients. They exhibited sensitivity to threat-relevant imagery that was highly similar to the biased perceptual processing found among patients with continuously held memories of sexual abuse. In the present study, perceptual processing of threat-relevant imagery was examined as an artifact of media exposure in 40 patients who recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse as adults and in 40 patients who were not sexually abused. The two patient samples were divided into high and low media groups on the basis of a composite measure of media exposure. The results indicated that information gained from media exposure was unrelated to patients' responses to Rorschach stimuli. Recovered memory patients produced threat-relevant imagery that is reminiscent of trauma irrespective of the level of media exposure; non-abused patients did not. That this imagery remained essentially unnoticed by even the most active consumers of the sexual abuse media among non-abused patients suggests that the popular media does not play a contagious role in the perceptual processing of threat-relevant imagery.

Do Cuban American Women Suffer from Eating Disorders? Effects of Media Exposure and Acculturation

This study examined the dual roles of continued close ties with the Cuban community and culture of origin as well as influences of print and broadcast media in the development of attitudes toward body type and propensity toward eating disorders among young Cuban American women. Continued exclusive or primary use of Spanish language in the home as well as frequent consumption of Cuban meals were associated with lower (less problematic) scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Regular attendance at parties and social functions attended primarily by Cubans did not appear related to lower scores on the EAT. Unlike some previous studies, no relationship was found between levels of media exposure and propensity toward eating disorders as measured by the EAT.