Levels Of Humic Acid Research Articles

Effect of Humic Acid on Tolerance indexes of Barley plant to Cadmium Toxicity

      This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of Humic acid (0, 400, 800 ppm) on tolerance index of barley plant to different levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm) of Cadmium. The experiment was designed according factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The results revealed that the combination effect of Humic acid and Cadmium significantly increased the total dry weight, number of spikes and dry weight of straw, as well as in total dry weight of plant, cadmium tolerance was found by treatments HA0CD50, HA0CD10, HA400CD0, HA400CD25, HA400CD100, HA800CD50, HA800CD100. Cadmium significantly decreased the relative chlorophyll production rate (RCPR) of Barley plant,

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H2O2 treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H2O2 to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H2O2 conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H2O2 dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H2O2, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L−1, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (1O2) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H2O2 sequential addition indicated that freshly added H2O2 could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H2O2 concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H2O2 system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.

Evaluation of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) fillets’ shelf life: Fed with a humic supplemented diet

This research was designed to determine the shelf life of products obtained by using humic acid as a feed additive in trout culture. Accordingly, brown trouts (Salmo trutta fario) were fed with different levels of humic acid added feed for 90 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the chemical composition, mineral substance, color and texture analyzes were made in the obtained fillets. The shelf life of fillets was evaluated with physico-chemical [pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS)], total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N)] and microbiological [psychrophilic bacteria, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas counts] parameters with 15 days of cold storage.It had been determined that humic acid is not effective in chemical composition, color and texture (p > 005), but has a significant effect at p < 0.05 level in mineral substance, pH, TBARS, TVB-N, and microbiological results. Although increases and decreases were determined in all analyzes’ values ​​during the storage period, it was determined that the 2% humic acid applied group gave relatively lower values ​​at the end of the storage period in the microbiological and physico-chemical analysis results.

The Movement of Salts in Saline-Sodic Soils Leached by Enriched Water with Combinations of Phosphogypsum and Humic Acids

A laboratory experiment was conducted on saline-sodic soil taken from the 0-30 cm surface layer of clay loam from the farm of a college of agriculture/Anbar university. Sixteen combinations of humic acids (HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4) and phosphogypsum (G1, G2, G3, and G4) at a concentration of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 gm l−1 for both were used. In addition to two treatments for comparison, commercial clean salt (CS) and Euphrates water. Eighteen polyethylene columns were used, with a length of 60 cm and an inner diameter of 7.1 cm. After the columns were filled with the soil, the columns were washed with enriched water with combinations of humic acids and phosphogypsum. The combinations were mixed with Euphrates water. Washing of column continued until three porous volumes had passed. The results showed that the value of accumulation salts (gm l−1) and the concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium (mmol l−1) increased with the increase in pore volume passing through. The movement of salts and sodium concentrations increased with the increase of phosphogypsum with the increase in the level of humic acid in combination, as the highest value of salts and washed sodium reached 4921.98 gm l−1 and 38794.53 mmol l−1 respectively, in HA4G4 combination, compared to HA1G1, which reached 2436.64 gm l−1 and 20596.27 mmol l−1 respectively. While the calcium and magnesium concentrations increased with the increase of phosphate gypsum and decreased with the increase in the level of humic acid in combination. The combination AH1G4 gave the highest concentrations of 10158.04 and 3577.27 (mmol l−1), compared to HA4G4, which reached 6867.60 gm l−1 and 2473.01 mmol l−1, respectively. The water washing treatments and the salinity treatment (CS) gave the lowest amount of salts and concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium compared to all combinations. The diffusion equation is the best for describing the kinetics of the release of the sodium adsorption rate in the soil over time, as it gave the highest rate of determination coefficient (R2) (which was 0.985 and the lowest standard error) (SEe), which reached 55.439. With an increase in the level of addition of humic acids.

Additional Chelated Iron and Organic Amendment Influence on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet under Various Plant Populations

A field experiment was executed at Kalabsho, Dakahlia Province, Egypt in a sandy loam soil, during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons, to study the influence of humic acid levels (without, 7.5 and 15 l/fed) and chelated iron levels (without, 0.5 and 1.0 g/l) on sugar beet grown under three hill spaces (15, 20 and 25 cm). A split-split plot design was used. The results cleared that increasing hill spaces from 15 and/or 20 cm to 25 cm had a substantial increase in leaf area index in both seasons, and sugar lost to molasses (SLM) in the 1st one, whereas, extractable sugar%, quality index, sugar and root yields/fed were markedly reduced, in both seasons. Raising humic acid level from 7.5 to 15 l/fed had an appreciable increment in net assimilation rate (NAR),extractable sugar%, sucrose%, root and sugar yields/fed, in both seasons, and quality index in the 1st one, meanwhile, SLM was not affected. The maximum values and statistical increases were detected in root dimensions, photosynthetic pigments, NAR, sucrose%, extractable sugar%, quality index, sugar and root yields/fed, and low impurities content and SLM, when chelated iron concentration was raised to 1.0 g/l. Effects of the significant interactions among the studied factors on the recorded traits were discussed. Under the present work conditions, sowing sugar beet on 15cm and/or 20cm between hills, soil drench with humic acid at 15 l/fed and spraying foliage with 1.0 g Fe-EDDHA/l, can be recommended to get the highest root and sugar yields/fed and the best quality traits.

Humic\u2009+\u2009Fulvic acid mitigated Cd adverse effects on plant growth, physiology and biochemical properties of garden cress

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic and very mobile heavy metal that can be adsorbed and uptaken by plants in large quantities without any visible sign. Therefore, stabilization of Cd before uptake is crucial to the conservation of biodiversity and food safety. Owing to the high number of carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups in their structure, humic substances form strong bonds with heavy metals which makes them perfect stabilizing agents. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of humic and fulvic acid (HA + FA) levels (0, 3500, 5250, and 7000 mg/L) on alleviation of Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) contaminated with Cd (CdSO4.8H2O) (0, 100, and 200 Cd mg/kg) under greenhouse conditions. Our results showed that, Cd stress had a negative effect on the growth of garden cress, decreased leaf fresh, leaf dry, root fresh and root dry weights, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and mineral content except for Cd, and increased the membrane permeability (MP) and enzyme (CAT, SOD and POD) activity. However, the HA + FA applications decreased the adverse effects of the Cd pollution. At 200 mg/kg Cd pollution, HA + FA application at a concentration of 7000 mg/L increased the leaf fresh, leaf dry, root fresh, root dry weights, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll reading value (CRV), MP, and LRWC values by 262%, 137%, 550%,133%, 92%, 104%, 34%, 537%, and 32% respectively, compared to the control. Although the highest H2O2, MDA, proline and sucrose values were obtained at 200 mg/L Cd pollution, HA + FA application at a concentration of 7000 mg/L successfully alleviated the deleterious effects of Cd stress by decreasing H2O2, MDA, proline, and sucrose values by 66%, 68%, 70%, and 56%, respectively at 200 mg/kg Cd pollution level. HA + FA application at a concentration of 7000 mg/L successfully mitigated the negative impacts of Cd pollution by enhanced N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mn, Zn, and B by 75%, 23%, 84%, 87%, 40%, 85%, 143%, 1%, 65%, and 115%, respectively. In addition, HA + FA application at a concentration of 7000 mg/L successfully reduced Cd uptake by 95% and Cl uptake by 80%. Considering the plant growth parameters, the best results were determined when HA + FA concentration was 7000 mg/L. We have shown that, it is critical to apply a humic substance with high percentage of FA, which was 10% in this study, to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metal stress on plant growth. In conclusion, the application of HA + FA may be suggested as an effective solution for reducing the Cd uptake of the plants by stabilizing Cd in soil and preventing translocation of Cd from the roots of plant to its shoot and leaves.

Study on the electron transfer capability of porphyrin ring and the mechanisms in the catalytic denitrification

In this study, electron transfer capability and mechanisms the porphyrin ring in metalloporphyrins were explored through the performance of tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid (TPPS) in denitrification system. The calculation of frontier orbitals of hemin, chlorophyll c and TPPS indicated the great importance of the porphyrin ring in metalloporphyrin for their electron transfer properties. Batch experiments showed that the nitrate and nitrite reduction rate with 0.25 mM TPPS were 1.88 and 1.95 fold than that of TPPS ­ free system, respectively. With respect to the catalytic mechanism, the electron transfer rate and the consumption efficiency was enhanced in TPPS ­ supplemented system. The oxidation-reduction potential and redox peak potential difference in TPPS ­ supplemented system were 127 mV and 291 mV lower than that of TPPS ­ free system, respectively, which indicated that TPPS effectively enhanced the electron transfer capability in denitrification system. The activation energy of TPPS ­ supplemented system reduced 55 % compared with TPPS ­ free system. The levels of protein and humic acid like compounds in the extracellular polymeric substances increased, which facilitated electron transfer. TPPS accelerated the electron transfer of the complex I and complex III in denitrification electron transfer chain. As for electron consumption efficiency, nitrate reductase activity in TPPS ­ supplemented system was 1.30 fold that of TPPS ­ free system. This study was conducive to better understanding of the mechanisms of electron transfer of metallporphyrins compounds.

Impact of Organic, Bio Fertilization and Humic Acid on Growth and Fruiting of Flame Seedless Grapevines under Sandy Soil Conditions

The present investigation was carried out during two successive seasons 2019 and 2020 on Flame seedless grapes cultivar grown in sandy soil at private farm, Naga Hamady, Qena Governorate, Egypt. Eight treatments of mineral N, humic acid, organic and biofertilization applied to study the effect of them on vegetative growth, soil nutrient status, and fruiting of Flame seedless grapevines. The experimental vines were arranged in a complete randomized design with eight treatments and three replications two vine per each. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: Using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) via 25 to 50% mineral plus 25 to 50% Humic acid (HA) or compost and bio-mix significantly increased, leaf area, pruning wood weight, and leaf total chlorophyll as well as leaf nutrient composition compared to use RDN via mineral N fertilizer alone. All combined fertilization treatments significantly increased the yield and improved the cluster and berry traits compared to use RDN via mineral source only. The results of this investigation indicated that, most trace element and soil physical and chemical properties were increased with increasing the level of organic, bio fertilization and humic acid in studied soil. Also, it could be concluded that fertilized vines with 25 to 50% of nitrogen requirements plus HA or compost and bio-mix improved the vegetative growth and nutritional status, as well as, yield, cluster attributes and berry quality of Flame seedless grapevines under this experiment circumstances.

Response of Zinnia Cultivars to Different Levels of Humic Acid

Response of Zinnia Cultivars to Different Levels of Humic Acid

EFFECT OF SPRAYING SOME ORGANIC ACIDS ON CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT DISEASE, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEET

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, L.) is one of the main economical sugar crops in Egypt. It is infected with Cercospora leaf spot disease, which is caused by Cercospora baticola Sacc. Fungs, which negatively affect the vegetative growth, yield and quality of sugar beet. The results obtained indicated that Cercospora leaf spot disease severity% and relative efficacy% were significantly reduced by spraying beets with 20 g/ L humic acid followed by 2 g/ L boric acid and 50 Mm/ L citric acid compared with the other treatments, in both seasons. Spraying of 1.5 g/ L boric acid treatment led to significant increase in most of traits where, it achieved thickest and heaviest tops and roots/plant and higher values of (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids), sucrose, purity percentages, root and sugar yields/fed in both seasons, as compared to other humic acid levels. Application of 15 g humic/ L significantly affected endogenous phytohormones (gibberellins, auxins, cytokinin and abscisic) and gave the highest values of root diameter, fresh and foliage weights/plant, sucrose and purity percentages as well, sodium and potassium contents, root and sugar yields/fed in both seasons, photosynthetic pigments in leaves in 1st season only compared to the rest of the used levels of humic acid. Foliar application of 50 citric acid/fed increased root diameter, (foliage and fresh weights/plant), sucrose and purity percentages as well, root and sugar yields/fed in both seasons in comparison to that those plants sprayed with (30 and 40 mM/L) and the check treatment. Based on, the previously mentioned combination can be recommended to increase root yield and quality of sugar beet as well as to reduce Cercospora leaf spot disease severity.

Physiological Responses of Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) to Humic Acid Treatment under NaCl Stress Conditions

Squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Alexandria F1) were subjected to different levels of humus as source of humic acid (HA) and NaCl as source of salinity with irrigation to investigate the effect of HA on growth and physiological processes under salinity condition. Three levels of HA: 0, 200 and 400 ppm were used with four levels of salinity: 500 (fresh water), 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm were prepared by adding 0, 500, 1500 and 2500 ppm of NaCl in fresh water. Fresh weight (FWL), dry weight (DWL), specific leaf weight (SLW), midday water content (WC) and relative water content (RWC) of leaves were measured for each treatment at the end of experimentation. Leaf contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−), as well as percentage of protein and content of chlorophyll a, b and total in leaves were determined. The treatment with HA at a concentration of 400 ppm led to maintaining the FWL and DWL, also prevented the decrease in WC of the leaves under the condition of NaCl stress. While there was no apparent effect of treatments on the values of the SLW and RWC. HA reduced the negative effect of salinity on the leaf content of N and P, whereas increasing the content of K+ and K:Na ratio. HA has maintained the concentration of Na+ ions, and there was a noticeable increase in the leaf content of Cl- ions with an increase in the applied NaCl concentration, without any effect of HA treatment reported in this regard. HA led to enhance the severity of NaCl reduced effect on leaf content of chlorophyll a, b and the total and percentage of protein. HA has increased the ability of squash to maintain the WC percentage and improving the nutrients uptake as well as stopped the increase in Na+ ions in the plant tissue. On the other hand, HA treatment was unsuccessful in preventing the increase in Cl-, consequence a decrease in the content of chlorophyll and protein in leaf tissue has been registered, thus there will be a general reduction in overall growth and development of the plant.

EFFECT OF DROUGHT AND HUMIC ACID ON MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT OF THYMUS KOTSCHYANUS

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Humic Acid organic fertilizer on the performance of Thymus Kotschyanus populations under the influence of drought stress. This experiment was performed as a three-factor factorial in the form of a completely randomized design (CRD) for 5 replications (pots) in the greenhouse of Pardisan Research Station belonging to Qom Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. Three factors include 5 top accessions of T. Kotschyanus (factor A), irrigation levels at 80% crop capacity (control), irrigation at 60% crop and irrigation capacity at 40% crop capacity (FC) (factor B); and different levels of Humic acid including 3 Levels of 0, 1500 and 3000 mg/l were dissolved in irrigation water twice after full establishment of the plants and twenty days after the first iteration (factor C). The results of trait variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference at the level of possible error of 1% or 5% between the top accessions of T. Kotschyanus and between different irrigation levels in terms of all traits under study. Effectiveness of accession × irrigation levels were also significant in most traits at the level of 1% or 5% probability of error. In other words, the behavior of different Thymus accessions at different irrigation levels was significantly different and the effect of irrigation levels on different irrigations was not similar. These results are consistent with the reports of many researchers on the effect of drought stress on morphological traits as well as increasing essential oil content in drought stress conditions in medicinal plants. Hassani et al. (2006) reported on the effect of different levels of water stress on growth, performance, and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica. Many traits, such as aerial organ length, wet and dry weight of aerial organ were reduced in dry stress conditions, and the highest percentage of essential oil was obtained for 70% crop capa

The Response of Growth and Yield of Canola Genotypes to Humic Acid Application in Different Plant Densities

To determine the effect of plant density and humic acid on canola yield, a 2-year field experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot during the 2014–2016 cropping years. The factors included two humic acid levels (humic acid solution at 3/1000 [v/v] concentration and distilled water) and three plant densities (40, 60, and 80 plants per m2) in the main plots and six canola genotypes (Ahmadi, Okapi, Opera, Nafis, Karaj1, and SW102) in the subplot. The results showed a significant decrease in the grain and oil yield when plant density increased from 40 to 80 plants per m2, by 57 and 59%, respectively. The oil quality was also effected by the plant density, so the erusic acid and glucosinolate contents increased twofold at 80 plants m2. The grain and oil yield were significantly higher in plants treated with humic acid compared to controls, by 5.4 and 5.8%, respectively. Moreover, the foliar application of humic acid enhanced the oil quality of canola genotypes through a significant decrease in erusic acid and glucosinolate contents. However, there was no significant decreasing effect of humic acid on the density-induced yield loss and the oil yield reduction. Therefore, the increase in canola yield might be achieved by selecting the optimum density and improving the nutritional condition of the soil.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Foliar Spraying with Humic Acid on Productivity of Maize, Soybean and Ear Rot Disease of Maize

In the field, two experiments were confirmed in 2017 in addition to 2018 seasons at Sakha Agricultural Researches Station Farm, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, toward investigate the influence of nitrogen levels (100, 110 and 120 kg N/fed) and spraying with humic-acid levels (without , 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/L) on growth, yield and its attributes, as well ear rot disease of maize under intercropping system of maize and soybean. The field trials were executed in three replicates using split-plot design. The main-plots were consigned to nitrogen levels. The sub-plots were deal out to four levels of humic-acid as foliar spraying. Growth, yield and its attributes of both maize and soybean under intercropping system were significantly improved by rising N-levels from 100 to 110 and 120 kg N/fed and the recommended one was 120 kg N/fed which led to decrease ear rot disease infection and severity. Spraying with humic-acid (7.5 g/L) produced highest growth, yield and its attributes of both maize and soybean under intercropping system and caused more reduction in ear rot disease infection and severity. It can be recommended that the maximum growth, productivity, land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), total income (LE), i.e.10588.60 and 11032 LE, respectively, economic return (LE) and lowest ear rot disease infection and severity (in maize) under intercropping system of both soybean and maize were obtained from spraying with humic-acid (7.5 g/L) and fertilizing with 120 kg N/fed beneath the environmental circumstances of Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt.

Effect of Different Sources of Organic Manures and Different Levels of Humic and Fulvic Acid on Growth, Flowering, Yield and its Components of Watermelon Plants

Effect of Different Sources of Organic Manures and Different Levels of Humic and Fulvic Acid on Growth, Flowering, Yield and its Components of Watermelon Plants

Tackiness of a novel biodegradable binder for erosion control mulch

Kraft lignin, acidic (LA) and alkaline (LB) types, byproducts of pulp manufacturing were mixed with crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, and humic acid to produce a mulch tackifier for soil erosion control. Lignin was dried at 70°C for 24 h before use. The study was a full factorial with lignin levels of 20, 50, and 80% and humic acid levels of 1, 2, and 5% (w/w). The remaining portion consisted of crude glycerol. The samples were homogenized using water to facilitate the homogenization process. After homogenization, the samples were left to settle for 36 h and then separated into solid and liquid portions. Both portions were dried at 70°C for 24 h and tested for tack after wetting with water. Dried lignin, as a standalone ingredient, was also tested for tack. The values for the strength of tack were compared to those obtained from a commercial tackifier. Acidic lignin could be used with lignin content ≥50%. Acidic lignin was comparable to the commercial tackifier, whereas alkaline lignin was found to have significantly more tack but was found to be unsuitable for soil erosion use.

Effect of humic acid enriched cotton waste on growth, nutritional and chemical composition of oyster mushrooms (Pluerotus ostreatus and Lentinus sajor-caju)

Humic acid (HA) is natural product obtained by plant decomposition. It improves systematic resistance in plants and the shelf life of food products. Oyster mushrooms occupy important place in human food due to their palatability and nutritional enrichment. Little is known about the impacts of HA on mushrooms yield. Therefore, a trial was conducted to study the role of HA improving growth, nutritional and chemical composition of two oyster mushroom strains (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus sajor-caju). Pure cotton waste amalgamated with five levels of HA, i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mM/L was used as growth media. The responses of oyster mushroom to HA were recorded in various traits i.e. time to spawn initiation, time to mycelium growth initiation, time to maturity of flushes, time to initiation of pinheads, yield, biological efficiency (BE), minerals (N, P, K, and ascorbic acid, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Na and Ca), sugars (total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars), proximate, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The HA amalgation notably improved the growth, nutritional and chemical composition of oyster mushroom; however, strains differences were non-significant (>0.05) to various level of HA on dry weight basis TSS ranged from 6 to 6.8 °Brix, total sugar was 5.8–11.9%, reducing sugar was 2.6–3%, non-reducing sugar was 9.2–9.6%, ascorbic acid was 35.9–43 mg/100 g, carbohydrates were 68–74%, crude protein was 62–69%, crude fiber was 22–37%, fat contents were 2.5–17%, ash content was 9–11%. These results suggest that HA is an innovative substrate for valuable and high-quality production of the oyster mushroom.

Foliar application of humic acid decreased hazard of cadmium toxicity on the growth of Hybrid Pennisetum

The positive effects of humic acid (HA) in alleviating the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) were demonstrated in pot grown Hybrid Pennisetum. Twelve treatments consisting of six concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 20, 50, 70 and 100 mg kg−1) combined with two levels of HA (0 and 1.0 g L−1) were applied. Our results showed that although Cd toxicity significantly inhibited plant growth, decreased the dry weights of leaves, stems and roots and substantially increased the leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and Cd concentrations in different plant tissues, Hybrid Pennisetum had a strong ability in the uptake and transfer of Cd and could be used for phytoremediation in Cd-contaminated soils. The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity of the leaves also decreased under Cd stress. The foliar application of HA alleviated the symptoms of Cd toxicity by increasing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the content of photosynthetic pigments, although HA did not significantly decrease the concentration of Cd in the leaf, stem and root tissues. Compared with the zero-HA treatment, 1.0 g L−1 HA increased the root, stem and leaf biomasses by approximately 2.7–99.4%, 3.9–11.2% and 18.2–87.1%, respectively. MDA had a significant negative relationship with Pn. The MDA content of the HA-treated Hybrid Pennisetum plants decreased by approximately 4.4–12.2% compared with that of the Cd-only plants, indicating the high Cd tolerance of Hybrid Pennisetum. It is concluded that foliar application of HA (1.0 g L−1) can alleviate Cd toxicity and increase Cd stress tolerance in Hybrid Pennisetum, thereby lowering the potential risk of soil Cd contamination.

THE EFFECT OF SALINITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND SPRAYING BY HUMIC ACID IN SOME OF MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

A pots experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology/College of Education for Girls/University of Anbar during Autumn season of 2018-2019 to study the effect of the salinity irrigation water and spray by humic acid in some of morphological, physiological, growth and yield traits of wheat cv. IPa. The experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was assigned for irrigation by saline water at four level (S0, S1, S2 and S3), while the second factor was the foliar spraying of humic acid in three level (0.0, 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1). The results showed that there was significant reduction in plant height, vegetative dry weight, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content when the plants were irrigated by saline water approached to 41.09 cm, 0.747 g, 0.849 g plant-1 and 38.67 SPAD, respectively at salinity level of 8.3 ds m-1 compared with the plants which irrigated by fresh water. The total carbohydrates were significantly decreased at the treatment of 8.3 ds m-1 reached 18.71 mg g-1. Spray levels humic acid achieved a significant increase in plant height, dry weight of the vegetative part, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content sprayed at 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1 compared to no sprayed. Nitrogen concentration was significantly increased, while both phosphorus and potassium were decreased in the vegetative parts of wheat as the salinity of irrigation water increased. However, the increase of humic acid levels led to significant increasing in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration.

Analyzing bacterial community in pit mud of Yibin Baijiu in China using high throughput sequencing.

“Yibin Baijiu” (YB) is a special Chinese strong-aroma Baijiu (CSAB) that originated in Yibin, a city in western China. YB is fermented in cellars lined with pit mud (PM), the microbiota in which may affect YB quality. In this study, high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to demonstrate the bacterial community structure and diversity in PM of YB. In addition, the physicochemical characteristics of PM were also analyzed, including moisture content, pH, and available phosphorous, ammonia nitrogen, and humic acid levels. Results showed that Firmicutes was the dominant phylum in all PM samples with abundance > 70.0%, followed by Euryarchaeota (11.3%), Bacteroidetes (6.5%), Synergistetes (3.0%), Actinobacteria (1.4%), and Proteobacteria (1.2%). Furthermore, 14 different genera with average relative abundance of > 1% were detected. The Chao1 and Shannon indexes did not vary significantly between the sub-layer and middle-layer PM (P > 0.05). However, Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis showed that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the sub-layer PM was significantly higher than in middle-layer PM. pH differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the two groups. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that bacterial community in PM correlated significantly with available phosphorous content and pH. Our study provides basic data for further elucidating the diversity of microbiota in the PM of YB and the potential mechanism of Baijiu production.