Levels Of Hostility Research Articles

Assessment of Greek Smokers' Psychological Characteristics and Empathy While Smoking in Enclosed Public Spaces and Near Nonsmokers.

BackgroundSmoking presents a strong association between emotional intelligence and increased anxiety and depression. Empathy is a form of perception where people feel the emotional states of others as their own. The act of smoking expresses indifference to social norms and the health of nonsmokers, which speaks to smokers’ psychology. We conducted this study to identify the impact of smoking in psychology, empathy, and smoking behavior and examine the effect of smokers’ psychological characteristics and empathy toward smoking in enclosed public spaces and in front of nonsmokers.MethodologyA primary, quantitative, synchronous, correlational, and nonexperimental research was accomplished using validated, reliable questionnaires. We used random sampling to acquire the study population consisting of 453 employees of public dining areas, owners of public dining areas, and medical and nonmedical students at the University of Larissa, Greece. Data were collected via self-completed questionnaires on participant demographic information and smoking habits. We used SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) to analyze the data with significance set at 5%. We also used independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman’s coefficient, chi-square test, and factorial analysis of variance with significance set at 5%.ResultsWe found high levels of empathy in smokers with low psychosomatic symptoms. Smoking significantly affected levels of empathy (p<.001), annoyance when they are in a place where smoking is prohibited, someone else smoking (p<.001), recommendations of someone who smokes in a nonsmoking area to quit (p<.001), and hostility (p<.001). There was a statistically significant effect of double interaction sample category and smoking on empathy (p<.001). Smoking more than 15 cigarettes affected the levels of agreement in the perception that nonsmokers around them are bothered when they smoke (p=.004) and anxiety (p=.002). Perceptions about the annoyance of nonsmokers were negatively correlated with interpersonal sensitivity (p=.003), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p=.003), hostility (p<.001), paranoid ideation (p=.005), psychoticism (p=.001), and Global Severity Index (p=.006). Annoyance, when smoking is prohibited, was positively correlated with empathy (p=.001) while negatively correlated with somatization (p=.012) and hostility (p=.013). Smoking in prohibited places was related to somatization (p=.032), hostility (p<.001), and paranoid ideation (p=.001).ConclusionsThe purpose of this study was to examine the empathy and psychopathological characteristics of smokers in Greece. Smokers presented high levels of hostility and those who smoke more than 15 cigarettes per day indicated higher levels of anxiety than those who smoke less or not at all. Lower levels of empathy appeared in smokers, regardless of occupation. Smokers presented lower levels of annoyance when they are in a place where smoking is prohibited and someone else smokes. Participants with higher somatization, hostility, and lower empathy are less bothered when they are in a place where smoking is prohibited and someone else smokes. These findings could assist the development of communication materials aimed at smokers to help them understand that others nearby do not enjoy their smoking practices, especially in an enclosed area. These findings could also facilitate feasible antismoking laws with an overall goal to reduce smoking in a population.

Al Mawardi's Thoughts on the Welfare State in the 1998-2019 Reform Era in Indonesia

The concept of a Welfare State is a country that discusses the principle of the balance of world morality and religious morality in every people. This study uses a normative, historical, and sociological approach, because it is closely related to Al-Mawardi's thoughts about the welfare state with the reform era in Indonesia in 1998-2018 as follows: First, the Religion aspect, Al-Mawardi makes religion a state ideology, while The Indonesian state uses an ideology known as Pancasila. Second, aspects of Good Governance. Al Mawardi's ideas and what is implemented in Indonesia are in principle the same, Indonesia applies the need for a professional government system, in terms of efforts to meet the needs of citizens; Third, the aspect of Justice, Al Mawardi highly upholds the existence of justice in a country, Indonesia also does the same. The State of Indonesia is a state of law (rechtsstaat), according to Article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. All citizens are treated equally before the law (equality before the law); Fourth, the aspect of National Security, related to this, Al Mawardi hopes that state security can provide inner peace to the people, and ultimately encourage people to take the initiative and be creative in building the country. Indonesia also has a desire to build a nation. The Indonesian people always strive for state security which also creates a sense of security for citizens; Fifth, the aspect of Economic Prosperity. Al Mawardi views that prosperity can arouse human enthusiasm to improve work ethic, form various social associations between social classes, reduce levels of social tension, prevent conflict and hostility, create progress in all fields, and build harmony and social cooperation. In Indonesia, the trend of poverty since the 1998-2018 reform era has decreased, this proves that the State of Indonesia is also very concerned about the economy of its people. Sixth, The Nation's Vision. Al-Mawardi emphasized the importance of the entrepreneurial spirit and achievement motivation in the economy for future progress. Currently, Indonesia is very aggressively strengthening MSMEs and entrepreneurship. This is in line with Al-Mawardi's ideas regarding The Nation's Vision.

Abstract P223: The Relationship Between Positive Psychological Well-being And Dietary Intakes During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic had a negative impact on mental health and lifestyle behaviors, including dietary habits. Negative psychological factors are known to adversely impact lifestyle behaviors, but the influence of positive psychological well-being on dietary intakes is relatively unknown. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that psychological factors related to both negative emotional states and positive psychological well-being would have an impact on dietary intakes among adults reporting poor sleep quality and at least moderate perceived stress during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Thirty-one individuals (age 40.2±13.0 y, 81% women, 55% White, BMI 23.2±2.6 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in a pilot study testing the efficacy of a well-being and sleep hygiene intervention to improve sleep, diet, and mental health. Questionnaires were administered at baseline to assess diet (single-day food recall), psychological well-being (Psychological Well-Being scales of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, and self-acceptance) and negative emotional states (Symptom Questionnaire scales of anxiety, depression, hostility, and somatization). Separate linear regression models were estimated for each psychological variable that was significantly correlated with diet at baseline, controlling for age, sex, and BMI. Results: Linear regression models showed that, at baseline, higher depression and hostility were associated with higher energy ( B = 77.6±20.3 ( SE ), p &lt; 0.001 and B = 65.2±25.7, p = 0.01, respectively) and fat ( B = 4.6±1.5, p = 0.004 and B = 4.9±1.7, p = 0.008, respectively) intakes. Higher depression was also associated with higher intakes of protein ( B = 3.0±1.0, p = 0.006), carbohydrate ( B = 6.5±2.5, p = 0.01), sugar ( B = 3.9±1.1, p = 0.001), and sodium ( B = 130.7±36.6, p = 0.001). Higher positive relations was associated with lower carbohydrate ( B = -5.1±2.4, p = 0.04) and sugar ( B = -3.6±1.0, p = 0.001) intakes, and higher purpose in life was associated with lower sugar ( B = -3.3±1.2, p = 0.008), cholesterol ( B = -14.7±5.9, p = 0.01), and saturated fat ( B = -1.2±0.4, p = 0.008) intakes. When controlling for baseline levels of depression, hostility and purpose in life were no longer associated with dietary intakes, while positive relations remained associated with sugar intakes ( B = -2.3±1.2, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Under stressful circumstances, both negative emotional states and positive psychological well-being are associated with dietary intakes. Despite depression having the strongest overall impact on dietary intakes, positive relations with others independently affected sugar intakes. Personalized approaches focused on positive psychological well-being, along with distress reduction, should be considered in interventions aimed at promoting healthy dietary behaviors.

The Role of Dynamic Risk and Protective Factors in Predicting Violent Recidivism: Intellectual Ability as a Possible Moderator?

This study investigated which risk and protective factors, based on the 14 clinical indicators of the Historical-Clinical-Future Revised, significantly predicted violent recidivism in a sample of 315 male forensic psychiatric patients. Additionally, it was investigated whether these associations were moderated by intellectual ability. Regarding risk factors, a stronger influence of risky network members, and higher levels of hostility, impulsivity, and addiction significantly predicted violent recidivism. Likewise, regarding protective factors, poorer social and labor skills, and a lower degree of patient's acceptance of crime responsibility were significant predictors of violent recidivism. Contrary to our expectations, better coping skills and more insight into risky behaviors that can lead to relapse also contributed significantly to an increased likelihood of violent recidivism. Intellectual ability had no significant moderating effect on the associations between the factors and violent recidivism. The results offer an insight into which factors need to be prioritized during treatment.

Temporal Associations Between Depression and Hostility in the Context of a Divorce Intervention.

Divorce interventions have been found to be effective in reducing negative outcomes for newly divorced people, including depression and hostility. Typically, divorce interventions cover a variety of issues that may influence people's level of depression and hostility. However, it is unclear whether the interventions differentially affect the outcomes. That is, it may be that intervention participation leads to a reduction in depression, which is associated with a prospective reduction in hostility-or vice versa. The current study used a sample of 1,856 recently divorced Danes, who completed questionnaires at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-month post-divorce. Structural equation modeling revealed that while depression and hostility were concurrently associated, there were no prospective associations, except for baseline depression predicting 3-month hostility. Moreover, the associations did not differ by gender. The results suggest that the intervention content may have influenced both depression and hostility. These findings may be useful in guiding future divorce intervention developments.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICT BEHAVIOR IN FOOTBALL

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the conflict behavior of football players. Research problems are to study and analyze the socio-psychological foundations, typology, causes of conflict in psychology, to study methods and forms of managing and overcoming conflict in football, to identify the characteristics of conflict behavior of athletes. We may conclude from the research that the comparison of the conflict behavior of girl and boy football players proves that competition and compromise are more emphasized among girl football players than among boys and the indicators of cooperation and avoidance are much higher among boys. Girl and boy football players are distinguished by correlation of aggression and hostility, girl football players have a lower level of aggression than boy football players do, and the level of hostility is higher among girl football players. The study of conflict resistance showed that girl football players generally have a higher level of conflict resistance and self-esteem (46%) than boys (20%) do. As a result of the research, it became clear that the self-esteem of a sportsman has a significant effect on conflict resistance and expression of aggression, among both girl and boy football players.

Disasters and the dynamics of interstate rivalry

This article examines how disasters influence conflict dynamics in interstate rivalries. Building on insights from the disaster, rivalry, and diversionary conflict literatures, the authors argue that disasters act as political shocks that disrupt a rivalry relationship. Hostility levels in rivalries are stable over time and shift only through major shocks. While the rivalry literature suggests that some shocks may lead to peace, the authors argue that disaster shocks are more likely to be associated with increased conflict. Disasters often strain the state’s capacity to provide security for its people, while leaders who fail to prepare or respond can face domestic costs. To avoid potential removal from office, leaders have incentives to divert the public’s attention away from poor disaster response by adopting a more aggressive foreign policy. The authors hypothesize that the time between militarized disputes is shortened when pairs of states experience rapid onset disasters. However, the conditions for diversionary conflict depend on the degree of intrastate turmoil and the number of interstate rivalries, with disaster diversionary conflict happening most frequently in rivalry dyads with significant internal strife and multiple rivalries. Duration model analyses from 1900 to 2010 provide strong support for the theory and highlight the limits of disaster diplomacy in rivalry contexts. Given the increased frequency and severity of disasters globally, the findings suggest that environmental shocks are likely to increase interstate hostilities in conflict-prone regions.

“I Didn’t Come Here to Make Trouble”: Resistance Strategies Utilized by Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth in the Midwestern U.S.

Research on transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth demonstrates the negative outcomes associated with trauma and oppression based on gender identity and expression. Related research illustrates how TGD youth are resilient in the face of oppression through individual (e.g., navigating difficult relationships, seeking mental health support) and community (e.g., access to community resources) factors. However, this research is limited by an understanding of resilience as overcoming challenges rather than exploring the possibly unique ways that TGD youth resist oppression as a form of resilience. This qualitative study utilized in-depth interviews with 19 TGD youth living in two Midwestern states, a region of the U.S. characterized by high levels of hostility and victimization toward TGD young people. Thematic analyses revealed the ways in which TGD youth engage in resistance strategies in the face of oppression. At an intrapersonal level, strategies included resisting oppressive narratives, affirming one’s own gender, maintaining authenticity, and finding hope. At an interpersonal level, strategies were standing up for self and others, educating others, and avoiding hostility. Finally, at a community-level, TGD youth were engaging in activism and organizing and enhancing visibility and representation. Findings are discussed and implications are identified.

Examination of the Predictability of Psychological and Sociodemographic Variables among Early Emerging Adulthood and Late Emerging Adulthood Seeking Mental Health Treatment

In this study, the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and the use of mental services among 18-29-year-old adults was examined. Data were collected from the 18-29 aged men and women whos participated in the TURBAHAR study. Psychological symptoms, attachment, alexithymia, personal well-being, and positive-negative mood levels of the participants were examined for the research. According to the regression analysis, it was found that smoking and alcohol use, depression, personal well-being, and hostility levels significantly predicted the psychiatric status of both women and men. In addition, it was found that negative self-esteem and somatization levels predicted the use of mental health services among women. The results showed that more psychological factors were affecting the use of mental health services for women compared to men. The findings are expected to contribute to the structuring of services for men and women in terms of the utilization of mental health services based on gender differences.

Aggression and Juvenile Delinquents

Objective: The objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness of eclectic counseling in reducing the aggression level of juvenile delinquents. Method: Aggression scale, developed by Buss and Perry and Biographic datasheet was used for the study. The participants of the study were thirty seven institutionalized juveniles from Tamil Nadu, India. After collecting the demographic details, aggression questionnaire was administered. The responses were scored and tabulated. Eclectic counselling was provided as intervention for a span of three months. Again the data was collected using the same questionnaire. The post-test results were discussed and conclusions were drawn by comparing with pre-test data.Results: The initial results showed that the subjects had a high level of physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility and overall aggression. The intervention for aggression mainly included relaxation training, self monitoring, reinforcements and group counselling. After three months of intervention, the participants were again assessed and there was a significant reduction in the aggression level of the participants with a t value of 14.774. After intervention, it was found that the level of aggression and its dimensions reduced from high to low except for verbal aggression which fell from high to average.Conclusion: Eclectic counselling helps in the reduction of aggression and the four dimensions of aggression, physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility, of the juvenile delinquents.

Narcissistic Leadership and Workplace Deviance: A Moderated Mediation Model of Organizational Aggression and Workplace Hostility

Abstract Background: Workplace Deviance are among the most common phenomena observed in organizations. This might be attributed to narcissistic style of leadership and the manifestations of organizational aggression. It is further aggravated by increased workplace hostility. The main purpose of this research is to observe the impact of moderated mediation of organizational aggression and workplace hostility upon the relationship between narcissistic leadership and workplace deviance. Methodology: A cross-sectional investigation was conducted using self-survey method. With 673 participants in the study, the author used an electronic questionnaire (Google Forms) to collect data from employees working at five food product companies in Iraq. Mediation model, moderation analysis, and moderated mediation models were evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for which AMOS V.23 software was used. Results inferred that organizational aggression partially mediates a positive relationship between narcissistic leadership and workplace deviance. Further, the relationship between organizational aggression and workplace deviance depends on the changes in level of workplace hostility. Moreover, the study empirically supports the fundamentals of moderated mediation model. In other terms, the study infers that indirect effect of narcissistic leadership in workplace deviance through organizational aggression has been significantly moderated by workplace hostility. Conclusion: When leaders adopt narcissistic behaviors to achieve their personal interests, it leads to increased organizational aggression and workplace deviance that eventually increase the levels of workplace hostility. Accordingly, moderated mediation model provides a better understanding about how narcissistic leadership, organizational aggression, and workplace hostility all work together to influence workplace deviance.

Young age and the risk of violent behaviour in people with severe mental disorders: prospective, multicentre study

BackgroundDuring adolescence and young adulthood people appear to be more prone to violent behaviour. A greater tendency to violent behaviour appears to be associated with hyperactivity, impulsivity and low tolerance for frustration and provocation in social settings.AimsThis prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate rates of violent behaviour among young people with mental disorders, compared with older age groups.MethodA total of 340 individuals with severe mental disorders (125 living in residential facilities and 215 out-patients) were evaluated at baseline with the SCID-I and II, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Specific Level of Functioning scale, Brown–Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression scale, Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Aggressive behaviour was rated every 15 days with the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS).ResultsThe sample comprised 28 individuals aged 18–29 years, 202 aged 30–49 and 110 aged 50 and over. Younger age was associated with a personality disorder diagnosis, substance use disorder, being single and employed. These results were confirmed even controlling for the gender effect. The patterns of the cumulative MOAS mean scores showed that younger (18–29 years old) individuals were significantly more aggressive than older (≥50) ones (P&lt; 0.001).ConclusionsThis study highlights how young age in people with severe mental disorders is correlated with higher levels of impulsivity, anger and hostility, confirming previous analyses. Our results may assist clinicians in implementing early interventions to improve anger and impulsivity control to reduce the risk of future aggressive behaviours.

“Their Own Personal Unicorn”: The Workplace Experiences of Transgender Teachers

Multiple studies have shown that transgender individuals routinely face increased levels of hostility and discrimination in the workplace compared to their cisgender peers; this is also true for transgender educators, who are often marginalized or silenced for expressing their gender diversity. Exploring the experiences of transgender teachers can provide much-needed information for school and district leaders seeking to support and affirm transgender individuals as valued members of the school community. The workplace experiences of six transgender educators in various teaching roles were examined in this qualitative study. The researchers utilized semistructured interviews to explore participants’ professional lives, focusing on factors that affected decisions to reveal or conceal their gender identities, the climate of the schools in which they worked, and their support for LGBTQ students. Findings suggest that while support for LGBTQ teachers is growing, heteronormativity persists in troubling ways, particularly for transgender educators. Implications of these findings for school and district leaders are discussed.

Multi‐family therapy for separated parents in conflict and their children: intervention development and pilot evaluation

AbstractEvidence demonstrates the deleterious impact of ongoing and poorly resolved parental conflict on children’s wellbeing. ‘No Kids in the Middle’ (NKM) is a multi‐family programme that aims to help high‐conflict separated parents find new ways of communicating. The aim of this study was to adapt, deliver and evaluate NKM in three UK pilot sites. This paper reports findings from interviews exploring families’ experiences of this intervention, and questionnaires which measured change for families over the course of the programme. Parents reported reductions in hostility and conflict when discussing parenting issues. Children reported improved wellbeing with respect to family life, and a reduction in ‘avoidance’ with respect to talking or thinking about parental conflict. Parents reported reduced internalising symptoms in children. The findings indicate that NKM could be a promising intervention for high‐conflict separated parents and their children, deliverable by frontline practitioners. Practitioner points Inter‐parental conflict can negatively impact children’s wellbeing Multi‐family therapy may be a promising approach for separated parents experiencing co‐parenting conflict After the NKM multi‐family programme, parents reported reduced levels of hostility and conflict when discussing parenting issues At the end of the NKM programme, children reported improved wellbeing with respect to family life, and a reduction in ‘avoidance’ with respect to talking or thinking about family conflict. Relatedly, parents reported reduced internalising symptoms in children

Relations between lab indices of emotion dysregulation and negative affect reactivity in daily life in two independent studies

BackgroundWe investigated the extent to which physiological/biological measures of emotion dysregulation collected in the lab, resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in Study 1 and amygdala activation in response to negative stimuli in Study 2, combined with daily measures of interpersonal stressors predicted negative emotional states in outpatients better than the stressors alone. MethodsParticipants were adult outpatients with emotional distress disorders (N=30 individuals in Study 1, and N=26 women in Study 2). After completing a laboratory session that collected physiological/biological measures of emotion dysregulation, participants then completed 1–3 weeks of ambulatory assessment during which they reported on interpersonal stressors and negative affective states several times per day. ResultsLaboratory measures of emotion dysregulation were largely unrelated to either momentary or mean levels of daily-life hostility, sadness, and fear in both studies. However, resting RSA significantly moderated the association between day-level interpersonal stressors and momentary fear such that low resting RSA strengthened this association. Similarly, amygdala activation tended to moderate this relationship in the predicted direction. LimitationsBoth samples were relatively small and focused on only a limited set of diagnoses associated with emotion dysregulation. Only two possible physiological/biological markers of emotion dysregulation were examined. ConclusionsThe current studies support the collection of physiological/biological data on emotion dysregulation when indexing daily-life emotion dysregulation as the degree of emotional reactivity to stressors in daily life among outpatients with emotional distress disorders.

Prenatal substance exposure and maternal hostility from pregnancy to toddlerhood: Associations with temperament profiles at 16 months of age.

We investigated whether infant temperament was predicted by level of and change in maternal hostility, a putative transdiagnostic vulnerability for psychopathology, substance use, and insensitive parenting. A sample of women (N = 247) who were primarily young, low-income, and had varying levels of substance use prenatally (69 nonsmokers, 81 tobacco-only smokers, and 97 tobacco and marijuana smokers) reported their hostility in the third trimester of pregnancy and at 2, 9, and 16 months postpartum, and their toddler’s temperament and behavior problems at 16 months. Maternal hostility decreased from late pregnancy to 16 months postpartum. Relative to pregnant women who did not use substances, women who used both marijuana and tobacco prenatally reported higher levels of hostility while pregnant and exhibited less change in hostility over time. Toddlers who were exposed to higher levels of prenatal maternal hostility were more likely to be classified in temperament profiles that resemble either irritability or inhibition, identified via latent profile analysis. These two profiles were each associated with more behavior problems concurrently, though differed in their association with competence. Our results underscore the utility of transdiagnostic vulnerabilities in understanding the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology risk and are discussed in regards to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.

Analysis of aggressiveness and hostility manifestations in the structure of psychoemotional sphere disorders in patients after cardio-surgical intervention

We examined 700 patients who were treated at the State Institution "Heart Institute of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" after undergoing Cardio-Surgical Intervention (CSI) with an artificial circulation procedure. Among the examined patients we identified the following groups: 1) patients with cerebral infarction in the postoperative period, numbering 86 persons, 2) patients with signs of postoperative encephalopathy, numbering 217 persons, 3) patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction, numbering 504 persons. As a result of study in patients who underwent CSI, the presence of increased levels of aggression and hostility. At the same time, the highest levels were inherent in verbal aggression, the rate of which corresponded to a high level; slightly lower – irritation, the rate of which corresponded to high, closer to elevated levels; even lower – guilt, the rate of which corresponds to an elevated, closer to high, level; negativism, feelings of resentment and suspicion, the indicators of which correspond to a higher level; and the lowest – physical aggression, the rate of which corresponds to an elevated, closer to average, level. The aggression index and the hostility index in patients who underwent CSI corresponded to elevated levels. The presence of ischemic and neurological complications increases the levels of aggression (to a greater extent) and hostility (to a lesser extent). This tendency is most pronounced in patients with postoperative cerebral infarction, slightly less in patients with signs of postoperative encephalopathy, and least in patients with signs of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The identified patterns should be taken into account when developing treatment-and-rehabilitation and preventive measures for patients who have undergone heart surgery. Keywords: cardiosurgical intervention in the conditions of artificial blood circulation, disturbance of psychoemotional sphere, aggression, hostility.

Multiple phenotypic traits as triggers of host attacks towards ant symbionts: body size, morphological gestalt, and chemical mimicry accuracy

BackgroundAnt colonies are plagued by a diversity of arthropod guests, which adopt various strategies to avoid or to withstand host attacks. Chemical mimicry of host recognition cues is, for example, a common integration strategy of ant guests. The morphological gestalt and body size of ant guests have long been argued to also affect host hostility, but quantitative studies testing these predictions are largely missing. We here evaluated three guest traits as triggers of host aggression—body size, morphological gestalt, and accuracy in chemical mimicry—in a community of six Eciton army ant species and 29 guest species. We quantified ant aggression towards 314 guests in behavioral assays and, for the same individuals, determined their body size and their accuracy in mimicking ant cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. We classified guests into the following gestalts: protective, myrmecoid, staphylinid-like, phorid-like, and larval-shaped. We expected that (1) guests with lower CHC mimicry accuracy are more frequently attacked; (2) larger guests are more frequently attacked; (3) guests of different morphological gestalt receive differing host aggression levels.ResultsArmy ant species had distinct CHC profiles and accuracy of mimicking these profiles was variable among guests, with many species showing high mimicry accuracy. Unexpectedly, we did not find a clear relationship between chemical host similarity and host aggression, suggesting that other symbiont traits need to be considered. We detected a relationship between the guests’ body size and the received host aggression, in that diminutive forms were rarely attacked. Our data also indicated that morphological gestalt might be a valuable predictor of host aggression. While most ant-guest encounters remained peaceful, host behavior still differed towards guests in that ant aggression was primarily directed towards those guests possessing a protective or a staphylinid-like gestalt.ConclusionWe demonstrate that CHC mimicry accuracy does not necessarily predict host aggression towards ant symbionts. Exploitation mechanisms are diverse, and we conclude that, besides chemical mimicry, other factors such as the guests’ morphological gestalt and especially their body size might be important, yet underrated traits shaping the level of host hostility against social insect symbionts.

Development of the Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS): A Validity and Reliability Study

The aim of this research is to develop Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS) for Turkey Population to determine the hostility levels of individuals, which is a factor affecting the mental well-being of the society during the pandemic. The study group consists of 855 individuals between the ages of 18-65 from different genders, and have experienced the pandemic process. For the construct validity of the scale results, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and a one-dimensional structure consisting of 22 items was revealed. It was determined that the variance explained by the scale showing a one-dimensional structure was 41.5%. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed through a separate study group, it was revealed that all items have significant t values, and the model established according to model fit indexes has meaningful and acceptable fit values. Buss-Perry Aggression Scale was applied with HPS for the criterion validity. As a result of the criterion validity analysis, a significant relationship was found between the scale scores. The Cronbach Alpha was calculated to analyses internal consistency of the scale and a reliability level of 0.93 was obtained. The test-retest reliability results were found as 0.89. In addition, item statistics revealed that all of the scale items can discriminate well among the respondents. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Hostility Scale in Pandemic Process provides valid and reliable results.

The Role of Anti-Establishment Orientations During the Trump Presidency

AbstractGrowing levels of polarization and out-group hostility have become fashionable explanations for the caustic politics of the Trump presidency. However, partisan and ideological identities cannot explain popular attraction to Trump’s anti-elite and populist rhetoric, nor can polarization and sorting account for rising levels of mass identification as political independents. In light of these discrepancies, we offer an explanation for the Trump era unrelated to traditional left-right identities and ideologies: anti-establishment orientations. We argue that much of what is interpreted as an expression of partisan and ideological extremism or polarization is actually the product of a deep-seated antagonism toward the broader political establishment. We first exhibit the individual-level correlates of anti-establishment orientations, finding that people holding strong anti-establishment views exhibit relatively high levels of anti-social personality traits and distrust of others. We then show that anti-establishment orientations are more predictive than left-right orientations of beliefs in conspiracy theories regarding COVID-19, QAnon, and voter fraud. Most importantly, we demonstrate that, while anti-establishment orientations are positively related to support for Donald Trump, they are negatively related to support for Joe Biden and both major parties. In short, the toxicity emblematic of the Trump era—support for outsider candidates, belief in conspiracy theories, corrosive rhetoric, and violence—are derivative of antipathy towards the established political order, rather than a strict adherence to partisan and ideological dogma. We conclude that Trump’s most powerful and unique impact on American electoral politics is his activation, inflammation, and manipulation of preexisting anti-establishment orientations for partisan ends.