Levels Of Mannan-oligosaccharide Research Articles

Mannan oligosaccharides improve the fur quality of raccoon dogs by regulating the gut microbiota.

Adding antibiotics to animal basal diets can improve growth and production performance. However, the use of antibiotics poses a potential threat to public health safety. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on the fur quality, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum immunity, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota of fur-growing raccoon dogs. Divide 24 male raccoon dogs (120 ± 5 d) of similar weight (5.01 ± 0.52 kg) into 4 groups randomly. Add 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% MOS to the basal diets of groups C, L, M, and H, respectively. Compared to the C group, the addition of 0.05% and 0.1% MOS in the diet increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), Underfur length (UL), Guard hair length (GL), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in the serum (p < 0.05); Under the dosage of 0.05 % MOS, the activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased (p < 0.05). Compared to the C group, adding 0.05% MOS significantly increased the VH/CD of the duodenum and ileum, while also increasing the VH and CD of the jejunum (p < 0.05). Through Spearman correlation analysis of the gut microbiota, it was found that MOS can improve fur quality by reducing the abundance of Dorea while improving the immune response of raccoon dogs by reducing the abundance of Blautia and Gemmiger. In conclusion, MOS can improve the fur quality, serum immunity, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of raccoon dogs. Therefore, MOS has the potential to replace antibiotics.

Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides enhance hematological and biochemical parameters, reproductive physiology, and gene expression of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on physiological performance, reproduction capacity and gene expression of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis. niloticus x O. mossambicus) broodstock reared in concrete tanks (3.5 × 3.2 × 0.9 m). Four isonitrogenous (30% cp), isocaloric (18.72 MJ kg−1) diets containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g kg‐1 MOS were prepared. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of red tilapias broodfish (155 ± 5.65 g) stocked at a male: female ratio of 1:3, to satiation twice a day for two months. At the termination of the feeding trial, fish in each tank were netted and weighed. Blood samples were collected from five fish per tank to determine the hematological and biochemical parameters. The fish were then dissected for assessing the reproductive performance and its related genes. The results indicate that the values of hematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, and Htc) total protein, albumin, globulin, and reproductive hormones (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) were significantly increased by MOS dietary inclusion (1.0–1.5 g kg-1), while liver function enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly decreased in fish fed with 1.5 g /kg of MOS (p < 0.05). Reproductive performances, including GSI, total number of fries per female and mean fry weight were significantly improved with increasing dietary MOS to 1.5 g kg−1. Gonads maturation was also enhanced with supplemental MOS to 1.5 g kg−1. In males, the highest testosterone concentration was recorded at 1.5 g MOS kg−1 diet. In females, FSH and LH were significantly increased with increasing MOS levels up to 1.0 g kg−1, and then leveled off. Conversely, the highest E2 and Prog concentration was obtained at 1.5 g kg−1. The expression of CYP19a, FSHR, FOXL2, CYP1A, ESR1, and ESR2A were significantly upregulated in the gonads of fish fed diets treated with MOS, up to a concentration of 1.5 g kg-1. These results suggest that a dietary supplementation of MOS (1.5 g kg−1) could enhance the reproductive performance of red tilapia.

Dietary mannan oligosaccharides elevated growth performance, gut morphology, microbiota, body composition, feed and nutrient utilisation of pompano, Trachinotus ovatus

Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) is a highly economical aquaculture species; however, intensive aquaculture of pompano is associated with pathogen infection, environmental stress, drug and chemical use, causing reductions in growth, survival and economic losses. Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is a prebiotic that has been reported to boost the growth and health of many species; however, no study has examined the effects of MOS on pompano. In the present study, the effects of dietary MOS levels on growth, body composition, intestinal microbiota, feed, and nutrient utilisation in juvenile pompano were investigated over an 8-week experiment. Five diets containing five levels of MOS (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%) were fed to pompano (mean weight, 5.16 g±0.05). The results indicated that pompano fed 0.1–0.40% MOS in the diet had the highest growth performance (p ≤ 0.009), but fish fed 0.6–0.8% MOS had no impact on growth (p ≥ 0.056). MOS had no effect on the survival rate of pompano (p ≥ 0.327). The gut surface area increased in fish fed 0.1–0.4% MOS (p ≥ 0.011), but not in fish fed 0.6–0.8% MOS (p ≥ 0.102). Total aerobic bacteria (TAB) increased in fish fed 0.1–0.4% MOS (p ≤ 0.017), but TAB was not affected at 0.6–0.8% MOS (p = 0.315), whereas Vibrio count and ratio of Vibrio to TAB significantly reduced in fish fed any levels of MOS (p ≤ 0.024). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.019), while feed conversion efficiency (FCE) significantly increased (p ≤ 0.014), when pompano were fed a diet containing 0.1–0.4% MOS. Protein in fish increased in fish fed a diet providing 0.1–0.4% MOS (p ≤ 0.011), but when adding higher levels of MOS (0.6% and 0.8%) to the diets, the protein content in fish did not change (p ≥ 0.072). Lipid content was significantly reduced in fish fed 0.1–0.4% MOS (p ≤ 0.035), but not at higher levels of MOS (p ≥ 0.085). The protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid efficiency ratio (LER), and lipid productive value (LPV) boosted in fish fed diet containing 0.1–0.6% MOS (p ≤ 0.029). Protein productive value (PPV) increased in fish served diet containing 0.1–0.4% (p ≤ 0.008). Those values did not change with 0.8% MOS (p ≥ 0.137). MOS levels had positive correlations with growth performance, FCE, PER, PPV, LER, LPV and TAB (r ≥ +0.481, p ≤ 0.001), while MOS levels showed negative correlations with intestinal Vibrio and FCR of pompano (r ≥ −0.562, p ≤ 0.003). The optimal levels of MOS were 0.424% for pompano's lowest FCR, while the best MOS concentration was 0.375% for pompano’s maximal growth.

Cellular antioxidant mechanism of mannan-oligosaccharides involving in enhancing flesh quality in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Deterioration of flesh quality has bad effects on consumer satisfaction. Therefore, effects of safe mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) muscle were studied. A total of 540 healthy fish (215.85 ± 0.30 g) were randomly divided into six groups and fed six separate diets with graded levels of MOS (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg kg-1 ) for 60 days. This study aimed at investigating the benefits of dietary MOS on flesh quality (fatty acids, amino acids and physicochemical properties) and the protection mechanism regarding antioxidant status. Optimal MOS could improve tenderness (27.4%), pH (5.5%) while decreasing cooking loss (16.6%) to enhance flesh quality. Meanwhile, optimal MOS improved flavor inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) of 11.8%, sweetness and umami-associated amino acid, healthy unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) of 14.9% and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) especially C20:5n-3 (15.8%) and C22:6n-3 (38.3%). Furthermore, the mechanism that MOS affected pH, tenderness and cooking loss could be partly explained by the reduced lactate, cathepsin and oxidation, respectively. The enhanced flesh quality was also associated with enhanced antioxidant ability concerning improving antioxidant enzymes activities and the corresponding transcriptional levels, which were regulated through NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. Based on pH24h , cooking loss, shear force and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6n-3), optimal MOS levels for grass carp were estimated to be 442.75, 539.53, 594.73 and 539.53 mg kg-1 , respectively. Dietary MOS is a promising alternative strategy to improve flesh quality of fish muscle. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Biochemical Properties, Hematological Traits, and Intestinal Histopathology of Broiler Chicks Fed Mannan Oligosaccharides

, , , , and Antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry diets are currently restricted, so other feed additives, such as prebiotics and probiotics, have been suggested as an antibiotics alternative to improve the performance and gut health of poultry. The current experiment was conducted to study the effects of adding Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) as a potential replacement for an antibiotic on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, some blood parameters, and caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. For conducting the current research experiment, a total of 180 one–day old Ross broiler chicks were randomly divided into one control group fed a basal diet and four dietary treatments with six replicates for each treatment. The treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with different levels of MOS 0.5, 1, and 2 g/Kg diet and Lincomycin 4.4 mg/Kg diet during 35 days of the feeding trial. With exception of the growing period, the group fed a basal diet supplemented with 2 g MOS/Kg feed had considerably higher body weight and weight gain, while having the lowest feed consumption and best feed conversion ratio compared to the other treatment groups, during all experimental periods. Moreover, dietary supplementation of MOS resulted in a significant decrease in the counts of caecal E. coli and Enterococcus, while Lactobacillus and Yeast bacteria counts were significantly higher, compared to non-supplemented groups. Broiler chicks having a 2 g MOS/kg diet recorded lower values of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), urea, and liver enzymes, including Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while they recorded significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL), compared to the other experimental groups. Group treated with MOS 2 g/Kg feed improved digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and organic matter, compared to the control group, Additionally, MOS supplementation also increased the intestinal villi length, width, and crypt depth and decreased intestinal inflammation, compared to the control group. In conclusion, supplementation of MOS at 2 g/kg diet improved growth performance, digestibility, and blood parameters without having adverse effects on the intestine of broiler chickens, comparable to the Lincomycin.

Modulation of the growth performance and innate immunity of loaches (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) upon dietary mannan oligosaccharides

Different levels of mannan oligosaccharides (MOs) (100, 300 and 500mgkg-1) were incorporated into a basal diet to formulate three diets, which were used to test the growth performance and innate immunity of loaches. The basal diet without any MOs served as the control. Loaches fed with MO-containing diets for 70days showed a higher specific growth rate, condition factor, survival rate, intestine weight index, intestine length index, intestine Lactobacillus population, intestine Bifidobacterium population, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, lysozyme level, complement 3 and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila than the loaches in the control group. The feed conversion ratio, intestine Escherichia coli population, malondialdehyde level, aspartate aminotransferase level and alanine aminotransferase level showed an opposite trend. The optimal dose of dietary MOs required for the maximum growth of loaches was 300mgkg-1. Results indicated that dietary MOs promoted the growth performance and innate immunity of loaches and could be used as a dietary supplement for loaches.

DIETARY MANNAN-OLIGOSACCHARIDE INCREASES REACTIVE OXIGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION BUT DECREASES SERUM LYSOZYME IN HIGH LEVELS OF INCLUSION FOR NILE TILAPIA

In the present experiment, the effects of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on health and growth of Nile tilapia juveniles were investigated. In addition to the control treatment (without MOS),three levels of MOS were included in Nile tilapia diets (1, 8, and 15 g kgâˆ"™1), and hematology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lysozyme and productive parameters were analyzed. Fish blood was sampled at day zero (basal sample) and after 60 days of trial, and the productive parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment. MOS feeding decreased the feed consumption (p = 0.0299) in fish fed with 1 and 8 g kg-1, but without any alteration in weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). No changes were observed in the hematology due to MOS feeding after 60 days. However, the prebiotic caused changes in the innate immunity of fish, giving rise to ROS production in fish fed with 1 g kg-1 (p&lt;0.0001) and decreasing the serum lysozyme activity of fish fed with 15 g kg-1 (p&lt;0.0001). In conclusion, the authors recommend the inclusion of 1 g kg-1 for Nile tilapia juveniles feeding due to the positive effect in innate immune system.

Mannan oligosaccharides supplementation enhanced head-kidney and spleen immune function in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

This research investigates the influences of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on the head-kidney and spleen immune function in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and its related mechanism. Fish were fed during 60 days at different levels of MOS (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg kg−1). Subsequently, 14 days after the feeding trial was injected intraperitoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila, the immune function was studied. The results are as follows: (1) appropriate MOS supplementation could increase the content of antibacterial compound and immunoglobulin (Ig), up-regulate antimicrobial peptides transcriptional levels in these two organs; (2) appropriate MOS supplementation attenuated inflammatory response in these two organs by regulating cytokines (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines) and related signalling pathways (NF-κB and TOR). The interesting points though, was, no differences were found in liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2A, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-4/13B, IκB kinase (IKK) α and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p52 gene expression in these two organs. Consequently, the present research suggests that MOS supplementation can enhance head-kidney and spleen immune function. Finally, we obtained these appropriate MOS dose (538.5 and 585.8 mg kg−1) by quadratic regression analysis of lysozyme activity (head-kidney) and phosphatase activity (spleen), respectively.

The modulatory effect of mannanoligosaccharide on oxidative status, selected immune parameters and tolerance against low salinity stress in red sea bream (Pagrus major)

The current study evaluated the effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) on red sea bream (Pagrus major) performances. Fish fed five dietary levels of MOS at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 g/kg for 60 days. The results showed that MOS supplementation significantly increased the final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate with decreased feed conversion ratio especially in fish fed 1.5 g per kg diet (P < 0.05). The hematocrit level was significantly increased in fish fed dietary MOS at 1.5 g/kg while, total serum protein increased in fish fed MOS at 1 or 1.5 g/kg in comparison with the control. However, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) was significantly decreased in fish fed dietary MOS at 0.5, 1 or 2 g/kg when compared to the other groups. The combined pattern of biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) indicated that fish showed improved antioxidative response with higher BAP value in fish fed MOS at 0.5, 1 or 2 g/kg than the control group. The activities of lysozyme, bactericidal and peroxidase in serum and mucus of fish fed MOS diets increased over the control. Additionally, blood nitro blue tetrazolium assay (NBT) and alternative complement pathway (ACH50%) were increased significantly in fish fed on MOS over the control regime. Interestingly, fish fed MOS at 0.5, 1 or 2 g/kg exhibited higher tolerance against low salinity stress as compared to the control group. In conclusion, MOS administered as feed supplement at 1.5–2 g/kg enhances the growth performance, rises the levels of serum and skin mucus immune responses and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in red sea bream.

Dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and intestinal histology of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is a common prebiotics to improve health and immunity of animals in aquaculture. However, its optimum level and effects on the immune response in crab are currently unknown. The present study investigated the optimum level of dietary MOS supplementation and its effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and intestinal morphology of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Crab juveniles (2.95 ± 0.05 g) were fed either a control diet or one of the six diets supplemented with MOS (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%) for eight weeks. The crabs fed 0.3% MOS showed greater weight gain, specific growth rate and lower feed conversion ratio than those fed the control diet. The acid phosphatase activity was significantly higher in the gut of crab fed 0.2% MOS than those fed the other diets except the 0.3% MOS diet. The lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities in the gut were higher in crabs fed the 0.1% and 0.3% MOS diets compared to those fed other diets. The antioxidant capacity was higher in crab fed the 0.2% and 0.3% MOS diets than those fed other diets. In addition, the mRNA expression of genes related to immunity (E. sinensis (Es)-Crustin, Es-Toll2, Es-Lech and Es-prophenoloxidase (proPO)) in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed the 0.2 and 0.3% MOS diets were significantly up-regulated compared with those fed other diets. Duplicature length and width increased significantly in the crab fed 0.3% MOS than other diets. The optimum inclusion levels of MOS were 0.32%, 0.20% to 0.30% and 0.27% to 0.29% based on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, respectively. This study indicates that supplementing diets with MOS at 0.2% to 0.3% can improve growth performance and enhance antioxidant capacity and immunity in E. sinensis.

Effect of dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides on hepatic gene expressions and humoral and cellular immune responses in aflatoxin-contaminated broiler chicks

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) on expression of hepatic immunological genes and immune responses in aflatoxin-contaminated broiler chicks. A total of 336 seven-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 7 experimental treatments with 4 replicates and 12 birds per replicate. Experimental treatments consisted of 2 aflatoxin levels (0.5 and 2 ppm) and 3 supplemental MOS levels (0, 1 and 2 g/kg) as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in comparison with a control group (unchallenged group). The chicks were challenged with a mix of aflatoxins during 7–28 d of age. Results showed that aflatoxin challenge resulted in the lower antibody titers against infectious bronchitis (IBV) and bursal (IBD) diseases viruses. In addition, aflatoxin-contaminated birds had a lower (P < 0.0001) lymphocyte percentage and a decline in (P < 0.01) interleukin-2 (IL-2) mRNA abundance. Likewise, heterophil proportion, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and gene expressions of hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C reactive protein (CRP) were raised (P < 0.001) by increasing dietary aflatoxin level. Dietary inclusion of MOS increased (P < 0.05) antibody titers against IBV, IBD and Newcastle disease virus. Lymphocyte proportion and hepatic IL-2 gene expression were greater (P < 0.0001) in MOS-supplemented birds. Furthermore, supplemental MOS decreased hepatic IL-6 and CRP abundances. Additionally, inclusion of 2 g/kg MOS resulted in the upregulation (P < 0.01) of hepatic IL-2 gene expression in birds contaminated with 0.5 ppm aflatoxin. The present results indicate that supplemental MOS could improve cellular immunity via the upregulation of hepatic IL-2 gene expression in birds challenged with aflatoxins.

Evaluación de oligosacáridos de manano (MOS) en dietas balanceadas para juveniles de pejelagarto (Atractosteus tropicus)

Background: Prebiotics are polysaccharides that cannot be digested by the host; however, they generate benefits by stimulating the activity of beneficial microorganisms in the digestive system, which can maximize weight gain, feed conversion, and stimulate the immune response. Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) have been evaluated in several fish species of commercial importance. Goals: Determine inclusion effects of diffe­rent MOS levels in balanced diets for juveniles of Atractosteus tropicus on the growth, productive parameters, survival, somatic indexes, and activity of digestive enzymes. Methods: Six experimental diets including MOS (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) and a trout control diet (DC) were designed, manufactured, and evaluated in triplicate during 62 days. A hundred and eighty juveniles (5.11 ± 0.08 g) were distributed in a recirculation system with 18 tanks of 70 L with a flow of 10 L min-1. Results: The 0.2% MOS diet produced the highest va­lues in weight gained (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency rate (PER) and the lowest value in feed conversion rate (FCR). Survival in all treatments was greater than 96%. The hepatosomatic index was higher for the 0.4% treatment, while the viscerosomatic index was higher for the 0.4% and 0.6% treatments. All the enzymatic activities (acid protease, alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidases, lipases, α-amylase, acid phosphatases, and alkaline phosphatases) showed significant differences by the inclusion of MOS in the diet. Conclusions: Supplementation of 0.2% MOS in diets for juveniles of A. tropicus, generates benefits in growth and productive performance. The inclusion of MOS in diets for juveniles of A. tropicus modifies somatic indices and the activity of digestive enzymes of juveniles.

Immunostimulation and increase of intestinal lactic acid bacteria with dietary mannan-oligosaccharide in Nile tilapia juveniles

ABSTRACT In this experiment, the beneficial effects of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on immunology and intestinal microbiology of Nile tilapia juveniles was demonstrated. Prior to this, three levels of MOS in Nile tilapia diets (1, 8, and 15 g.kg−1) were tested, and hematological parameters, serum lysozyme, and intestinal microbiology were analyzed. The fish blood was sampled at day zero (basal sample) and after 45 days of trial, and the intestinal microbiota was evaluated at the end of the experiment. After 45 days [...]

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides in early weaning diets on growth, survival, fatty acid composition and gut morphology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae

Early weaning of marine fish larvae with dry diets delays gut maturation and reduces growth rates. In juvenile and adult forms of several marine fish species, inclusion of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) improves gut integrity and functionality, but the effects of MOS inclusion in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larval diets have not been addressed yet. Thus, this study assesses the effects of dietary MOS inclusion on survival, growth performance, gut morphology, feed acceptance and quality of gilthead sea bream larvae. For that purpose, 16 days post-hatched gilthead sea bream larvae were fed four graded levels of MOS (Biomos®, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA) in weaning diets as follows: 0 g kg−1 MOS, 0.5 g kg−1 MOS, 1.5 g kg−1 MOS and 2 g kg−1MOS. Dietary MOS did not affect feed acceptance in gilthead sea bream larvae (P > 0.05). MOS supplementation was correlated in a dose-dependent way with higher larval survival (P = 0.026). After 15 days of feeding, dietary MOS increased whole larvae (P < 0.01) arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Gilthead sea bream larvae fed 2 g kg−1 MOS presented higher gut occupation with goblet cells after feeding compared with larvae fed the other dietary treatments. Overall, the results suggest that inclusion of MOS in early weaning diets for gilthead sea bream improves essential fatty acid utilization and may promote growth and final survival.

Effect of dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance, ileal microbial counts, and jejunal morphology in broiler chicks exposed to aflatoxins

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) on growth performance, ileal microbial population, and jejunal morphology in aflatoxin-challenged broiler chicks. A total of 336 seven-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 7 experimental treatments with 4 replicates of 12 chicks each. Experimental treatments consisted of a control group (unchallenged group), and a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments, including 2 aflatoxin levels (0.5 and 2ppm) and 3 supplemental MOS levels (0, 1, and 2g/kg). Broiler chicks were challenged with a mix of aflatoxins during 7–28 d of age. Results showed that increasing aflatoxin level resulted in a marked decrease (P<0.01) in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and subsequent average daily gain (ADG); consequently it impaired (P<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Dietary MOS supplementation increased ADFI (P<0.01) and ADG (P<0.001) in aflatoxin-challenged chicks, resulted in the improvements in FCR values. The retarded ADG was ameliorated by inclusion of 2g/kg of MOS into the diet of aflatoxin-challenged broiler chicks. Although incremental levels of aflatoxin decreased (P<0.05) carcass yield, dietary supplementation of MOS up to 2g/kg resulted in an increase in carcass yield. Contamination with 2ppm aflatoxin resulted in increases (P<0.001) in ileal enumerations of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and total negative bacteria at both 28 and 42 d of age. Although the lowest bacterial count was assigned to the control (unchallenged) group, supplemental MOS decreased ileal bacterial populations in aflatoxin-challenged broiler chicks. Dietary supplementation of 2g/kg of MOS was more effective (P<0.05) in depression of ileal microbial counts in broiler chicks challenged with 0.5ppm aflatoxin. Incremental levels of aflatoxin resulted in considerable (P<0.001) decreases in villi height, villi height to crypt depth ratio, villi absorptive area, and apparent villi absorptive area. Moreover, dietary aflatoxin contamination increased crypt depth, goblet cell counts, and lymphoid follicular diameter. These changes, however, were partly modulated by dietary MOS supplementation up to 2g/kg. The present results indicated that although aflatoxicosis reduced growth performance, dietary inclusion of MOS ameliorated the retarded growth via suppressing ileal pathogenic bacteria and enhancing absorptive surface area in broiler chicks.

Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides supplementation could affect performance, immunocompetence, serum lipid metabolites, intestinal bacterial populations, and ileal nutrient digestibility in aged laying hens

Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) have been identified as feed additives that potentially affect gastrointestinal status in different animal species. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of supplemental MOS on production performance, immunological responses, and ileal bacterial communities in aged laying hens. A total of one-hundred-fifty 68 weeks-aged laying hens (Hy-Line W-36) were randomly allotted to the 6 replicates (5 hens per each) of 5 experimental diets. Dietary treatments consisted of 5 different levels of MOS (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2g/kg of diet). After a 7-d of adaptation, the main experimental period was commenced for 70-d subdivided into two 35-d periods (69–74 and 74–79 weeks of age). Results showed that dietary supplementation of MOS at the levels of 1 and 1.5g/kg increased (P<0.05) egg production percentage during the whole experimental period. As a result, the greatest egg mass was allotted to these experimental groups throughout the trial period. Supplementation of MOS at the levels of 1–2g/kg reduced (P<0.01) serum concentrations of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins, and increased (P<0.01) serum high-density lipoproteins compared to the control hens. Dietary supplementation of MOS increased (P<0.05) antibody production titers against Newcastle and infectious bronchitis disease viruses. Moreover, inclusion of MOS into the diets increased digestibility coefficients of crude protein (P<0.01) and dry matter (P<0.05). Ileal population of Salmonella was greater (P<0.01) in control birds compared with other experimental groups. Supplemental MOS at the level of 1g/kg decreased (P<0.05) ileal enumerations of Escherichia coli and total bacteria. The present findings indicate that dietary MOS supplementation, particularly at the levels of 1 and 1.5g/kg, could increase production performance and feed conversion efficiency in aged laying hens. These improvements could be mainly attributed to the increased ileal nutrient digestibility and reduced pathogenic intestinal bacteria as the result of dietary supplementation of MOS.

Effect of dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharides on performance, blood metabolites, ileal nutrient digestibility, and gut microflora in Escherichia coli-challenged laying hens

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on performance, egg quality, immune responses, and gut microflora in laying hens exposed to Escherichia coli (E. coli) challenge. A total of 180 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens, 55 wk of age, were randomly distributed among 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 6 hens each. Experimental diets consisted of 5 graded levels of MOS (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2% of diet). The study lasted 77 d including 7 d for adaptation and 70 d as the main experimental period subdivided into two 35-d periods. The results showed increases (P < 0.05) in egg production percentage and egg mass, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR) in birds fed the diets containing 0.1 and 0.15% MOS compared with control birds during the first 35-d period. In addition, there were significant differences between dietary treatments for egg mass and FCR during the second 35-d, with the best (P < 0.05) values observed for hens fed on 0.1% MOS-supplemented diet. Feed intake and egg weight, however, were not influenced by dietary treatments throughout the experimental period. Compared to control birds, supplemental MOS resulted in 9.8% (P < 0.01) and 8.1% (P < 0.05) increases in hen-day egg production and egg mass, respectively, during the entire experimental period. Dietary supplementation with 0.1 to 0.2% MOS decreased (P < 0.01) serum triglycerides concentration compared with control birds. In addition, serum concentration of low-density lipoproteins was reduced (P < 0.001) by all supplemental MOS levels. In contrast to Newcastle antibody titer, primary antibody response against sheep red blood cell was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by supplemental MOS. Supplementation of MOS into the diet caused increases in digestibility coefficients of DM (P < 0.05) and CP (P < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant (P < 0.01) difference between dietary treatments for ileal ether extract digestibility, with the highest digestibility values assigned to the hens supplemented with 0.05% MOS. Although dietary MOS supplementation had no effect on ileal E. coli and total bacteria enumerations, it resulted in a decrease (P < 0.01) in Salmonella count and increased Lactobacillus. The present findings indicate that MOS supplementation of laying hens under bacterial challenge could improve productive performance probably through modification of intestinal bacterial populations and improving nutrient digestibility.

Effects of low levels of mannanoligosaccharides in feed on growth and intestinal salmonella reduction in juvenile rainbow trout (Ocorhynchus mykiss)

Low levels of added mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) in the feed for juvenile rainbow trout significantly promote growth rate, food conversion and overall culture results. Three levels of added MOS: 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% were incorporated in commercial pelleted feed and fed three and later two times per day. The experiment started with juveniles of 48?2.1 grams and lasted 90 days. The best growth result was obtained with the smallest (0.05%) MOS level, if compared to the control group and 0.1% and 0.15% MOS supplemented feed. The growth was improvedby11.5% with 0.05% MOS. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.29 was found with 0.05% MOS supplement compared to 1.54 in the control group. FCR in 0.1% and 0.15% MOS treatments was 1.46, also significantly better than in the control group. The experiment shows that 0.05% MOS in trout feed is not fully successful in total elimination of salmonella colonies from fish intestine. But this is achieved with 0.1% MOS after only 30 days of experiment. The results of experiment point that smaller levels of MOS, if compared to previous research, are beneficial for rainbow trout juvenile culture.

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus homarus (Palinuridae)

Dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) has been demonstrated to provide significant benefits to growth and health of many species of fish and crustaceans. An investigation was made to assess the effect of MOS supplementation on the diet of the tropical lobster Panulirus homarus. The aim of the study was to test the effect of various dietary inclusion levels of MOS on growth, survival rate, intestinal morphology and bacterial abundance, haemocyte make-up, and tissue composition of P. homarus lobsters. A manufactured, semi-moist diet was used as a basal diet and supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% MOS inclusion, and fed to lobsters with an initial mean weight of 0.16 g for 56 days. A typical fishery bycatch mixture was used as a reference control diet. Growth rate of lobsters was significantly higher for those fed diets supplemented with 0.4 and 0.6% MOS than those fed an un-supplemented diet or bycatch. Survival rates of lobsters ranged from 68 to 78%. The survival rate was significantly higher in lobsters fed diets with 0.2% and 0.4% MOS supplementation and bycatch, compared with those fed the basal or 0.6% MOS diet. There was no significant difference in differential haemocyte count of lobsters fed with various MOS levels or bycatch. The mid-gut surface area of lobsters fed diets supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% MOS was significantly higher than that of lobsters fed on control, 0.8% MOS or bycatch. The total Vibrio count in the mid-gut of lobsters fed any MOS diet was significantly lower than that of lobsters fed either the control or the bycatch diet. There was no significant difference in protein, lipid or ash content in lobsters fed the different diets. There were significant correlations between concentrations of MOS in diets and lobster growth rates. Optimal MOS concentration was estimated to be 0.69% at day 14 (R2 = 76.79%), 0.55% at day 28 (R2 = 88.18%), 0.48% at day 42 (R2 = 97.72%) and 0.47% at day 56 (R2 = 94.42%), demonstrating a decreasing requirement for MOS with increasing lobster size. In conclusion, mannan oligosaccharide supplementation appears to be effective for improving growth, survival and gastro-intestinal health of the lobster, P. homarus.

The change of carotid-femoral and carotid-radialis pulse wave velocity during a follow-up of four years in hypertensive patients

Dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) has been demonstrated to provide significant benefits to growth and health of many species of fish and crustaceans. An investigation was made to assess the effect of MOS supplementation on the diet of the tropical lobster Panulirus homarus. The aim of the study was to test the effect of various dietary inclusion levels of MOS on growth, survival rate, intestinal morphology and bacterial abundance, haemocyte make-up, and tissue composition of P. homarus lobsters. A manufactured, semi-moist diet was used as a basal diet and supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% MOS inclusion, and fed to lobsters with an initial mean weight of 0.16 g for 56 days. A typical fishery bycatch mixture was used as a reference control diet. Growth rate of lobsters was significantly higher for those fed diets supplemented with 0.4 and 0.6% MOS than those fed an un-supplemented diet or bycatch. Survival rates of lobsters ranged from 68 to 78%. The survival rate was significantly higher in lobsters fed diets with 0.2% and 0.4% MOS supplementation and bycatch, compared with those fed the basal or 0.6% MOS diet. There was no significant difference in differential haemocyte count of lobsters fed with various MOS levels or bycatch. The mid-gut surface area of lobsters fed diets supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% MOS was significantly higher than that of lobsters fed on control, 0.8% MOS or bycatch. The total Vibrio count in the mid-gut of lobsters fed any MOS diet was significantly lower than that of lobsters fed either the control or the bycatch diet. There was no significant difference in protein, lipid or ash content in lobsters fed the different diets. There were significant correlations between concentrations of MOS in diets and lobster growth rates. Optimal MOS concentration was estimated to be 0.69% at day 14 (R2 = 76.79%), 0.55% at day 28 (R2 = 88.18%), 0.48% at day 42 (R2 = 97.72%) and 0.47% at day 56 (R2 = 94.42%), demonstrating a decreasing requirement for MOS with increasing lobster size. In conclusion, mannan oligosaccharide supplementation appears to be effective for improving growth, survival and gastro-intestinal health of the lobster, P. homarus.