FBS Levels Research Articles

Assessment of anaemia and hyperglycaemic status in progression of diabetic retinopathy along with macular changes: A case control study

: Diabetes-related visual impairment is preventable through control measures. As diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy lack effective treatment, prevention is key. This study examines glucose, HbA1c, and hemoglobin to assess their impact on disease development and severity.Study includes 100 case (diabetic retinopathy) and 100 control (diabetes without retinopathy)subjects. Further, case group was subdivided into subgroups according to its severity and depending on the presence of maculopathy. Thereafter, values of different renal parameters were compared between these sub groups.The mean FBS and PPBS values significantly correlate with diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity (P<0.001 for FBS, P=0.012 for PPBS). Uncontrolled diabetes compounds DR risk. All very severe NPDR and PDR patients had HbA1c >7.0. No significant relationship between HbA1c and DR severity (P=0.302) was found. Elevated HbA1c in cases (P<0.001) underscores hyperglycemia's role. CSME, F/PP blood sugar, and HbA1c show no significant correlation. DR group has higher anemia likelihood (P=0.001), increasing with severity (P=0.017). Hemoglobin's relation to CSME is statistically insignificant.Elevated FBS, PPBS, and HbA1C levels in diabetic retinopathy (DR) cases link hyperglycemia to DR development. Severity correlates with these parameters. HbA1C rises notably in severe NPDR and PDR. Anemia risk increases, but CSME shows no significant correlation. Monitoring biochemistry is vital due to limited DR treatment options.

Supplement astaxanthin affects PPAR-γ/miR-27a axis and metabolic profile

Carotenoid astaxanthin (AST) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory effects. On the other hand, nuclear receptor PPAR-γ and its related miR-27a are involved in metabolic regulation and related inflammatory processes. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of AST on blood metabolic profile and on PPAR-γ/miR-27a axis. In this study, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups, one group with oral AST and the other group with placebo 10 mg per day. After 12 weeks, blood metabolic profile and nuclear receptor PPARγ/miR-27a expression were evaluated. After 12 weeks consumption, AST could improve serum metabolic profile (FBS, TG, and TC levels). As well as, AST could affect the expression of PPAR-γ/miR-27a axis (p-value ≤ 0.01). As a natural compound that improves metabolic and inflammatory processes, AST can be supplemented in patients with metabolic disorders. One of the mechanisms of its effect can be through PPAR-γ/miR-27a axis.

Occurrence and exposure assessment of fumonisins from grains and grain products in Zhejiang Province in 2018-2019

To monitor fumonisins(FBs) in grains and grain products in Zhejiang and assess the exposure risks of FBs to local residents. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine the occurrence of FBs in rice, millet, dried noodles, instant noodles, and maize grains, and food frequency questionnaires were used to collect the food consumption data of Zhejiang population. Then, the simple probability distribution model was used to assess the exposure risk. The levels of FBs in rice, millet, dried noodles and instant noodles were relatively low. The occurrence of FB_1, FB_2 and FB_3 in these foods was 0-23.7%, 0-16.7% and 0-5.4%, respectively, and the mean levels were not detected(ND)-22.36, ND-20.63 and ND-7.19 μg/kg correspondingly. However, the levels of FBs in maize grains were relatively high. The occurrence of FB_1, FB_2, and FB_3 in maize grains was 100%, 93.6% and 90.3%, respectively, and the mean levels were 638.99, 103.54 and 59.69 μg/kg correspondingly. In 12.9% of the maize grain samples, the levels of FBs were higher than the standard reference. The residents were at low exposure risk overall. The mean estimated daily intake(EDI) of FBs was far lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 μg/(kg·BW·d). However, 0.30% of the residents were at high risk. Among people of different ages, the mean EDI of children, adults, and elderly were 0.43, 0.28 and 0.29 μg/(kg·BW·d) respectively, and children were in the highest exposure levels of FBs. Among the tested five foodstuffs, rice and maize grains were the main sources of FBs exposure. Except for maize grains, the levels of FBs in grains and grain products were relatively low, and Zhejiang residents were at low FBs exposure risk generally.

Determination of the effect of Nigella sativa on blood pressure; a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Introduction: Hypertension is considered a significant and highly prevalent public health problem. Due to the wide application of the medicinal herb Nigella sativa in managing this condition, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of N. sativa consumption on reducing blood pressure (BP) levels using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Materials and Methods: Multiple online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and the Google Scholar search engine, were searched using standard keywords to identify relevant articles up to May 9, 2022. Data were analyzed using STATA 14 software, and the significance level was taken as P<0.05 for all tests. Results: From the total of 12 reviewed studies with a sample size of 854, the consumption of N. sativa powder (SMD: -0.46; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.30) and N. sativa oil (SMD: -2.04; 95% CI: -2.75, -1.34) lowered the systolic BP (SBP) levels. The consumption of N. sativa powder (SMD: -0.45; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.28) and N. sativa oil (SMD: -2.31; 95% CI: -3.05, -1.57) altered the diastolic BP (DBP) level. Then, the standard effect sizes of N. sativa consumption on triglyceride (SMD: -0.14; 95% CI: -0.29, 0), LDL-C (SMD: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.17), HDL-C (SMD: 0.01; 95% CI: -0.14, 0.16) and FBS (SMD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.58, -0.15) levels were measured. Conclusion: Nigella sativa consumption showed a higher impact on reducing SBP than DBP levels. In addition, the consumption of N. sativa oil was more effective in lowering BP levels than N. sativa powder. Hence, further research is suggested to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of N. sativa oil and powder. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO website (ID: CRD42022336951).

Correlation of hepatic transaminases with cortisol levels in type 2 diabetes

Introduction and Aim: Aminotransferases are the markers of liver function and cortisol is the hyperglycemic stress hormone, both have been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis is known to control many functions of the liver. This study was aimed to evaluate the correlation of cortisol with hepatic transaminases; AST and ALT also with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients. Also, the AST, ALT and cortisol levels of participants were compared based on their diabetic duration and gender. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included patients with type 2 diabetes (n=89) with a mean diabetic duration of 7.66± 6.871 years, of which 66.3% were males and 33.7% were females. Data for the above parameters except cortisol were collected from the data management system of the central lab. Morning serum cortisol levels were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient and independent student’s t-test were applied to find correlation and comparison of AST, ALT and cortisol levels of participants based on their diabetic duration and gender respectively. Results: The comparison based on diabetic duration shows significant differences (p<0.005) with AST while, not with ALT and cortisol. Also, they did not show a significant difference in either of the gender. Among hepatic transaminases, the probability of association of ALT with FBS levels and HbA1c levels was significant (p<0.05). However, though a positive trend is seen in the AST association, there is no strong correlation observed. Likewise, the association of serum cortisol levels, with AST, ALT and HbA1c was not significant but the probability of association was significant with FBS levels. Conclusion: Findings from the present study suggest that liver transaminases are positively correlated with serum cortisol levels in type 2 diabetic patients.

The Influence of Obesity and IL-6 on Infertile Iraqi Women with COVID-19 Complications

Infertility is one of the types of diseases that occur in the reproductive system. Obesity is a state that can be occurred due to excessive fats, the progression in obesity stage results in a change in adipose tissue and the development of chronic inflammation, endocrine glands disorders and women’s reproductive system, and also increase the infection with covid-19. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the obesity, lipid-profile, and IL-6 on hormones-dysregulation in infertile-women with COVID-19 complications. The current study included 70 samples: 50 infertility-women-with-covid-19-infected, 20 healthy-women/control, the ages of both patients and healthy subjects were selected within the range 18-34 years. Levels of FBS, LH, FSH, and testosterone and lipid profile were measured in addition to calculating BMI. The result showed a significant increase in lipid profile but no HDL that revealed a considerable decline in its level (P=0.001) in patients group relative to control group. Also, the results showed highly increase in LH and LH/FSH-ratio (p≤0.05(but no FSH that revealed a considerable decline in its level (p≤0.05). The results also showed that the values of IL-6 (7.46±1.90 ng/ml) and BMI (30.10 ±6.17 kg/m2) in the patients group were significantly higher (P-value=0.001) than their values in the control group (3.13±0.79), (22.09±2.63 kg/m2), respectively. Conclusion: Obesity and Corona-virus-infection negatively affect ovulation in infertile-women due to their effect on the pituitary-gland-hormones, in addition to causing chronic-infections that lead to an increase in the level of interleukin-6, which increases of pituitary gland disorder and the difficulty of treating infertility and increasing of corona complications.

The Study of Biomarkers inSmokers Infected with Covid-19 in Basra, Iraq

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened awareness of infectious illnesses and their links to host variables and underlying disorders. Objectives: In this review, we look at current research on a possible link between smoking and COVID-19 and study the biomarker changes in patients. Material and Methods: A case-control study included 45 smoker’s patients with COVID-19 and 50 healthy subjects as a control group who visited Al-Basra Teaching Hospital and Allmwanei Hospital in Al-Basra province between October 2021 and February 2022. The age average for the study population was (25-80) years. Serum and blood levels of human CBC, ESR, CRP, Ferritin, D-Dimer, IL 6, Albumin, FBS, HbA1c, Troponin, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, Creatinine, Urea, Uric acid and GFR were measured. Results: The results show all biomarkers tend to have high sensitivity and specificity for smoker COVID patients based on the ROC curve analysis: Lymphocyte, CRP, Ferritin, D-Dimer, IL 6, Albumin, FBS, HDL, Creatinine, Urea, and GFR. These biomarkers might be helpful in determining the kind and severity of COVID-19 in smokers. Although the data is limited to a total number of patients. Conclusion: Studying patient alterations and vital signs led to the conclusion that smoking and COVID-19 are related. It was also verified that all vital indicators had strong sensitivity and specificity for smoking COVID patients.

STUDY OF METABOLIC PROFILE OF LEAN AND OBESE SUBJECTS WITH NON ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is often understood to be the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome. In both lean & obese individuals, one common theme of NAFLD metabolism is the prevalence of Insulin Resistance (IR). Aims & Objectives: To assess & compare the Metabolic profile of obese & lean subjects with NAFLD. Materials & Methods: Hospital based Prospective study done in 60 Patients selected by random sampling procedure matching the inclusion criteria. A pretested pro forma was used Results: 26.7% in the obese group and 13.3% in the lean Group had Positive Family history of Diabetes and Hypertension. Mean waist circumference in obese group was 91.23 ± 7.84 and in lean group was 88.73 ±9.60. BMI in the obese group was 33.14± 2.10 and in lean group was 22.66 ±3.32. SBP in the obese group it was 132.93 ±15.06 and in lean group was 120.66 ±7.03.Triglyceride levels in the obese group it was 173.76 ±29.97 and in lean group was 147.46 ±36.35.FBS levels in the obese group it was 110.23 ±11.36 and in lean group was 85.43 ± 9.00 Conclusion: The Present Study suggesting obese and lean individuals who had comorbidities , have more metabolic dysregulation than obese and lean individuals without having comorbidities.

Evaluation of levels of uric acid and lipid profile in hospitalized patients with diabetes.

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder that leads to various complications, and among these complications, disruption in the lipid profile and serum uric acid (SUA) is one of the significant cases that can lead to the deterioration of the health status of patients with diabetes. So, we aimed to evaluate the level of SUA and lipid profiles in patients with diabetes. A total of 230 patients with diabetes who were admitted to Razi Hospital, Rasht, Iran, were enrolled in this study. Demographical data and clinical characteristics of the patients include gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of diabetes, history of smoking, FBS, HbA1c, SUA, Creatinine (Cr), Cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), retinopathy, hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and microalbuminuria were recorded. All data were analyzed using the SPSS version 21 by a significant level < 0.05. According to our results, 70 were male, and 160 were female, with a mean age of 57.36 ± 8.05 years and a mean BMI of 28.10 ± 4.62. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension, 67%. The serum level of FBS, HBA1c, SUA, Cr, Chol, LDL, HDL, and TG were 191.47 ± 71.66mg/dL, 7.94 ± 1.21mg/dL, 5.65 ± 1.95mg/dL, 0.94 ± 0.16mg/dL, 167.28 ± 45.22mg/dL, 95.91 ± 37.03mg/dL, 39.78 ± 10.44mg/dL, and 186.75 ± 76.65mg/dL, respectively. Only UA had a significant relationship with TG level (P < 0.05).

Comparison Between Maternal Blood Glucose and Fetal Cord Insulin Level Among Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Women

Introduction: Offspring of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) mothers are at high risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM), and cardiovascular complications later in life. So, screening maternal blood glucose during pregnancy and identifying high-risk infants immediately after birth is necessary to prevent the potential long-term implications. Aim: To correlate the maternal fasting and post-prandial blood glucose withfetal insulin level. Materials and methods:A case-control study, was conducted at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, India, between May 2019 to May 2020. A 75-gram OGTT was performed among pregnant women between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy for diagnosing GDM according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. 94 GDM mothers and Non-GDM mothers and theirnew-bornswere taken up for this study. 2.5ml of maternal venous blood was collected in a vacutainer containing sodium fluoride and EDTA as an anticoagulant for FBS and PPBS estimation. Some mothers on induction of labor were posted for emergency LSCS (for failed induction and non - progression of labor) and some had normal vaginal deliveries. Plasma FBS and PPBS estimation in the mother’s blood sample was assayed by the Hexokinase method in Siemen'sDimension RxLMachine immediately after centrifugation. 2.5ml of umbilical cord blood was collected in a vacutainer without an anticoagulant after the 2nd stage of labor. 0.5 ml of cord blood serum was separated and stored at -80°C in an eppendorf for later estimation of insulin by CLIA method in Beckman Coulter – Access 2 Immunoassay System. Independent students’ t-tests and Pearson’s correlation were used as statistical methods. p-value &lt;0.05 is considered significant. Results: There is a positive correlation and significant difference between maternal FBS, PPBS, and fetal insulin levels in the GDM group (p-value 0.008, r-value 0.272 and p-value 0.005, r-value 0.286) compared to the Non-GDM group (p-value -0.087, r-value 0.243 and p-value 0.018, r-value 0.212). Conclusion: Significant hyperinsulinemia was noted in the offspring of the GDM group compared to the NON-GDM group.Those hyper-insulinemic babies are at very high risk of developing obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 DM in the future and possess a threat to society.

Role of mean platelet volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, increased platelet activity is crucial for the emergence of vascular complications. Mean platelet volume (MPV), an indicator of enhanced platelet activity, may be helpful in identifying the thromboembolic events that lead to these vascular complications. This study aims to assess MPV in Type 2 Diabetes patients and investigate the relationship between MPV and glycaemic and diabetic complications. : A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out on 266 subjects (133 diabetic patients and 133 nondiabetic controls) at B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences for a period of one year. MPV was analyzed in both the groups and the potential association of MPV with diabetic complications and glycaemic parameters was evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out with Student t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient.: The results of the study showed that diabetics' MPV was considerably higher than that of non-diabetic controls (10.07 + 1.41 vs. 7.47 + 0.60 fl, P0.001) and that diabetic patients who had complications had significantly higher MPV than those who did not (10.61 + 1.35 vs. 9.37 + 1.15 fl, P0.001). Retinopathy (p=0.004), nephropathy (p=0.001), and Peripheral artery disease (p=0.03) were diabetes complications with significantly increased MPV. With regard to HbA1C, FBS levels, and the duration of diabetes, MPV demonstrated a statistically significant positive connection (p0.001 and positive r-value).: MPV is a cost-effective tool in the early detection of vascular complications in diabetes and hence proves to be a promising indicator in preventing vascular complications.

Effect Of Fenugreek And Curry Leaves Powder On Dyslipidemia- A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Background: Dyslipidemias, a disorder of lipid metabolism, is widely established as an independent major and modifiable risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The conditions are common worldwide and a leading cause of death in India, and has even riven the age bar swaying in young people too. The significant effect of an increase in dyslipidemias depends on diabetes and hypertension. Nutraceuticals, derived from food sources serve as an alternative therapy for the management of dyslipidemia. India is home to multitudinous medicinal plants, of which many remain underutilized. Murraya Koenigii (curry leaf) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek leaves) are well-proven as good sources of nutraceutical and functional foods. Objectives: To study the effect of fenugreek and curry leaves powder on dyslipidemia and also the dietary habits of dyslipidemic subjects. Materials and Methods: 31 subjects aged between 40-70 years were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and grouped into group 1(hypertensive with dyslipidemia), group 2 (diabetic with dyslipidemia), and group 3 (only dyslipidemia) supplemented with the mixture of fenugreek and curry leaf powder for 3 months. Results: Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed in group 2 (DM+DLP) and group 1 (HTN+DLP) i.e 221.2±29 and 193±72.4 respectively. The HDL levels increased in all three groups. Reduced VLDL and FBS levels were observed in all three groups. Conclusion: Our findings showed that fenugreek and curry leaf powder supplementation, as a phenolic-rich herb can be effective in the reduction of some lipid profiles in dyslipidemic patients suggesting their potential neutraceutical role in treating CVD.

Correlation of Visceral Fat with Anthropometric Indices and cardiovascular disease Risk factors

Objective: To determine the correlation between visceral fat and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and CVD risk factors in males and females of the Pakistani population. Methods Four hundred six (406) participants were enrolled in the study after taking ethical approval from the institute. The age of the participants was 30 to 65 years. A uniform survey and physical examination were given to each participant. We took anthropometric measurements (BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, SBP, and DBP). Fasting blood sugar and the serum lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C) were measured. Results: The participants with visceral fat ≥10% have increased levels of SBP, DBP, Cholesterol, LDL, TG, and FBS. A significant positive correlation between visceral fat was observed with Weight, BMI, WC, WHR, SBP, DBP, Cholesterol, TG, and FBS. Conclusion: CV risk increases with the increase in weight, BMI, WC, WHR, SBP, DBP, Cholesterol, TG, and FBS

Comparative Study of Remnant Cholesterol, Some Lipid Fractions and FBS Level in Overweight and Obese Participants in South East Nigeria

Background: Obesity is one of the characteristics of metabolic disorders, it has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Remnant cholesterol has been proposed to be a link between obesity and coronary heart disease, thus a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in obese people. We compared the level of calculated non-fasting remnant cholesterol, fasting and non-fasting lipid profile and fasting blood sugar in overweight, obese and normal weight participants in Nnewi, a town in South East Nigeria.&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 90 apparently healthy obese, overweight and normal weight participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly enrolled. They were grouped using their body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 (normal weight), 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 (overweight) and ≥30 kg/m2 (obese). The parameters were analyzed using standard methods.&#x0D; Results: Our results shows that there was progressive increase of remnant cholesterol among the group, this increase has no statistical difference (p&gt;0.05) in the mean calculated remnant cholesterol (mmol/l) between the obese (0.72±0.4), overweight (0.68±0.46), and normal weight (0.50±0.28) participants. The mean fasting Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/l) were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in overweight compared to normal weight participants (0.76±0.31 vs. 0.47±0.22) and (1.72±0.60 vs. 1.09±0.51) and obese participants (0.82±0.23 vs. 0.47±0.22) and (1.85±0.59 vs. 1.09±0.51) when compared to normal weight participants respectively. FBS levels (mmol/l) were significantly lower in normal weight participants when compared to overweight participants (3.45±0.79 vs. 4.46±1.82) and obese participants (3.46± 0.79 vs. 4.94±1.26).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained from this study demonstrated a progressive increase in the level of remnant cholesterol which was not statistically significant among apparently healthy individuals across the group. Furthermore we did not observed Remnant cholesterol as a sole predictor to obesity which will lead to cardiovascular diseases, with the rising prevalence of obesity in developing country as well as its associated complications and risks.

The prevalence and contributing risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with metabolic syndrome

BackgroundComponents of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was reported to contribute to severe and worse outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hereby, we evaluated the association of MetS and its components with susceptibility to COVID-19.MethodsHere, 1000 subjects with MetS were recruited that were diagnosed via the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criterion. Real-time PCR was exerted to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal swabs.ResultsAmong the MetS patients, 206 (20.6%) cases were detected to have COVID-19. Smoking (OR = 5.04, 95%CI = 3.53–7.21, P < 0.0001) and CVD (OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.09–2.40, P = 0.015) were associated with increased chance of COVID-19 infection in the MetS patients. BMI was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in MetS cases with COVID-19 than those without COVID-19. Obesity was associated with increased susceptibility to COVID-19 in MetS patients (OR = 2.00, 95%CI = 1.47–2.74, P < 0.0001). Total cholesterol, TG, LDL were significantly higher in the MetS cases with COVID-19 than those without COVID-19. Dyslipidemia was associated with increased chance of COVID-19 (OR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.10–2.05, P = 0.0104). FBS level was significantly higher in the MetS cases with COVID-19. T2DM was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 in MetS patients (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.01-2.00, P = 0.0384). Hypertension was associated with increased chance of COVID-19 in the MetS patients (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.05–1.98, P = 0.0234).ConclusionsMetS and its components, like obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications were associated with increased chance of COVID-19 infection development and probably with aggravated symptoms in such patients.

A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM (CLINICAL/SUBCLINICAL) IN DIABETES MELLITUS AND CORRELATION OF HbA1C LEVELS WITH TSH LEVELS IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH

Background and Aims: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more prone to thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of Hypothyroidism (Clinical/Subclinical) in Diabetic patients and to study the correlation of HbA1c levels with TSH levels. This is a prospective Methods: observational study that was conducted at departments of Medicine Rama medical College , Hapur, U.P between January 2021 to August 2022 were selected by using Random Sampling Techniques. 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the out-patient department without any prior history of thyroid disease, were recruited for the study. Thyroid function test was done in all subjects using chemiluminescent immunoassay method. Prevalence of thyroid disorders was Results: found to be signicantly more in females, highest in the age group of 61-70 years, with duration of diabetes mellitus &gt;10 years, and especially in those who had high FBS, PPBS and HbA1c levels signifying poor control of diabetes. There Conclusion: is a positive correlation with the incremental pattern of prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes mellitus (30%). Patient who are suffering from diabetes mellitus should be screened for hypothyroidism and treated effectively because it helps in better control of diabetes

Hyperinsulinemia Impaired Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion.

Hyperinsulinemia impaired cardiovascular system and endothelial function in the population. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total coronary occlusion. Patients with stable angina and at least one total coronary occlusion were enrolled in this study. Collateral grade was determined according to Rentrop's classification. Patients were divided into a good coronary collateral circulation (CCC) group (grade 2 or 3 collateral vessels, n = 223) and a poor CCC group (grade 0 or 1 collateral vessels, n = 115). Fasting insulin level (FINS) and fasting glucose level (FBS) were measured. Endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Serum FINS level was significantly increased in the poor CCC group (P < 0.01). Patients in the poor CCC group had higher levels of FBS, HbA1C, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) than patients in the good CCC group. The poor CCC group also had lower levels of FMD, lower LVEF and higher syntax scores than the good CCC group. Hyperinsulinemia (T3, FINS ≥15.22 μIU/mL) increased OR for the incidence of the poor CCC group (OR 2.419, 95% CI 1.780-3.287) in multivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression also revealed that diabetes, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HDL-C and Syntax score were independent predictors of poor CCC (all P < 0.05). Hyperinsulinemia is a valuable predictor of poor collateral formation in patients with chronic total coronary occlusion.

Elevated Serum Ferritin Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine the frequency of elevated serum ferritin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at a tertiary care hospital. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was carried out from 10th July 2017 to 10th January 2018 at “Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan”. The sample included 114pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus both primi- and multi-gravida . Patients with known diabetics and hypertensives, patients with history of heart diseases and malignancies like breast cancer and brain tumor, severely anemic ladies were excluded.Routine investigations like FBS and serum ferritin levels were done. age, FBS, serum ferritin levels, gestational age, obesity, residential status and family history of GDM was recorded. Results: In present study, age range was 20-40 years and mean age of 30.535±4.29 years, mean gestational age 29.228±2.95 weeks, mean BMI 26.359±1.93 kg/m2, mean Baseline FBS 124.780±6.14 mg/dl and mean Serum ferritin level was 18.122±4.57 ng/ml. Majority of the patients (50.9%) belongs to 31-40 years age group. 33.3% patients were of obese category. 28.9% patients have family history of GDM. Patients from rural areas were 43% and from urban areas were 57%. Elevated serum ferritin level was seen in 102 (89.5%) patients. Conclusion: Serum ferritin level was high in GDM patients.We conclude that the elevated serum ferritin levelslead to gestational diabetes. Keywords: GDM, serum ferritin levels, obesity

The Effect of Breadfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus Altilis) on Fasting Blood Sugar Levels among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2 Outpatient at Biru Public Health Center of Bone Regency, Indonesia

Diabetes is a disease that can reduce the quality of life of patients and lead to death. Based on Indonesian Basic Health research, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased over several years. Breadfruit leaves contain antioxidant compounds that can lower blood sugar by inhibiting glucose transport in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulating insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. The study aimed to assess the effect of giving Breadfruit Leaf Extract on reducing Fasting Blood Sugar among type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. The study used a quasi-experiment study with a randomized pretest-posttest, design with the control group. It involved 39 outpatients for type 2 diabetes mellitus at Biru Public Health Center of Bone Regency, who had suffered from Diabetes for 1-4 years. The sample was divided into 2 groups by simple random sampling, 19 respondents for the intervention group and 20 respondents for the control group. Data collected were the socio-demographic characteristics and fasting blood sugar levels. In the intervention group, breadfruit leaf capsules were given at a dose of 500 mg 1x1 for 21 days, while the control group was only given health education. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test, paired t-test, independent t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and Mann-Whitney. The majority of respondents aged 46-55 years were 53.8% in both groups, 74.4% were female, while the majority of BMI status had normal nutritional status as much as 41%. There was a change in FBS levels in the intervention group before (263.31 ± 134.43) and after (174.84 ± 84.99) intervention (p-value = 0.000). there was a change in FBS levels in the group before (181.35±91.36) and after (147.45 ±79.25) intervention (p-value = 0.001). it is known that there is a significant difference in changes in fasting blood sugar levels of patients with diabetes mellitus in the intervention group (-88.47±88.01) and the control group (-33.90±53.53) with (p-value = 0.024). The test results show that the content of flavonoids and other non-nutritive substances in breadfruit leaves has an effect on lowering the FBS of patients with diabetes mellitus and can be used as an alternative medicine in patients with diabetes mellitus.

The Effect of the Saffron Intervention on NAFLD Status and Related Gene Expression in a Rat Model.

According to the worldwide increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the present study aimed to investigate the mechanism effects of saffron consumption on preventing NAFLD in a rat model. In an experimental study, 12 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups to be evaluated in the prevention phase for 7 weeks. In the prevention phase, the animals were randomly assigned to either fed HFHS + 250 mg/kg saffron (S) or fed with HFHS. Afterward, parts of the liver were excised for histopathologic examination. Plasma concentrations of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, serum lipids, insulin concentrations, plasma glucose, hs-CRP, and TAC were measured. Moreover, Also, the gene expression of 6 target genes was evaluated, including FAS, ACC1, CPT1 ،PPARα ،DGAT2, and SREBP 1-c at the beginning and end of the study. Also, the differences among groups were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal data and the independent t test for normal data. The prevention phase groups have a significant elevation in body weight ( P = 0.034) and food intake (P = 0.001) of the HFHS group versus HFHS + 250 mg/kg S group. Also, there was a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 for ALT (P = 0.011) and AST (P = 0.010), and TG (P = 0.040). The HFHS group had higher plasma levels of FBS (P = 0.001), insulin (P = 0.035), HOMA-IR (P = 0.032), and lower TAC (P = 0.041) versus the HFHS+ S group. Also, the difference between HFHS + 250 mg/kg S and HFHS for PPARα gene expression was significant (P = 0.030). The present study showed that consumption of saffron could prevent developing NAFLD in rats at least partially through modulation in gene expression of PPARα.