Ferric Reducing Ability Of Plasma Levels Research Articles

Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Snakebite-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Background Snakebite-induced acute kidney injury (SAKI) is a life-threatening complication. Despite its impact on public health, the understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remains limited. There is a lack of studies investigating the role of oxidative stress, oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in SAKI. This study aims to address this knowledge gap. Materials and Methods Biomarkers of oxidative stress, including oxidative DNA damage, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction were assessed in 30 patients with SAKI and 30 healthy controls. Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and nitric oxide (NO) were used as biomarkers. Results We found significantly elevated levels of MDA (2.1590±0.68221 µmol/L vs 0.8769±0.2958 µmol/L, p = <0.001), PCC (0.0905±0.040 nmol/L vs 0.0501±0.024 nmol/L, p = <0.001) and 8-OHdG (47.0757±37.09105 ng/mL vs 18.8450±9.31479 ng/mL, p = <0.001) in SAKI patients compared to controls, indicating increased oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA respectively. Although AGEs showed higher levels in SAKI patients, the difference was not significant. FRAP levels were significantly reduced [0.214 (0.051-0.489) mmol/L vs 0.470 (0.136-0.564) mmol/L, p = 0.024], indicating compromised antioxidant capacity. Significantly elevated levels of hs-CRP [40.18 (16.96-77.56) mg/L vs 1.44 (0.5-4.45) mg/L, p = <0.001] and NO [25.59 (22.75-28.43) µmol/L vs 14.218 (11.37-16.35) µmol/L, p = <0.001] confirmed the presence of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in these patients. Conclusion Our study demonstrated oxidative stress, including oxidative DNA damage, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, in SAKI patients. Understanding these intricate mechanisms could lead to the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.

Effect of olive oil phenols on oxidative stress biomarkers: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The phenolic content of olive oil has a role in cardiovascular protection. Some clinical trial studies demonstrated that phenolic compounds of olive oil have antioxidant activity which can protect macronutrients from oxidative damages. The aim of this study was to summarize the results of clinical trials which assessed the effects of high- versus low-phenol olive oil on oxidative stress biomarkers levels. We searched Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Embase up to July 2021. Eight clinical trials which evaluated the effect of the phenolic content of olive oil on oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL), malondialdehyde (MDA), or ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were included the meta analysis. A significant decrease was observed in ox-LDL level (WMD: -0.29 U/L; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.07) and MDA (WMD: -1.82 μmoL/L; 95% CI: -3.13, -0.50). However, after subgroup analysis for MDA, the result was not significant for not serious limitation (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI: -0.35 to 0.24), but significant for serious limitation (SMD: -3.64, 95% CI: -4.29 to -2.99). Also, no significant change was found in FRAP (WMD: 0.0 mmoL/L; 95% CI: -0.03, 0.04) level. Dose-response analysis indicated a significant linear relationship between the phenolic content of olive oil and ox-LDL. The present study showed some beneficial effects of high-phenol compared with low-phenol olive oil on ox-LDL and MDA levels. According to the meta-regression analysis along with the increasing phenolic content of olive oil, a reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers was observed.

Impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients

Background: Hypertension is consistently related to the development of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Oxidative stress has been associated with mechanisms of hypertension which could be nullified by antioxidants such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (i) To estimate the impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients; (ii) to measure serum levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hypertensive patients before and after giving them antioxidant therapy for 45 days. Materials and Methods: Thirty randomly selected hypertensive patients were given Supradyn tablet once a day for 45 days. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), SOD, GR, GPx, and reduced Glutathione assays were measured before and after the intervention therapy. Results: Total antioxidant capacity as measured by serum FRAP in hypertensive patients before and after the therapy was increased significantly from 578.8 ± 60.85 to 592.1 ± 59.66 (μmol/L), respectively. The levels of SOD, GPx, GR, and Glutathione in hypertensive patients before giving antioxidant therapy were 1.6 ± 0.49 U/ml, 184.6 ± 17.1 μmol/L/min, 8.96 ± 1.15 μmol/L/min, and 8.03 ± 0.96 μmol/g of Hb, respectively. The same after giving them antioxidant therapy were 1.7 ± 0.46 U/ml, 182.4 ± 15.98 μmol/L/min, 8.83 ± 1.11 μmol/L/min, and 7.83 ± 0.94 μmol/g of Hb, respectively. The levels of GPx, GR, and Glutathione were significantly decreased after giving antioxidant therapy for 45 days while SOD level did not change significantly. Conclusion: Antioxidant therapies for 45 days led to a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity as shown by plasma FRAP levels and a significant decrease in serum levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as GPx, GR and Glutathione in hypertensive patients. However, serum levels of SOD did not show a significant change.

The Effect of Quercetin on Stress Oxidative Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

Background: Quercetin is one of the main flavonoids, overall distributed in plants. The antioxidant capacity of quercetin is several times vitamin E and glutathione. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials were performed to determine the effect of quercetin on oxidative stress (OS) markers.
 Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to February of 2021. Meta-analysis was conducted on 8 eligible RCTs containing a total of 668 participants. The weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated for a pool effect size of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP). Subgroup analyses were performed based on intervention duration and dosage. The heterogeneity of studies was examined by Cochran's Q test and I-squared (I2) statistic.
 Results: Effect sizes from 668 participants based on the random effect model showed that quercetin supplementation had no significant effect on TAC and MDA compared to the control group. The analysis illustrated that quercetin supplementation significantly increased FRAP in adults (WMD = -0.159 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval (CI):-0.178, -0.141, P ≤ 0.001).
 Conclusions: The finding of the current study showed that quercetin supplementation had no significant effect on TAC levels, although it significantly increased FRAP levels in adults. Also, MDA level did not markedly change. It has needed to conduct clinical trials with more quality and bigger sample sizes to verify the positive impact of quercetin on stress oxidative marker.

The evaluation of adiponectin gene polymorphisms (rs2241766 and rs1501299) in susceptibility to severe coronary artery disease in a north Iranian population.

BackgroundSeveral genome-wide-association-studies have approved a series of adiponectin polymorphisms firmly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic traits. In this study, the relationship between +45 T/G (rs2241766) and the +276 G/T(rs1501299) adiponectin polymorphisms was investigated with coronary heart disease, antioxidant capacity, and plasma lipid profiles in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 274 blood samples were collected from 131 male and 143 female Iranian volunteers suspected of coronary heart disease based on angiographic evidence.PCR-RFLP method was used to determine the adiponectin genotypes in two variants, +45 T/G (rs2241766) and + 276 G/T(rs1501299). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was estimated through the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), and also, the Elman method was applied to evaluate total thiol. Plasma lipid profiles and FBS were measured by spectrophotometric methods. ResultsComparison of clinical and demographic factors in the two groups of CAD+ and non-CAD showed a significant differences between age, triglyceride, insulin and FRAP levels (P < 0.05). there was no significant variation in the probability of developing coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus due to genotypic and allelic frequencies at the two gene polymorphism +45 T/G(rs2241766) and + 276 G/T(rs1501299). Data analysis explained that adiponectin +45 T/G variants correlated with plasma lipid profile and glycemic index in diabetic subjects. However, this relationship was not observed for the +276 G/T variant. ConclusionThe results showed that the adiponectin gene polymorphism (45 T/G, +276G/T) had not significantly correlation with coronary artery disease in most variants and only the GG variant of 45 T/G can develop the risk of coronary artery disease in male individuals with diabetes.

Analysis of malondialdehyde and ferric reducing ability of plasma in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Lucknow city, India

Background: The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing due to obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Increased oxidative stress leads to oxidative damage of biomolecules and decreased antioxidant capacity.Aim: The study was designed to determine the malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in T2DM patients at IIMS&amp;R Hospital, Lucknow.Method: The oxidative stress was analyzed in T2DM patients as MDA. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated through the FRAP in T2DM patients and control subjects.Results: The level of MDA was observed to be higher (4.84 ± 1.09) in T2DM patients compared to controls (2.20 ± 0.85). The FRAP was lower among T2DM patients (509.46 ± 126.36) compared to controls (895.62 ± 179.92). The difference between FRAP in T2DM patients and controls was statistically significant (p=0.0001).Conclusion: MDA was found to be higher in T2DM, and the FRAP level was lower in T2DM patients compared to controls, signifying increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant level in T2DM patients.

A comparative study on the effect of blood collection tubes on stress oxidative markers.

Oxidative stress has a major role in disease pathogenesis. However, limited studies have investigated the effect of various sample collection tubes on oxidative biomarkers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different collection tubes on the variation of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total thiol (t-SH), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) levels. A total of 35 individuals participated in this study and each collected sample was separated into three different tubes: glass tubes (GTs), plain plastic tubes (PTs), and gel separator tubes (GSTs). The results of PTs and GSTs were compared to those of GTs as the reference tube. The comparison between the means of biomarkers in various tubes indicated that there was no significant difference in MDA results between tubes. In contrast, t-SH and NO content were significantly decreased in GSTs and PTs compared to GTs. However, the Bland-Altman analysis showed an acceptable concordance for the mentioned analytes and the statistically significant differences were not clinically significant for NO, MDA, and t-SH antioxidant parameters. Moreover, the FRAP level was considerably lower in GSTs compared to GTs. Nevertheless, the Bland-Altman analysis showed a high bias percentage for the FRAP assay when using PTs and GSTs. According to the present results, it can be concluded that switching to plastic blood collection tubes or serum separation tubes could influence the FRAP results. However, there was no interference for the interpretation of other antioxidant assays in different types of collection tubes. Hence, it is suggested to use GTs for total antioxidant capacity evaluations, especially the FRAP assay.

Impact of Seminal Plasma Antioxidants on Donkey Sperm Cryotolerance.

This study investigated whether the activities of the antioxidant components of donkey seminal plasma (SP)—both enzymatic (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase-like (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-like (GPX), and paraoxonase type 1 (PON1)) and non-enzymatic (measured in terms of total thiol, copper-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC))—and oxidative stress index (OSI) are related to sperm cryotolerance. For this purpose, 15 ejaculates from jackasses (one per individual) were collected and split into two aliquots. The first one was used for measuring the activities levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and OSI in SP, whereas the other aliquot was cryopreserved. Before cryopreservation, sperm quality parameters (concentration, motility, and viability) were evaluated. After thawing, sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, lipid disorder, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium intracellular levels were also determined. Based on the percentages of total motility (TM) and of sperm with an intact plasma membrane (SYBR14+/PI−) after thawing, samples were classified as good-freezability (GFE) or poor-freezability (PFE) ejaculates through cluster analyses. The SP activity levels of enzymatic (SOD and PON1) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (CUPRAC, FRAP, and TEAC) were higher (p < 0.05) in GFE than in PFE, whereas SP-OSI was higher (p < 0.05) in PFE than in GFE. In addition, the activity levels of SOD, PON1, GPX, CUPRAC, FRAP, and TEAC were positively (p < 0.05) related to post-thaw sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity and negatively to intracellular ROS levels. The SP-OSI was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to post-thaw sperm quality parameters and positively to intracellular ROS levels. It can thus be concluded that donkey SP antioxidants are related to sperm cryotolerance and that measurements of antioxidants PON1, SOD, CUPRAC, FRAP, and TEAC, as well as SP-OSI, could be used as markers of sperm cryotolerance. Further research addressing the relationship of these antioxidants and SP-OSI with sperm cryotolerance and their potential use as freezing markers is warranted.

Strenuous swimming raises blood non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in rats.

The non-enzymatic antioxidant system protects blood components from oxidative damage and/or injury. Herein, plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity after acute strenuous swimming exercise (Exe) and exercise until exhaustion (Exh) was measured in rats. The experiments were carried out in never exposed (Nex) and pre-exposed (Pex) groups. The Nex group did not undergo any previous training before the acute strenuous swimming test and the Pex group was submitted to daily swimming for 10 min in the first week and 15 min per day in the second week before testing. Plasma glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were measured and plasma total protein sulfhydryl groups (thiol), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) levels were evaluated. There were marked increases in plasma lactate concentrations (Nex-Control 1.31±0.20 vs NexExe 4.16±0.39 vs NexExh 7.19±0.67) and in thiol (Nex-Control 271.9±5.6 vs NexExh 314.7±5.7), TEAC (Nex-Control 786.4±60.2 vs NexExh 1027.7±58.2), FRAP (Nex-Control 309.2±17.7 vs NexExh 413.4±24.3), and TRAP (Nex-Control 0.50±0.15 vs NexExh 2.6±0.32) levels after acute swimming and/or exhaustion. Also, there were increased plasma lactate concentrations (Pex-Control 1.39±0.15 vs PexExe 5.22±0.91 vs PexExh 10.07±0.49), thiol (Pex-Control 252.9±8.2 vs PexExh 284.6±6.7), FRAP (Pex-Control 296.5±15.4 vs PexExh 445.7±45.6), and TRAP (Pex-Control 1.8±0.1 vs PexExh 4.6±0.2) levels after acute swimming and/or exhaustion. Lactate showed the highest percent of elevation in the Nex and Pex groups. In conclusion, plasma lactate may contribute to plasma antioxidant defenses, and the TRAP assay is the most sensitive assay for assessing plasma non-antioxidant capacity after strenuous exercise.

Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Peritoneal Dialysis.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a low-grade inflammatory state which is accom-panied by elevated markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and endothelial dysfunction in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). These represent a key triad for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The present study assessed the markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and non-diabetic CKD patients on PD. A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 100 CKD patients on PD, of whom 52 patients were nondiabetic and 48 were diabetic patients. Blood samples were estimated for malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as markers of oxidative stress; interleukin (IL)-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and fibrinogen as inflammatory markers; and markers of endothelial dysfunction such as nitric oxide (NO), carotid wall intimal medial thickness (CIMT), and number of plaques, among others. The MDA levels increased and FRAP levels decreased in both diabetic and nondiabetic CKD patients on PD. The levels of IL-6, hs-CRP, fibrinogen, NO, CIMT, and the number of plaques were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic CKD patients on PD. The lipid profile was significantly atherogenic in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetics CKD patients. The results showed increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetics CKD patients on PD.

Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Interleukin-6, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Fibrinogen with Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with T2DM having Vitamin D Deficiency.

Objectives Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated with oxidative stress and inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction, which promotes cardiovascular risk. Vitamin D with its pleiotropic effect is said to protect against cardiovascular risk. However, with vitamin D deficiency being more prevalent in T2DM, the cardiovascular risk may get compounded. Materials and Methods An interventional study was conducted on 100 patients with T2DM having vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D < 20 ng/mL), who were given oral supplementation of 2,000 IU/day of vitamin D for a period of 6 months. Serum vitamin D, biomarkers of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL (OxLDL), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), biomarkers of inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and fibrinogen were measured at baseline and at the end of the third and sixth month of vitamin D supplementation. Statistical Analysis Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for comparison between baseline and third- and sixth-month data after vitamin D supplementation. Linear regression by generalized estimating equations (GEE), which grouped repeated measures for each subject and accounted for correlations that may occur from multiple observations within subjects, was applied. Results Serum vitamin D levels reached normal levels with a significant decrease in OxLDL, hsCRP, IL-6, PAI-1, and fibrinogen levels, with a significant increase in FRAP ( p = 0.001) levels at the end of 6 months of vitamin D supplementation. These changes were observed even after correction with glycemic control (HbA1c). However, a significant decrease in MDA was observed only at the end of the sixth month of vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D levels showed a significant negative association with Ox-LDL, Hs-CRP, IL-6, PAI-1, and fibrinogen, even after adjusting for BMI and statin use ( p = 0.001). Conclusion Supplementation of vitamin D for a period of 6 months in patients with T2DM having vitamin D deficiency is beneficial in the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Different dietary protein sources influence growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets.

The inclusion of high-quality proteins are commonly used in swine production. Our research investigated the effects of hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites of weaned piglets. A total of 144 piglets (weaned at 28 d) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 8 piglets per pen. This study included 2 periods: d 0 to14 for phase 1 and d 15 to 28 for phase 2. Dietary treatments contained 15.90% HWP, 15.80% FSBM, and 15.10% ESBM in phase 1, and 7.90% HWP, 7.80% FSBM, and 7.50% ESBM in phase 2, respectively. The ADG of piglets in ESBM was increased (P < 0.05) compared with HWP and FSBM during d 1–28. Compared with HWP and FSBM, ESBM increased (P < 0.05) the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and the serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in piglets on d 14, as well as increased (P < 0.05) the serum FRAP level in piglets on d 28. ESBM decreased (P < 0.05) serum levels of DAO and IL-1β in piglets compared with HWP on d 28. ESBM enhanced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Oscillospiraceae and Christensenellaceae, as well as reduced the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae in the feces compared with HWP and FSBM. The PICRUSt analysis revealed that the number of gene tags related to degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine, as well as lysine degradation in ESBM were lower (P < 0.05) than that in HWP and FSBM. ESBM increased (P < 0.05) the fecal butyrate level in piglets compared with FSBM, and ESBM tended to decrease (P = 0.076) the fecal cadaverine level. Overall, ESBM had advantages over HWP and FSBM in improving antioxidant status, immune function, fecal bacteria and metabolites for weaned piglets.

Investigation of Antioxidant Status in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), constitutes the leading cause of death across the world. They are responsible for the highest mortality rate in Iran. The traditional risk factors for CAD are smoking, obesity, hypertension, family history, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, enhanced oxidative stress is known as a novel risk factor for CAD. Objectives: The associations of oxidative and antioxidative markers were investigated relative to the occurrence and severity of CAD. Methods: A total of 286 participants, including 141 males and 145 females aged 30 - 70, were classified as CAD case and control groups, based on their coronary angiography results. The CAD severity scoring was done based on the number and extent of lesions in coronary arteries. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assayed using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method. Meantime, malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as a lipid peroxidation product. Results: The results demonstrated a significant increase in SOD activity (P = 0.019) and the uric acid concentration (P = 0.000) of CAD patients compared to the control group. Although no change was seen in GPx and CAT activity, as well as FRAP and MDA, a significant positive correlation was found between CAT and SOD activity (P = 0.011) and between FRAP and uric acid (P = 0.000) levels. Conclusions: The results suggest that some antioxidants are significantly associated with the severity of CAD, thereby helping predict the risk of cardiovascular events. However, extra studies are needed to endorse the significance of these findings.

Effect of Anesthetics on Oxidant and Antioxidant Parameters After Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Older Patients

Objectives: The effects of anesthesia techniques and anesthetics on different systems and organs of the body, especially the immune system, in older patients undergoing surgery, have always been of interest to researchers. This study aims to compare the effects of general anesthesia with isoflurane and spinal anesthesia with lidocaine on oxidative and antioxidant parameters in older patients with inguinal hernia surgery. Methods &amp; Materials: This is a double-blinded randomized clinical trial with parallel design conducted on 70 older patients referred to the surgery department of hospitals in Tehran, Iran during 2018-2019. They were randomly divided into two groups of 35; the first group received general anesthesia with isoflurane and the second group received spinal anesthesia with lidocaine. Blood sampling was performed in two stages; one day before and one day after surgery. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Ferric-Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were measured before and after anesthesia using standard methods. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 software. Results: The Mean±SD age of patients in the lidocaine group was 69.94±8.31 years and in the isoflurane as 70.23±4.98 (P&gt;0.81). In the isoflurane group, there was a significant difference between pre- and postoperative levels of AOPP, MDA, oxidized LDL, FRAP, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. In the lidocaine group, this difference was significant in MDA, oxidized LDL, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Conclusion: Given the positive effects of isoflurane on oxidative and antioxidant parameters in older patients with inguinal hernia surgery, it is recommended that this anesthetic be considered in the selection of anesthesia methods and drugs for this group of older patients.

Advanced glycation end-products and advanced oxidation protein products levels are correlates of duration of type 2 diabetes

AimsDiabetes is associated with the excess formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and low levels of ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). However, the trend of oxidative and antioxidant markers levels according to diabetes duration is unclear. Main methodsIn a case-control study, 240 patients with diabetes and 100 healthy controls were enrolled. Patients were divided into four groups according to the duration of diabetes, including newly diagnosed, 1–5, 5–10, and 10–15 years. Serum AGEs, AOPP, and FRAP levels were compared among groups. Key findingsAGEs and AOPP were higher and FRAP was lower in patients with diabetes compared to healthy controls. Serum levels of AGEs increased progressively with increasing in diabetes duration. AGEs levels were 68.97 ± 7.28% in newly-diagnosed, 73.43 ± 12.96% in 1–5 years and 80.44 ± 13.84% in 10–15 years of diabetes duration (pairwise p-values <0.05). In linear regression analysis the correlation among AGEs, AOPP, FRAP, and diabetes duration remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI, HDL, HbA1c, waist circumference, microvascular complications, and coronary artery diseases. ROC analysis showed AGEs could predict the duration of diabetes when patients with 10–15 years duration of diabetes were compared to patients with 1–5 years duration of diabetes (AUC = 0.676, p-value = 0.003). SignificanceDiabetes promotes AGEs, and AOPP production, independent of glycemic control and patients age. Serum levels of AGEs increase progressively with increasing duration of diabetes. AGEs may be helpful in estimating chronicity of diabetes.

Evaluation of biomarkers in liver following Solanum melongena green calyx administration in diabetic rats.

Solanum melongena green calyx (SMGC) has antioxidant properties. Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases oxidative stress and causes cellular damages in liver. This study attempts to show the protective effects of SMGC against morphometric, inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic changes in liver following DM induction. For DM induction, the streptozotocin (60mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. After the preparation of the SMGC extract, phytochemical content was analyzed. Sixty-four rats were categorized into 8 groups (n = 8); control, diabetic, SMGC, and diabetic + SMGC. SMGC administration was applied orally with doses of 100, 300, 500mg/kg for 4weeks. The assays of nitrite oxide, lipid peroxidation (LP), and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) were conducted for sample analysis. P53, Bcl2, and Bax genes expression, inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and morphological features were measured. Apoptotic cell index, body weight, and levels of glucose and insulin were also analyzed. A one-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. According to the phytochemical analysis, the SMGC is rich in Tannins and Saponins. Antioxidant values, p53 and Bax genes expression, inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, body weight, serum glucose, and morphometrical features were increased significantly (except insulin and FRAP levels and Bcl2 gene expression which were decreased) in diabetic group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, evaluated parameters were reduced significantly (except insulin and FRAP levels and Bcl2 gene expression which were increased) in SMGC and diabetic + SMGC groups in comparison with the diabetic group (P < 0.05). These findings revealed that the SMGC attenuates blood glucose levels in diabetic animals and also eliminates destructive effects of DM on liver through antioxidant features.

Antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ashrasi date palm in hepatotoxicity caused by mercuric chloride administration

Introduction: date palm (ADP) is a flowering plant type of the palm family which has strong antioxidant properties. Mercuric chloride (MC) is a complex substance that generates oxidative stress. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of ADP on the , inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic changes induced by MC.&#x0D; Methods: Fifty-six male rats were randomly allocated into 8 groups (n = 7) as follows: Group 1- control, 2- MC (50 mg/kg), 3-5: ADP (30, 90, and 270 mg/kg), and 6-8: MC+ADP. The rats were orally and administrated with the respective agents for 5 weeks. Extracts of ADP were prepared and screening was conducted. Nitric oxide (NO), lipid (LP), and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assays were conducted to assess the antioxidant index. The levels of p53, Bcl2 and Bax gene expression were assessed by real-time PCR. Cytokines involved in inflammation were evaluated by enzyme-linked assay (ELISA). Liver enzymes were also measured using biochemical methods. changes (e.g. in hepatocyte (HD) and central hepatic vein (CHV)), and apoptosis cell index were evaluated by light and fluorescent microscopy methods.&#x0D; Results: MC treatment significantly increased all parameters described in the Methods section (except for FRAP level and Bcl2 expression level, which were both decreased) in the MC group, when compared to the control group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Also, all indices were significantly decreased in the ADP and ADP+MC groups (except for FRAP level and Bcl2 expression level, which were increased), when compared to the MC group (P &amp;lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: These findings revealed that ADP extract can serve as a potent antioxidant which effectively attenuates the adverse effects of MC on the liver through the activation of antioxidant mechanisms and regeneration of modifications.

Impact of aerobic exercise, sex, and metabolic syndrome on markers of oxidative stress: results from the Brain in Motion study.

Oxidative stress may be involved in disease pathology and dependent on both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. This study aimed to assess exercise-induced changes in markers of oxidative stress among older, sedentary adults and to determine the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) status, aerobic capacity, age, sex, and weight on these biomarkers. Two hundred and six participants (means ± SE; 66.8 ± 6.4 yr, 104 women) of the Brain in Motion study underwent a 6-mo aerobic exercise intervention. At three time points, venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of oxidative stress [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and antioxidant status: catalase, uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)]. AOPP levels significantly decreased after 6 mo of aerobic exercise (P = 0.003). This decrease was not modified by MetS status (P = 0.183). Subjects with MetS possessed significantly higher levels of AOPP (P < 0.001), MDA (P = 0.004), and FRAP (P = 0.049) across the intervention (months 0-6). Men possessed significantly higher levels of FRAP (P < 0.001), catalase (P = 0.023), and UA (P = 0.037) across the intervention (months 0-6). Sex-MetS status interaction analyses revealed that the effect of MetS is highly sex dependent. These findings are multifaceted because the effect of MetS status seems distinctly different between sexes, pointing to the importance of acknowledging modifiable and nonmodifiable factor differences in individuals who possess conditions where oxidative stress may be part of the etiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress is implicated in a myriad of conditions, namely cardiovascular disease risk factors. This article details the effect of aerobic exercise, sex, and metabolic syndrome on markers of oxidative stress. We conclude that 6 mo of aerobic exercise significantly decreased oxidative stress, and further, that there is an effect of metabolic syndrome status on oxidative stress and antioxidant status levels, which are highly dependent on the sex of the individual.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antiapoptogenic effects of Sumach seed extract on liver injury induced by amethopterin in male rat model

Background and objective Amethopterin (AM), like most chemotherapy medications, causes cellular generation of oxidative stress. In Iranian traditional medicine, Sumach is widely used owing to its antioxidant properties. In this study, the authors aimed to assess the probable antioxidant, antiapoptogenic, and therapeutic effects of Sumach extract on liver tissue and hepatocytes against hepatic degeneration induced by AM as a chemotherapy drug. Materials and methods A total of 64 rats were grouped (n=8), including (1) control, (2) AM (20 mg/kg), (3–5) Sumach (75, 100, 150 μg/ml), and (6–8)- AM+Sumach. Hydroalcoholic extract of Sumach seeds was prepared. Treatments with Sumach extract were applied intraperitoneally daily for 28 consecutive days. Nitrite oxide was measured by Griess assay. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and malonaldehyde test were used to measure total antioxidant and lipid peroxidation levels, respectively. Hepatocyte apoptotic index was analyzed via tunnel test. The expression level of p53 and Bax genes was measured by real-time PCR. Furthermore, liver enzymatic function, histopathological changes, and morphometric alterations were examined. Results and conclusion Antioxidant values, p53 and Bax genes’ expression, nitrite oxide, enzymes, and morphometrical features were increased significantly (except FRAP levels, decreased) in AM group as compared with the control group (P

Pentoxifylline modulation hepatotoxicity and apoptosis induced by nitrosamine in rats

Background: Pentoxifylline (PEN) is a xanthine derivative with different functional characteristics including dilution of blood and increase in tissue oxygenation rate. Nitrosamines (NITs) are well known as strong carcinogenic agents. This study attempts to show the histopathological and biochemical effects of PEN against hepatotoxicity induced by NIT in rats. Methods: Sixty-four rats were assigned to eight groups including the groups of sham: NIT (40 mg/kg); PEN (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg); and NIT + PEN. Experimental treatments were applied either intraperitoneally (for NIT) or orally (for PEN) daily for 4 weeks. The relative expression level of p53 and Bax genes and hepatocyte apoptotic index were analyzed. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA), tissue ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the diameters of hepatocytes (DH) and central hepatic vein (CHV), and biochemical liver function indicators (LFI) were investigated. Griess technique was hired for the determination of the level of serum nitrite oxide (NO). Results and Conclusions: NIT significantly increased the level of apoptotic gens and index, MDA, NO, diameter of CHV and DH, and LFI and decreased the FRAP level compared to the sham group (P