Serum Magnesium Levels Research Articles

Magnesium Homeostasis and Implications for Human Health: A Review of the Literature

Magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) is a vital ion for human health, involved in numerous bodily functions, including energy production and protein synthesis. Despite its significance, serum magnesium levels are often overlooked in clinical settings, even though they can be disrupted in various health conditions. This review delves into the role of magnesium in human health and disease, highlighting its importance in key organs like the brain, heart, and muscles. Magnesium supplementation has shown promise in treating conditions such as migraine, depression, heart disease, and asthma. Recent discoveries have unveiled genetic factors, including mutations in specific genes, that can lead to magnesium deficiency. Additionally, certain medications, such as diuretics and proton pump inhibitors, can contribute to low magnesium levels. This review explores the mechanisms of magnesium regulation in the intestines, kidneys, and bones.

Hypoparathyroidism: diagnosis, management and emerging therapies.

Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by inadequate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion or action and results in hypocalcaemia, and canlead tohyperphosphataemia and hypercalciuria. Most cases of hypoparathyroidism occur as a complication of surgery, with the remainder due to causes including autoimmune disease, genetic causes, infiltrative diseases, mineral deposition or due to abnormalities in serum levels of magnesium. Hypoparathyroidism can cause multisystem disease, with long-term complications resulting from ectopic calcification as well as renal complications with nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis and renal impairment in addition to respiratory, cardiac or neurological manifestations. Conventional therapy consists of oral calcium salts and active vitamin D but it has limitations, including fluctuations in serum levels of calciumand a high pill burden, and can increase therisk of long-term complications. By contrast, PTH replacement therapy can effectively achieve normal serum levels of calcium, and lower serum levels of phosphate.The long-acting PTH analogue, palopegteriparatide, has been shown to normalize urine levels of calcium. In addition, PTH replacement therapy reduces the pill burden. Palopegteriparatide is alsoassociated with improved quality of life in comparison toconventional therapy. This Review summarizes currentrecommendations regarding the pathophysiology, evaluation and management of hypoparathyroidism and also referencesthe 2022 international hypoparathyroidism guidelines. Palopegteriparatide hasnow been approved as PTH replacement therapy for hypoparathyroidism. Emerging therapies will also be presented in this Review.

Lower serum magnesium level is an important risk factor for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents hypo-responsiveness in hemodialysis patients

PurposeThere is an established inverse association between serum magnesium levels and anemia in the general population. However, limited information is available about this association in patients on hemodialysis. This study investigated the relationship between serum magnesium and anemia in prevalent hemodialysis patients and its relation to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) hyporesponsiveness.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study included 80 prevalent hemodialysis patients. Laboratory data were measured over 3 months. Study populations were divided into 2 groups; group A (n = 34) with serum Mg ≤ 2.2 mg/dl and group B (n = 46) with serum Mg > 2.2 mg/dl. The erythropoietin resistivity index (ERI) was calculated for all patients.ResultsThere were significantly lower mean hemoglobin levels in patients with normo-hypomagnesemia vs patients with hypermagnesemia (8.96 ± 0.44 Vs 9.51 ± 0.39 g/dl respectively), with a p-value < 0.001. ERI mean values were (13.63 ± 3.17 Vs 10.52 ± 2.74 IU/week/kg) which was also found to be a significant p-value < 0.001. Patients with normo-hypomagnesemia had more dialysis-associated symptoms (tremors, weakness, and muscle cramps) (p-value < 0.001). Low serum magnesium was positively correlated with hemoglobin and transferrin saturation (p-value 0.019, 0.001) respectively while it negatively correlated with PTH and ERI (p-value < 0.001, 0.001) respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that low serum magnesium has been an independent risk for ERI 5 times with odds ratio (OR = 5.159 and p-value < 0.001).ConclusionLower serum magnesemia is an important risk factor for ESAs hypo-responsiveness with more dialysis-associated symptoms.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPOMAGNESEMIA FOLLOWING CHRONIC USE OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS

Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed for acid-related disorders, with chronic use becoming increasingly prevalent. While generally considered safe, prolonged PPI therapy has been associated with electrolyte disturbances, particularly hypomagnesemia. Magnesium plays a crucial role in neuromuscular function, enzymatic activity, and cellular homeostasis, and its deficiency can lead to significant clinical complications. Despite the growing recognition of PPI-induced hypomagnesemia, limited research has explored this association in community-based populations, necessitating further investigation into the long-term effects of PPIs on serum magnesium levels. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between hypomagnesemia and chronic PPI use in a community-based population, assessing serum magnesium levels in patients with varying durations of therapy. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Pak-Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH), Rawalpindi, from July 2023 to June 2024. A total of 310 patients were included in the final analysis, categorized based on PPI use duration: 6–12 months (n=110), 12–24 months (n=136), and more than 24 months (n=64). Patients underwent monthly follow-up for six months, with serial assessments of complete blood count, renal function tests, and serum magnesium levels. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to compare magnesium levels across different duration groups, with a p-value ≤0.05 considered significant. Results: The mean serum magnesium levels at six-month follow-up were significantly lower with increasing PPI duration: 1.48 ± 0.08 mg/dL in the 6–12 month group, 1.31 ± 0.12 mg/dL in the 12–24 month group, and 1.28 ± 0.09 mg/dL in the group using PPIs for more than 24 months (p&lt;0.001). The decline followed a linear trend, highlighting a strong association between prolonged PPI use and magnesium depletion. Conclusion: Chronic PPI use is associated with a progressive decline in serum magnesium levels, with a more pronounced reduction observed in patients with extended therapy durations. These findings emphasize the need for routine magnesium monitoring in long-term PPI users to mitigate potential complications.

The relationship between hypomagnesemia and ICU mortality in severe hemorrhagic stroke patients: an observational multicentre study on eICU database

BackgroundHemorrhagic stroke is a potentially fatal condition with high mortality and morbidity. However, there is a lack of evidence for this relationship in critically ill patients with hemorrhagic stroke. This study aims to explore the relationship between hypomagnesemia and ICU mortality in severe hemorrhagic stroke patients.MethodsThe study included 2,026 severe hemorrhagic stroke patients from the Electronic Intensive Care Unit Collaborative Study database, categorized into hypomagnesemia and non-hypomagnesemia groups based on serum magnesium levels. Primary outcome was ICU mortality. Secondary outcome was mechanical ventilation use. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to study the relationship between hypomagnesemia and the outcomes. We also performed a cumulative survival rate analysis by Kaplan–Meier curves.ResultsA total of 2,026 severe hemorrhagic stroke patients, aged over 16 and hospitalized in the ICU for more than 24 h, were enrolled. Among them, 277 (13.7%) died in the ICU, and hypomagnesemia was observed in 489 patients. Multivariable Cox regression analyses demonstrated that hypomagnesemia was related to a 28% increased risk of ICU mortality (HR 1.28, 95% CI [1.02–1.68], p = 0.035) and a 15% increased risk of mechanical ventilation use (HR 1.15, 95% CI [1.04—1.33], p = 0.010) in severe hemorrhagic stroke patients.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that hypomagnesemia is associated with increased risks of ICU mortality and mechanical ventilation use in severe hemorrhagic stroke patients. Future randomized, prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of hypomagnesemia and explore potential interventions.

Assessment of Serum Magnesium Level in Migraine Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Assessment of Serum Magnesium Level in Migraine Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Hypomagnesemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.

This study investigates the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and examines its association with various metabolic parameters. Conducted as a cross-sectional study at King Saud University, Riyadh, it included 294 Saudi adults aged 25 to 65 years, comprising 119 T2DM patients, 80 prediabetics, and 95 nondiabetic controls. Participants underwent physical examinations, and fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, and serum magnesium levels. Statistical analysis revealed that lower magnesium levels were significantly more prevalent in T2DM patients (1.65 ± 4.9 mg/L) compared to prediabetes (2.48 ± 5.2 mg/L) and controls (2.9 ± 5.4 mg/L; P < .001). T2DM patients with magnesium deficiency exhibited higher levels of fasting glucose (11.2 ± 3.9 mmol/L), HbA1c (8.6 ± 2.1 mmol/L), and triglycerides (2.1 ± 0.9 mmol/L), along with increased insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance = 6.6) and decreased insulin sensitivity (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index = 0.29). Magnesium levels correlated negatively with glucose (R = -0.58) and HbA1c (R = -0.61). The area under the curve for serum magnesium in predicting HbA1c > 5.7 was 0.88, and for HbA1c ≥ 6.5, it was 0.91, indicating high diagnostic accuracy. These findings suggest that magnesium deficiency significantly impacts the metabolic profile of T2DM patients in Riyadh. Therefore, routine monitoring of magnesium levels is crucial in diabetes management, and further research is needed to explore the benefits of magnesium supplementation in T2DM care.

Investigating The Agreement of Hypomagnesemia Diagnosis in Three Perimeter of Serum, Urine, and Red Blood Cell in Intensive Care Unit: Pilot Study

Background: Magnesium is a vital element in the body involved in biochemical and physiological processes. Magnesium deficiency can lead to serious consequences including cardiac, neurological, muscular disorders, and other clinical manifestations. In our country, commonly, magnesium measurement is done by measuring serum magnesium levels. This paper discusses the prevalence and consequences of magnesium deficiency in patients hospitalized in the ICU and emphasizes the importance of diagnosis and treating hypomagnesemia. Methods: Diagnosis of hypomagnesemia is done by measuring serum magnesium, urine magnesium, and magnesium in RBCs. We conducted a prospective study on 30 critically ill patients (14 male, and 16 female) who were admitted to the ICU to examine the prevalence of magnesium deficiency. In eligible patients, after measuring serum and RBC magnesium levels, 7.5 grams of magnesium sulfate in 1000 ml isotonic saline was infused over 8 hours at a rate of 125 ml/hour and urine was collected for 24 hours from the start of the infusion. Results: The mean age was 71. There was a significant difference between the levels of serum Mg and RBC Mg (U statistic = 266 and P&lt;0.05). The results showed a significant difference between the levels of serum Mg and urinary Mg (U statistic was almost 0 and P&lt;0.05). The results indicated a significant difference between the levels of urinary Mg and RBC Mg (U statistic was almost 0 and P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: There is no correlation between serum magnesium and the body’s magnesium requirement in patients, and serum magnesium does not reflect the actual status of patients in the ICU. Therefore, measuring the level of magnesium in red blood cells is preferable to urinary magnesium and serum magnesium to investigate hypomagnesemia in the ICU. Additionally, there is no correlation between age, gender, APACHE II score, and the percentage of infused magnesium absorption in patients.

Serum magnesium levels and the risk of acute kidney injury in ICU patients with acute pancreatitis: A MIMIC-IV cohort study.

This cohort study investigated the relationship between serum magnesium levels and the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). We analyzed data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, focusing on adult AP patients (≥18 years old) with ICU stays longer than 24 h. Univariable logistic regression was used to identify key covariates. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the link between serum magnesium levels and AKI occurrence. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to visualize the associations, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. During hospitalization, 455 (69.1%) participants experienced AKI. After adjusting for relevant factors, higher serum magnesium concentrations were significantly associated with AKI (OR: 2.247, 95% CI: 1.234-4.091; p = 0.008). Magnesium levels between 1.6-2.6 mg/dL (OR: 1.872, 95% CI: 1.105-1.174, p = 0.020) and ≥2.6 mg/dL (OR: 3.851, 95% CI: 1.08-13.736, p = 0.038) were linked to increased AKI occurrence. The RCS curve indicated a nonlinear relationship, suggesting a potential threshold effect between serum magnesium and AKI risk. Higher serum magnesium levels were found to be associated with AKI in ICU patients with acute pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to explore this relationship.

Is magnesium level significant in prognosis of geriatric patients admitted to the emergency department?

This study aims to evaluate the impact of serum magnesium (Mg) level on hospitalization and 28-day mortality in a nonspecific geriatric patient population. This single-center retrospective and observational clinical study involved patients aged over 70years who presented to the emergency department for any complaint. Those whose Mg levels were not assessed and those who presented due to trauma, treated in another hospital before coming to our hospital, presented in cardiopulmonary arrest, refused treatment and/or left the hospital without permission, and were referred to another hospital were excluded from this study. The patients were classified as having hypomagnesemia (≤1.7mg/dL Mg), normomagnesemia (1.7-2.2mg/dL), and hypermagnesemia (≥2.2mg/dL). We assessed whether patients between these groups could provide data on hospitalization, discharge, and 28-day mortality. The average age of the included patients was 77.11±7.91years. Of the patients, 1032 (55.3%) were female. The incidence rates of hypomagnesemia, normomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia significantly differed between the hospitalized and discharged patients (p<0.01). In older patients, hypermagnesemia was associated with hospitalization. Moreover, a significant difference in Mg levels at 28days was observed between the deceased patients and survivors (p<0.001); hypermagnesemia was significantly more common among the deceased patients. The results of the univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that hypermagnesemia was a significant factor for discharge at 28days (p<0.001). While hypomagnesemia is more manageable than hypermagnesemia, the latter is an important predictor of hospitalization and 28-day mortality in individuals over 70years old.

Serum Magnesium Level among Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients and Its Correlation with Intra-hospital Complications: A Cross-sectional Single-center Study among Sudanese Patients

Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) frequently have hypomagnesemia, although magnesium (Mg) has proven cardioprotective characteristics. Cardiovascular fatality has been linked to low serum Mg levels; however, the exact mechanism is unknown and results are inconsistent. This study aims to measure the level of serum Mg among patients diagnosed with AMI. Methods: One hundred AMI patients who came to the Wad Madani Heart Center were included in a cross-sectional research study. Demographic data, clinical data (presenting compliance, medical history, and medication history), laboratory examination, electrocardiography (ECG) findings, and echocardiography findings were collected. Serum Mg was measured for all participants, and hypomagnesemia was considered as a serum Mg level &lt;1.6 mg/dl. Version 21.0 of SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of 100 patients was 60 ± 2 years, with 55 (or 55%) being female and 45 (or 45%) being male. Chest pain (n = 92; 92%) was the major presenting complaint. Moreover, the most prevalent heart disease determinants among patients were diabetes mellitus (n = 50; 50%) and hypertension (n = 50; 50%). The mean of Mg was 2.5 mg/dl, and hypomagnesemia was found in 10 (10%) patients and significantly associated with arrhythmia, namely supraventricular tachycardia, (P-value = 0.01). Patients with normal or low Mg levels (98%) were more likely to be discharged in stable condition, whereas all fatalities were among patients with elevated Mg levels (2%). Conclusion: The frequency of hypomagnesemia among AMI patients was 10%. In addition, hypomagnesemia was significantly associated with arrhythmias (mainly supraventricular tachycardia).

Serum magnesium level in febrile children with or without simple febrile seizures from 6 months to 5 years of age: A case-control study

Objectives: Febrile seizure is the most common type of seizure (2–4%) in children. Imbalance in electrolytes, especially hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia predispose to all seizures, including febrile seizures. The objective of this study was to compare the serum electrolytes, especially magnesium levels in febrile children presenting with and without episodes of simple febrile seizure. Materials and Methods: An institution-based age- and sex-matched case-control study done between May and October of 2022, involved 60 children aged 6 months to 5 years, divided into 30 cases (febrile children with seizure) and 30 controls (febrile children without seizure). Detailed history including past, birth, and family history was obtained, and serum magnesium, sodium, potassium, and calcium level estimations were done for each participant. Results: The mean serum magnesium of the febrile seizure group was 1.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL, while that for the control group was 2.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL. Similarly, the mean serum calcium levels of the study participants recruited to the febrile seizure group was 8.4 ± 1.1 mg/dL, while that for the participants recruited to the control group was 9.4 ± 0.5 mg/dL. On analysis, it was seen that the serum magnesium and calcium levels were significantly lower among cases than controls (P &lt; 0.001). However, participants did not differ significantly between the two groups with respect to serum sodium and potassium levels. Conclusion: Mean serum magnesium and calcium levels of children suffering from simple febrile seizures were significantly lower than that of the control children, therefore maintaining optimum serum magnesium and calcium levels should be prioritized in febrile children to prevent the development of simple febrile children among them febrile seizure.

The Impact of Hypomagnesemia on the Long-Term Evolution After Kidney Transplantation.

Magnesium plays a crucial role in immune function, influencing immunoglobulin synthesis, antibody-dependent cytolysis, and other immune processes. In renal transplant patients, magnesium deficiency is primarily induced by calcineurin inhibitor treatment, through the reduction of magnesium transporter proteins in the renal tubules, leading to magnesium loss. To assess the correlation between serum magnesium levels and the long-term outcomes of renal graft and transplant recipients, we conducted a retrospective study on 87 patients who have had a transplant for more than 5 years, a period considered immunologically stable. We evaluated laboratory parameters such as glycemia, creatinine, total protein, and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as demographic data, primary kidney disease, donor type, comorbidities, and infection incidence. This study revealed clinical stability at over 5 years post-transplantation, with no significant differences between the 5-15 and over-15-years groups with regard to major comorbidities, except for HCV infection (p = 0.018). Reduced magnesium levels were associated with impaired renal function (p = 0.017) and inflammatory syndrome (p = 0.012). Viral infections were correlated with living donor grafts (p = 0.05), hypoproteinemia, and decreased eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), while bacterial infections, namely urinary tract infections (UTIs), were linked to reduced eGFR (p = 0.05, p = 0.046). Female patients with hypomagnesemia had a higher incidence of recurrent UTIs (p = 0.03). Hypomagnesemia correlates with increased infection risk in patients who received a renal transplant more than 5 years ago but does not significantly impact glycemic control or cardiovascular health.

WITHDRAWN: Serum Levels of Micronutrients, Magnesium, and Mark-ers of Immunity (CD4+) in Antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected Individuals: Relationships and Predictors

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Demographic Status and Diet Pattern of Preeclamptic and Healthy Pregnant Women - A Comparative Study

Background: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder affecting 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide and is a major contributor to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria, and its occurrence is influenced by various demographic and dietary factors. Understanding these influences is critical in resource-limited settings to improve health outcomes for both preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women. Objective: This study aimed to assess and compare the demographic characteristics and dietary patterns of preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women in Bangladesh, with the goal of identifying risk factors associated with preeclampsia. Methodology: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted over one year, from July 2018 to June 2019, at Rajshahi Medical College in Bangladesh. The study included 100 preeclamptic pregnant women as cases and 100 healthy pregnant women as controls, aged 18-35 years and at 28-32 weeks of gestation. Demographic data, dietary patterns, and serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and uric acid were measured. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square and Unpaired t-tests, were conducted using SPSS, with a significance level set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Preeclamptic women were significantly older and had higher BMI, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures compared to healthy pregnant women. Dietary analysis revealed that 60% of preeclamptic women had non-balanced diets, compared to only 2% of healthy women, indicating a statistically significant difference. However, there was no significant difference in socioeconomic status and parity between the two groups. Educational attainment was lower among preeclamptic women, with a higher proportion having only primary education compared to controls. Conclusion: The study highlights the impact of demographic and dietary factors on the risk of preeclampsia among pregnant women ...

Correlation between micronutrients and cellular immune responses after CoronaVac vaccination in elderly people

Background: Elderly individuals are often at risk for deficiencies in micronutrients like zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg), which are essential for cellular function and immune system homeostasis. Vaccination is a crucial strategy to prevent disease, but micronutrient deficiencies may diminish vaccine effectiveness. The immune response consists of cellular and humoral components, with neopterin serving as a marker for cellular immune activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether Zn or Mg deficiencies affect the decrease of cellular immunity between six and 24 weeks after vaccination. Method: This study was a prospective cohort involving eighty-eight elderly individuals (aged 60 and older) who received two doses of the CoronaVac vaccine. Blood samples were collected at six and 24 weeks post-vaccination to measure serum zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) levels using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The immune response was assessed by the decrease in serum neopterin levels at six and 24 weeks after vaccination, measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Result: There was a positive correlation between Mg and a decrease in neopterin between six and 24 weeks after vaccination, with p = 0.011 and r = -0.296. However, we did not find a correlation between Zn and neopterin levels. This study showed that the lower the Mg levels, the faster the cellular immune response after vaccination disappeared. Nevertheless, the role of Zn in cellular immune response after vaccination is still unclear. Conclusion: Mg deficiency, but not Zn, was correlated with a more rapid reduction of cellular immune response after vaccination.

Simultaneous conversion of dialysate magnesium concentration from 1.0 to 1.2 mEq/L and dialysate calcium concentration from 3.0 to 2.6 mEq/L and changes in serum mineral and bone metabolism markers in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a retrospective study

Abstract Background The impact of simultaneous conversion of dialysate calcium (DCa) concentration from 3.0 to 2.6 mEq/L and dialysate magnesium (DMg) concentration from 1.0 to 1.2 mEq/L on mineral and bone metabolism in patients undergoing hemodialysis remains unknown. Methods We retrospectively recruited 52 patients undergoing hemodialysis who experienced a conversion of dialysates from dialysate A (DCa 3.0 mEq/L and DMg 1.0 mEq/L) to dialysate B (DCa 2.6 mEq/L and DMg 1.2 mEq/L) at a hemodialysis center. The effects of changing the DCa and DMg concentrations on serum bone and mineral parameters were examined over 7 months. Results A total of 48 patients were finally analyzed. After changing the dialysate, serum magnesium (Mg) levels increased significantly from 2.31 ± 0.38 at 0 months to 2.54 ± 0.43 mg/L at 7 months, and serum calcium (Ca) levels decreased significantly from 9.51 ± 0.80 at 0 months to 9.14 ± 0.57 mg/dL at 7 months, with no change in serum intact parathyroid hormone levels. Notably, the serum Ca-to-serum-Mg ratio and serum Ca × inorganic phosphate-to-serum-Mg ratio decreased significantly after dialysate conversion. Around 10% of patients started or increased the dose of vitamin D receptor activators, and 18% of patients started or increased the dose of Ca-based phosphate binders. Notably, the serum Mg levels in three patients exceeded 3.5 mg/dL during the observation period. Conclusions Conversion of DCa from 3.0 to 2.6 mEq/L and DMg from 1.0 to 1.2 mEq/L lowers serum Ca levels and increases serum Mg levels, possibly leading to decreased Ca loading and increased Mg storage among patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The Presence of Food Addiction in Patients with Binge Eating Disorder Was Associated with Higher Weight, Poor Body Composition Outcomes, Lower Serum Level of Magnesium and Higher Ferritin 2 Years Post-LSG Surgery.

This study examined the presence of food addiction (FA) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED) 2years after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and explored its association with some minerals, ferritin, weight loss and, body composition outcomes. In this study, 120 patients with BED who had undergone LSG 2years prior to participation were enrolled. BED was assessed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria and presence of FA was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). The collected data included general characteristic, food intake, physical activity, weight loss percentage, body composition measurements such as fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM), as well as serum level of magnesium, zinc, iron, and ferritin. Fifty individuals with BED met the criteria for FA disorder (41.66%). BED patients who had FA had significantly higher weight (P = 0.01) compared to those without FA. Regarding body composition changes, the finding reveals that patients with BED + FA (vs. only-BED) had a significantly lower FM loss percentage (p = 0.04) and higher FFM loss percentage (p = 0.04). The BED patients with FA had significantly lower levels of magnesium (p = 0.02) and a higher level of ferritin (p = 0.04) compared to those without FA at second year after LSG. The presence of FA in patients with BED was associated with higher weight, poor body composition outcomes, lower serum level of magnesium, and higher ferritin two years post-LSG surgery.

Correlation Between Magnesium and HbA1C in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Magnesium (Mg) is most abundant electrolyte with unlimited physiologic importance in the body, playing a vital role in many fundamental processes. Cellular magnesium is an essential cofactor for various enzymes involved in glucose transport, insulin release and glucose oxidation. Mg has potential role in improving insulin sensitivity and preventing diabetes and its complications. Hypomagnesemia promotes to the initiation and progression of DM and its macrovascular and microvascular complications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of magnesium with HbA1C in T2DM. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, included 85 diagnosed with type 2 diabetes Mellitus visiting Medicine OPD and 85 apparently healthy controls. Clinical and anthropometric characteristics were documented using clinical proforma. The fasting blood samples were collected for estimating serum glucose, HbA1C and magnesium. Results: The mean values of BMI, FBG, HbA1C were found to be significantly elevated in T2DM, but that of Mg were higher in healthy controls (p&lt;0.05). The prevalence of hypomagnesemia in T2DM was found to be 32.94%. The Serum magnesium levels were moderate negatively correlated (r = -0.544, P&lt;0.001) with HbA1C. Conclusion: Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus showed significantly low magnesium levels compared to heathy controls as well as uncontrolled HbA1C levels also showed significantly low magnesium level than controlled HbA1C level. There was significant inverse correlation between serum Mg level and HbA1C level in patients with T2DM. So if serum magnesium values are made to rise, HbA1C values will fall.

Efficacy of vitamin/mineral supplement on children with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder

Objectives The management of language deficits and therapeutic efficacy of micronutrients supplementation in improving presentations in Down syndrome (DS) and autistic children are very challenging. The aim of this open-label study is to explore the effect of micronutrients supplementation together with language stimulating environment on language abilities, the severity of autism spectrum spectrum (ASD) presentations, and on serum levels of some micronutrients and serotonin in these children. Methods DS and autistic children (N = 57) who presented with intellectual disability and developmental language delay were subjected to assessment of the language abilities, severity of autism in ASD participants, in addition to measuring of serum levels of iron, magnesium, B6, B12, and serotonin level by ELISA before and after 16 wk of an oral once-per-day dietary supplementation, together with a home-based language stimulation. The supplement included vitamins (B complex, E, C), trace minerals (Iron, magnesium, zinc), and other nutrients. Results All the participants showed improved language abilities (p = 0.01). Autistic children showed reduced autism severity (p = 0.005). Increased levels of iron, magnesium, vitamin B6, and serotonin in the serum after supplementation have been observed (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions This research provides further support for the benefits of dietary supplementation with home-based language stimulation for DS and autistic children.