Free Fatty Acid Levels Research Articles

Hypercrosslinked porous polymer as catalyst for efficient biodiesel production

While porous organic polymers (POPs) are known for their unique properties, their application in basic biodiesel catalysis is innovative. This study introduces a novel catalyst, hypercrosslinked polymer (HCP-SB-K), synthesized through mechanochemical polymerization of styrene and benzaldehyde with a cross-linking agent and FeCl3, followed by calcination of the previous polymer impregnated with KNO3. The synthesis costs 3.328 euros per gram of catalyst, covering energy and reagent expenses. The catalyst's basic character is explored, demonstrating efficient transesterification with diverse feedstocks. Under optimal conditions, the HCP-SB-K catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic activity, yielding 99.9% FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) at 60 °C, 2 h and 3% w/w catalyst. Investigation of free fatty acid (FFA) content highlights the catalyst's effectiveness with oils varying FFA levels: oils with acid value of 0.44 mgKOH goil−1 reached 92.1% FAME at 60 °C, 1 h and 3% w/w catalyst; oils with an acid value of 1.11 mgKOH goil−1, reached 75.9% FAME, under the same conditions. Catalyst leaching evaluation indicates no discharge of basic sites. The regenerated catalyst (impregnation with KNO3 and calcination, after the first use) exhibits a 98.2% FAME like the fresh catalyst. This suggests that HCP-SB-K can be regenerated without noticeable deactivation, emphasizing its industrial potential.

Anethum graveolens L. restores expression of free fatty acid synthesis-related genes in high fat induced-HepG2 cells

IntroductionThe ethanolic extract of Anethum graveolens (dill) and its major constituents, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and ellagic acid (EA), were investigated for hepatoprotective effects in a HepG2 cell fatty liver model. MethodsHepG2 cells were induced with a combination of oleic (1mM OA) and palmitic (1mM PA) acids and treated with either 10 µM fenofibrate, 1-10 µg/mL CGA or EA, 60-360 µg/mL A. graveolens extract, or left untreated (n=4-5 per group). After 48 hours, cell medium and cells were collected for alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fatty acid accumulation assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of free fatty acid (FFA) synthetic pathway-related genes were determined using reverse transcription/real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis, respectively. ResultsHepG2 cells treated with OA and PA showed increased ALT, AST, and ROS levels, fatty acid accumulation, and modified mRNA and protein expression of PPAR, SREBP1, ACC, ACOX, FAS, SCD1, and HMGCR fatty acid synthesis-related genes. The CGA, EA, and A. graveolens extract showed hepatoprotective activities in OA and PA-induced HepG2 cells by preventing fatty acid accumulation and restoring mRNA and protein expression levels of the fatty acid synthesis-related genes to control levels, with comparable efficacy to the standard anti-lipidemic drug, fenofibrate. Furthermore, CGA, EA, and A. graveolens extract did not increase ALT and ROS levels in HepG2 cells, in contrast to fenofibrate. ConclusionA. graveolens extract, CGA, and EA are good candidates for development as preventive health supplements for fatty liver disease therapy.

Effects of aquatic versus land-based exercise on irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 expression and triiodothyronine and free fatty acid levels in elderly women.

This study investigated the impacts of exercise on irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) expression, as well as triiodothyronine (T3 ) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in elderly women. Thirty women aged 65 to 70 years (10 per group) were randomly assigned to aquatic exercise, land exercise, and control groups. The aquatic and land groups engaged in 3 exercise sessions per week (60 min/session) for 16 weeks. The intensity was progressively increased every 4 weeks. Irisin and FGF-21 levels significantly increased in the aquatic exercise group. In the posttest, the aquatic exercise group had the highest irisin levels. Significant findings were observed for irisin and FGF-21 for the main effect between aquatic and band exercise groups (p<0.05 for both), the main effect between measurement times (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively), and the interaction effect (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). The irisin level was significantly higher in the aquatic than in the land group 30 minutes after the last session (p<0.05). In both exercise groups, T3 levels were significantly higher 30 minutes after the final session (p<0.05) than before the program. The FFA level was significantly higher in the aquatic exercise group than the others. In the aquatic group, FFA levels were significantly higher 30 minutes after both the first (p<0.01) and the last (p<0.001) session compared to pre-program values. Differences in exercise type and environment can promote fat metabolism by stimulating hormonal changes that induce brown fat activity and browning.

Reducing Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil Using Diethylene Glycol and Zinc(II) Chloride Based Deep Eutectic Solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were prepared by precise combinations of mol fractions of chemical compounds, resulting in a lowered melting point due to hydrogen bonding. This research aimed to elucidate the physicochemical attributes of DES and its effectiveness in mitigating free fatty acid (FFA) levels in crude palm oil (CPO). Zinc(II) chloride (ZnCl2) served as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) while diethylene glycol (DEG) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD). Characterization included freezing point, density, viscosity, conductivity, and pH determination. At a ZnCl2 mol fraction of 0.30, the resulting DES exhibited homogeneity with transparent liquid properties, featuring a freezing point below −10 °C, density of 1.42 g/mL, viscosity of 1933.40 cP, conductivity of 66.13 µS/cm, and pH 3.42. FTIR spectra confirmed hydrogen bond interactions between HBA and HBD. Applied to CPO at a 1:1 volumetric ratio (DES:CPO), with 2 h of stirring time at 50 °C, FFA content decreased from 4.11 to 0.86%. This research highlights DES as an environmentally sustainable purification agent, significantly reducing FFA levels in unrefined palm oil.

Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis to explore pig bile-processed Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae sauce-processed Rhizoma Coptidis in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response

Pig bile- and Fructus Evodiae sauce-processed Rhizoma Coptidis (Danhuanglian, DHL; Yuhuanglian, YHL, respectively) are two types of processed Rhizoma Coptidis (Huanglian, HL) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). DHL and YHL are representative of HL generated from the subordinate and counter system processing methods, respectively, both noted for their anti-inflammatory effects. How these processing methods can affect the medicinal efficacy of HL remains a hot topic. Here, we discussed the influence of the two methods on the efficacy of final HL products (i.e., DHL and YHL) by comparing their components and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide, and UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was utilized to analyze the endogenous differential metabolites of RAW264.7 cells treated with HL, YHL, and DHL, and thus to identify the related metabolic pathways. Finally, using network pharmacology, we constructed a “disease-target-differential metabolites-active ingredients” network map. Compared with the control, all three products, HL, YHL, and DHL, significantly reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. 12 differential metabolites related to inflammation were identified and 25 target proteins were overlapping among the three groups. Notably, the anti-inflammatory effects of DHL and YHL were mediated by metabolic pathways such as aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. Specifically, DHL significantly impacted free fatty acid levels, which was not observed with HL and YHL. On screening, DHL had 9 active ingredients, including three from pig bile, and YHL had 12 active ingredients, with six from the processing excipient Fructus Evodiae. The distinct anti-inflammatory mechanisms and material basis of YHL and DHL were characterized by consistency and distinctiveness. Thus, this study underscores the significant influence of processing methods on the medicinal efficacy of TCMs by revealing their regulatory mechanisms and material bases.

Factors that Affect the Quality of Olive Oil Produced Using Olives from Traditional Orchards in the Middle East

Traditional olive (Olea europaea) orchards have been grown for thousands of years and still occupy most of the world’s cultivated olive areas. To compete with olive oil produced in the higher-yielding intensive orchards, the oil from traditional orchards must be of high quality. We evaluated oil quality—potential and actual (under commercial conditions)—and tested the stages in the production chain that are likely to reduce oil quality in the traditional sector in the Middle East region. Our findings show a clear negative impact of growers’ traditional practices on both the chemical and sensory characteristics of olive oil. The oil originating from the commercial process had higher free fatty acid and lower polyphenol and carotenoid contents, lower stability, lower pungency, lower fruitiness, lower bitterness, and a higher prevalence of organoleptic defects than oil that originated from fruit picked from the same trees during the experimental procedure. The current common harvesting technique of pole beating significantly increased fruit injury and fruit with mold, leading to a reduction in oil polyphenols and an increase in free fatty acid levels compared with those resulting from manual picking. In addition, after harvest, storing the fruit for more than 48 hours in plastic bags dramatically reduced the oil quality. The traditional olive orchard could be a source of high-quality extra virgin olive oil. However, fruit handling—from the trees until the end of the oil extraction process—is performed incorrectly, thus adversely affecting the oil quality.

High protein requirements of juvenile Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus: Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, health, and welfare.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the optimal dietary protein requirement and the effect of varying protein levels on the growth and health of juvenile, wild-caught Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus, a promising candidate for cold-water aquaculture diversification. Six iso-energetic (ca. 18.3 MJ kg-1), fish meal-based experimental diets were formulated with crude protein levels ranging from 35% to 60%, with graded increments of 5% in a 12-week feeding trial in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and condition factor (K) were evaluated in response to dietary protein levels. Liver, muscle, and blood parameters were assessed for possible changes in protein and lipid metabolism and welfare. Overall growth was highly variable throughout the experiment on all diets, as expected for a wild population. The feed with highest in protein (60%) inclusion resulted in the highest growth rates, with an average weight gain of 37.4% ± 33.8% and an SGR of 0.31% ± 0.2% day-1. This was closely followed by feeds with 55% and 50% protein inclusion with an average weight gain of 22.9% ± 34.8% and 28.5% ± 38.3%, respectively, and an SGR of 0.18% ± 0.3% day-1 and 0.22% ± 0.3% day-1, respectively. Fish fed the high protein diets generally had increased hepatic lipid deposition (17%-18%) and reduced free fatty acid levels (3.1-6.8 μmol L-1) in the plasma relative to fish that were fed the lower protein diets (35%-45%). No effects of diet were found on plasma protein levels or muscle protein content. Furthermore, stress parameters such as plasma cortisol and glucose levels were unaffected by diet, as were plasma ghrelin levels. Overall, these results suggest that a high protein inclusion in the diet for Atlantic wolffish is required to sustain growth with a minimum protein level of 50%.

Development of novel API-based deep eutectic solvents for esterification of high free fatty acid

Low-value feedstocks containing high free fatty acid (FFA) content are incompatible with direct alkali-catalysed transesterification, and require a deacidification step through esterification to reduce its FFA level. Herein, innovative acid catalysts were developed based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to pretreat low-quality palm oil (12.43 % FFA). DESs were formed using Brønsted acids (5-sulfosalicylic acid and benzenesulfonic acid) and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (paracetamol) at a 3:1 molar ratio. The DESs were characterized using ATR-FTIR and Hammett acidity function (H0). DES catalyst dosage, methanol requirement, reaction time and temperature parameters were optimized, and its recyclability was evaluated. The FFA contents were reduced to below the limit of < 2 % using acidic DESs at optimized conditions. Reaction kinetics revealed that DES-catalysed reactions followed the pseudo first order rate of reaction and required the lowest activation energy of 40.91 kJ/mol. Through the Eyring-Polanyi thermodynamic study, the DES-catalysed esterification reactions were endothermic (ΔH° > 0), non-spontaneous (ΔS° < 0 and ΔG° > 0) and endergonic. COSMO-RS computational calculations reveal the viable formation of the DESs based on its moieties, and supports the good solubility of the DESs in methanol. This study demonstrates the feasible valorisation of low-value feedstocks using innovative catalysts in enabling biodiesel production.

Analysis of correlative factors of female coronary slow-flow phenomenon: A retrospective study.

The coronary slow-flow phenomenon (CSFP) is a manifestation of coronary artery disease wherein coronary angiography reveals no apparent stenosis; however, there is a delay in blood flow perfusion. Given its increased occurrence in male patients, with the majority of subjects in previous studies being male, this study aimed to explore whether distinct risk factors are present in female patients with CSFP. This single-center retrospective study focused on female patients diagnosed with CSFP by using coronary angiography. Eligible patients meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into the study group (presenting with CSFP) and control group (displaying normal epicardial coronary arteries). Comparative analyses of clinical and diagnostic data were performed. Ninety-two patients with CSFP and an equal number of controls were enrolled in this study. Patients with CSFP exhibited a higher prevalence of smokers (P = .017) and a heightened incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (P = .007). Significantly elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P = .034) and free fatty acids (FFA) (P = .016) were observed in the CSFP group compared to those in the control group. Additionally, patients with CSFP displayed lower levels of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) (P = .092), free thyroxine (FT4) (P = .001), and total thyroxine (TT4) (P = .025). Logistic regression analysis indicated that smoking (P = .019), FFA (P < .001), ApoE (P = .015), and FT4 (P < .001) were independent risk factors for CSFP, accounting for confounding factors. Additionally, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the combined effect of smoking, ApoE, FT4, and FFA on CSFP was 0.793 (95% CI: 0.729-0.857, P < .01). In addition to the established risk factors for smoking, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, female patients with CSFP exhibited significant differences in apoE, FFA, FT4, and TT4 levels compared to the control group. Smoking, FFA, and FT4 levels emerged as independent risk factors for CSFP.

Effect of Chitosan Addition on Porosity of Rice Husk Calcium Silicate Used for Free Fatty Acid Adsorbent from Palm Oil

Studies have been done on developing calcium silicate pores derived from rice husk with and without including chitosan as a template. The chitosan solution was supplemented with sodium silicate derived from rice husk, and then CaCl2 was added. The calcium silicate was calcinated at 900ºC for 4 h. The calcium silicate obtained was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The XRD analysis showed the presence of diffraction peaks corresponding to Wollastonite (CaSiO3) crystals, Wollastonite 2m (CaSiO3), Alite (Ca3SiO5), and larnite (Ca2SiO4). Next, the FT-IR spectrum exhibits Si-O-Si, Si-O-Ca, and Si-OH functional groups, suggesting the presence of calcium silicate material. The BET study of calcium silicate using chitosan templates revealed a pore size of 3.88 nm, a pore volume of 0.1577 cc/g, and a surface area of 81.1519 m2/g. The BET analysis results obtained differed from those of the BET analysis of calcium silicate conducted without using chitosan templates, which were 2.06 nm, 0.069 cc/g, and 13.531 m2/g, respectively. The developed mesoporous calcium silicate was employed as an adsorbent to decrease the concentrations of free fatty acids in palm oil. The acid-base titration method is used to evaluate quantities of free fatty acids. The results obtained from the computation of free fatty acid levels indicate a decline in the concentration of free fatty acids in palm oil. The concentration of free fatty acids derived from palm oil was 1.23%. Therefore, mesoporous calcium silicate-free fatty acids at a concentration of 1.06% resulted in an 86.1% reduction.

Relationship of postprandial fibroblast growth factor 21 with lipids, inflammation and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease during oral fat tolerance test.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is closely associated with serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21; however, previous studies have typically focused on the static fasting state, and the relationships between postprandial FGF21 levels, postprandial metabolic status, and MAFLD remain unclear. Therefore, we measured postprandial lipids, inflammatory factors, and FGF21 levels in MAFLD and further analyzed their relationship using an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). In total, 103 non-diabetic adult volunteers, including 46 patients with MAFLD, were included in this study. All participants underwent the OFTT. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6h. Circulating total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), hypersensitive-C reactive protein(hs-CRP) and FGF21 were assessed. Serum FGF21 significantly increased in the fasting state (P < 0.05) and showed a biphasic change of first decreasing and then increasing in MAFLD during the OFTT. The postprandial levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, FFA, IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP were significantly increased in MAFLD (P < 0.05). After adjusting for multiple factors, the FGF21 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was linearly correlated with the FFA iAUC, TG iAUC, and IL-6 iAUC (P < 0.05) and was an independent factor for MAFLD (P < 0.05, OR=1.403). Dyslipidemia and excessive inflammation in MAFLD are associated to FGF21 levels in the postprandial period. An abnormal postprandial FGF21 response may be an important mechanism of MAFLD.

Mitochondria targeted esculetin administration improves insulin resistance and hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis in db/db mice.

The development and progression of hyperglycemia (HG) and HG-associated atherosclerosis are exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction due to dysregulated mitochondria-derived ROS generation. We recently synthesized a novel mitochondria-targeted esculetin (Mito-Esc) and tested its dose-response therapeutic efficacy in mitigating HG-induced atherosclerosis in db/db mice. In comparison to simvastatin and pioglitazone, Mito-Esc administration resulted in a considerable reduction in body weights and improved glucose homeostasis, possibly by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis, as indicated by a reduction in glycogen content, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) levels, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) activity. Interestingly, Mito-Esc treatment, by regulating phospho-IRS and phospho-AKT levels, greatly improved palmitate-induced insulin resistance, resulting in enhanced glucose uptake in adipocytes and HepG2 cells. Also, and importantly, Mito-Esc administration prevented HG-induced atheromatous plaque formation and lipid accumulation in the descending aorta. In addition, Mito-Esc administration inhibited the HG-mediated increase in VACM, ICAM, and MAC3 levels in the aortic tissue, as well as reduced the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of senescence. In line with this, Mito-Esc significantly inhibited monocyte adherence to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) treated with high glucose and reduced high glucose-induced premature senescence in HAECs by activating the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway. In contrast, Mito-Esc failed to regulate high glucose-induced endothelial cell senescence under AMPK/SIRT1-depleted conditions. Together, the therapeutic efficacy of Mito-Esc in the mitigation of hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance and the associated atherosclerosis is in part mediated by potentiating the AMPK-SIRT1 axis. KEY MESSAGES: Mito-Esc administration significantly mitigates diabetes-induced atherosclerosis. Mito-Esc improves hyperglycemia (HG)-associated insulin resistance. Mito-Esc inhibits HG-induced vascular senescence and inflammation in the aorta. Mito-Esc-mediated activation of the AMPK-SIRT1 axis regulates HG-induced endothelial cell senescence.

Effects of Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Fasting on Blood Biochemistry in Dorper × Mongolian Sheep.

Transport is a high-risk time for sheep, especially if the distances are long and sheep are fasted for a long time beforehand. Two experiments were conducted to compare transport durations of 1 hour (1 h) and 3 hours (3 h) and the effects of feeding before transport using Dorper × Mongolian sheep, which are typical of the region and may be tolerant of the high temperatures in the Inner Mongolian summer. Thirty 4-month-old male sheep were randomly divided into two treatment groups, with 15 sheep/treatment in each experiment, to evaluate the effects on blood biochemical indicators, stress hormone levels, rectal temperatures, and antioxidant status of lambs in summer. In Experiment 1, the levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids after 3 h transport were significantly lower than after 1 h transport (p < 0.05). The levels of thyroxine and malondialdehyde in blood were greater after 3 h transport than 1 h transport (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase levels after 3 h transport tended to be lower than after 1 h transport (p = 0.051). In Experiment 2, the levels of urea and superoxide dismutase in the group fasted pre-transport was significantly lower than those of the group fed pre-transport (p < 0.05). The serum cortisol level in the pre-transport fed group was higher compared to the group fed pre-transport (p = 0.04). Total antioxidant capacity in the pre-transport fasted group tended to be lower compared to that in the pre-transport fed group (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the reduction in nutritional status of sheep transported for longer and without feed pre-transport suggests that transporting sheep in hot conditions in northern China after fasting for a long period should be restricted. However, a decrease in the stress induced by transport following fasting is worthy of further study.

Bawei Chenxiang Wan ameliorates right ventricular hypertrophy in rats with high altitude heart disease by SIRT3-HIF1α-PDK/PDH signaling pathway improving fatty acid and glucose metabolism

BackgroundBawei Chenxiang Wan (BCW) is among the most effective and widely used therapies for coronary heart disease and angina pectoris in Tibet. However, whether it confers protection through a right-ventricle (RV) myocardial metabolic mechanism is unknown.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats were orally administrated with BCW, which was injected concurrently with a bolus of Sugen5416, and subjected to hypoxia exposure (SuHx; 5000 m altitude) for 4 weeks. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in high-altitude heart disease (HAHD) was assessed using Fulton’s index (FI; ratio of RV to left ventricle + septum weights) and heart-weight-to-body-weight ratio (HW/BW). The effect of therapeutic administration of BCW on the RVH hemodynamics was assessed through catheterization (mean right ventricular pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mRVP and mPAP, respectively)). Tissue samples were used to perform histological staining, and confirmatory analyses of mRNA and protein levels were conducted to detect alterations in the mechanisms of RVH in HAHD. The protective mechanism of BCW was further verified via cell culture.ResultsBCW considerably reduced SuHx-associated RVH, as indicated by macro morphology, HW/BW ratio, FI, mPAP, mRVP, hypertrophy markers, heart function, pathological structure, and myocardial enzymes. Moreover, BCW can alleviate the disorder of glucose and fatty acid metabolism through upregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1ɑ, citrate synthase, and acetyl-CoA and downregulation of glucose transport-4, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate, which resulted in the reduced levels of free fatty acid and lactic acid and increased aerobic oxidation. This process may be mediated via the regulation of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) signaling pathway. Subsequently, the inhibition of SIRT3 expression by 3-TYP (a selective inhibitor of SIRT3) can reverse substantially the anti-RVH effect of BCW in HAHD, as indicated by hypertrophy marker and serum myocardial enzyme levels.ConclusionsBCW prevented SuHx-induced RVH in HAHD via the SIRT3-HIF1ɑ-PDK/PDH signaling pathway to alleviate the disturbance in fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Therefore, BCW can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of RVH in HAHD.

Innovative insights into dry fermented sausages flavor: Unraveling the impact of varied lactobacillus genera-driven fermentation

This study was to evaluate the impact of different genera of Lactobacillus on the flavor of fermented dry sausages. LAB counts and pH analyses showed that heterofermentative LAB (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Latilactobacillus sakei) showed greater growth capacity and competitive advantage in dry fermented sausage compared to homofermentative LAB (Latilactobacillus curvatus). This led to the production of higher levels of free amino acids and free fatty acids. This further contributed to the production of flavor substances and enhanced overall sensory acceptability. Specifically, sausages fermented with L. plantarum YR07 exhibited a fruity, fermented flavor due to the presence of 2,3-butanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methyl-butanal and ethyl lactate. The sausages fermented by L. sakei L48 exhibited a fatty, creamy, fermented flavor, likely due to the presence of hexanal, propanal, and acetoin. In conclusion, L. plantarum YR07 and L. sakei L48 are promising starter cultures to enhance the flavor characteristics of dry sausages.

La dexmedetomidina mitiga la insuficiencia renal aguda tras la cirugía de revascularización coronaria: un ensayo clínico prospectivo

Introduction and objectivesTo evaluate the impact of dexmedetomidine impact on cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI), kidney function, and metabolic and oxidative stress in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with heart-lung machine support. MethodsA randomized double-masked trial with 238 participants (50-75 years) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting was conducted from January 2021 to December 2022. The participants were divided into Dex (n=119) and NS (n = 119) groups. Dex was administered at 0.5 mcg/kg over 10minutes, then 0.4 mcg/kg/h until the end of surgery; the NS group received equivalent saline. Blood and urine were sampled at various time points pre- and postsurgery. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of CSA-AKI, defined as the occurrence of AKI within 96hours after surgery. ResultsThe incidence of CSA-AKI was significantly lower in the Dex group than in the NS group (18.26% vs 32.46%; P=.014). Substantial increases were found in estimated glomerular filtration rate value at T4–T6 (P<.05) and urine volume 24hours after surgery (P<.01). Marked decreases were found in serum creatinine level, blood glucose level at T1–T2 (P<.01), blood urea nitrogen level at T3–T6 (P<.01), free fatty acid level at T2–T3 (P<.01), and lactate level at T3–T4 (P<.01). ConclusionsDex reduces CSA-AKI, potentially by regulating metabolic disorders and reducing oxidative stress.Registered with the Chinese Clinical Study Registry (No. ChiCTR2100051804).

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Concentration and Glycemic Index on Blood Glucose Variability and Free Fatty Acids in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes.

Monitoring glycemic control status is the cornerstone of diabetes management. This study aimed to reveal whether moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diets increase the risk of free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and it presents the short-term effects of four different diet models on blood sugar, glycemic variability (GV), and FFA levels. This crossover study included 17 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to identify the effects of four diets with different CHO contents and glycemic index (GI) on GV and plasma FFA levels. Diet 1 (D1) contained 40% CHO with a low GI, diet 2 (D2) contained 40% CHO with a high GI, diet 3 (D3) contained 60% CHO with a low GI, and diet 4 (D4) contained 60% CHO with a high GI. Interventions were performed with sensor monitoring in four-day periods and completed in four weeks. No statistical difference was observed among the groups in terms of blood glucose area under the curve (p = 0.78), mean blood glucose levels (p = 0.28), GV (p = 0.59), and time in range (p = 0.567). FFA and total triglyceride levels were higher in the D1 group (p < 0.014 and p = 0.002, respectively). Different diets may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by affecting GI, FFA, and blood glucose levels.

Heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Shinshu N-07 exerts antiobesity effects in western diet-induced obese mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Shinshu N-07 (N-07) isolated from fermented Brassica rapa L. Male mice were divided into three groups (n=10/group); normal diet, western diet (WD), or WD+N-07 (N-07) group and administered each diet for 56 days. The N-07 group showed significant suppression of body weight gain and epididymal fat, perirenal fat, and liver weights compared with the WD group. Higher levels of fecal total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) were observed in the N-07 group than in the WD group. The mRNA expression of the cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) was significantly increased in the small intestine of N-07-fed mice compared with WD-fed mice. Moreover, N-07 supplementation significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the TG- and FFA-removal ability of N-07 was confirmed to evaluate its soybean oil- and oleic acid-binding capacities in in vitro experiments. The antiobesity effects of N-07 might be due to its ability to promote lipid excretion by regulating cholesterol transporter expression and lipid-binding ability.

Dietary starch level regulates the growth and glycolipid metabolism through the insulin-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway of juvenile mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)

A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary starch levels on growth performance, glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathway of juvenile Scylla paramamosain. Three isonitrogenous (41.51% ± 0.31%) and isolipidic (8.68% ± 0.53%) experimental diets were formulated to contain 10%, 20% and 30% starch levels, respectively. A total 96 crabs were divided into 3 treatment groups. There were 4 replicates per treatment group and 8 crabs per replicate (initial weight 5.12 ± 0.05 g). The crabs fed the diet with 20% starch showed the best growth performance, with higher weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and feed efficiency (FE) compared to the other diets. Increasing starch levels in the diet resulted in higher levels of glycogen and lipid in the muscles and hepatopancreas. The levels of glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) displayed a significant increase in both hemolymph and hepatopancreas with the escalating dietary starch concentrations. In contrast, as the dietary starch levels increased, the concentrations of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and insulin-like peptides (ILPs) in hemolymph and hepatopancreas demonstrated a notable decline. The glycolysis and pentose phosphorylation pathways were significantly promoted, while the gluconeogenic pathway was significantly inhibited, with dietary starch levels increasing from 10% to 30%. Additionally, increasing dietary starch levels led to a significant down-regulation of genes related to the lipid synthesis, lipolysis and insulin signaling pathway. Histological results showed that hepatopancreas fat accumulation increased with the increase of dietary starch level. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that adding 20% starch to the diet can promote growth and improve nutrient utilization. In addition, the level of dietary starch had significant effects on the glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathway of mud crabs, thus affecting the deposition of lipid reserves in hepatopancreas.

Abstract 3025: Association Of Systemic Insulin Sensitivity With Walking Distance In Peripheral Artery Disease

Background: Skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) is subjected to chronic ischemia and is known to be insulin resistant. The association of insulin resistance with walking distance in unclear. Research Question: Does systemic insulin sensitivity (assessed by Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] and Adipose tissue insulin resistance index [Adipo-IR]) associate with 6-minute walk test distance (6MWT)? Aims: To understand the role insulin resistance plays in ambulatory impairment in PAD. Methods: Patients with PAD (defined as ABI &lt;0.85) and age-matched controls (ABI 1.00-1.40) were recruited and underwent measurements of fasting glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), and insulin followed by 6-minute walk testing. HOMA-IR was calculated as (glucose [mg/dL] x insulin [uU/mL])/405 and Adipo-IR was calculated as FFA (mmol/L) x insulin (uU/mL). Comparisons between controls and those with PAD were done with Mann-Whitney U tests. Linear regression modeling was used to assess the association of insulin sensitivity with 6MWT. Results: Seventy subjects (median [IQR] age 67.5 [61.0, 73.0] years, 45 (64.3%) males) were recruited, including 20 controls and 50 with PAD. Insulin levels were significantly high in those with PAD (9.6 vs 12.1 uU/mL, p=0.05) while FFA (0.37 vs 0.34 mmol/L, p=0.04) levels were lower. Glucose levels were similar (77.9 vs 79.5 mg/dL, p=0.53). HOMA-IR was significantly higher in PAD (2.4 vs 2.0, p=0.03) while Adipo-IR was similar (3.9 vs 3.7, p=2.42). Insulin level, HOMA-IR, and Adipo-IR were significantly associated with 6MWT distance in univariate analysis, but no association was seen after adjusting for ABI, which strongly associated with walking distance. Conclusion: Patients with PAD exhibit systemic insulin resistance, although ABI was more strongly associated with 6MWT distance than the degree of insulin sensitivity.