Levels Of Family Support Research Articles

Family support behaviors among type 2 diabetes patients at 108 Military Central Hospital

Objectives: This study aimed to assess family support behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes at the 108 Military Central Hospital. Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from December 2023 to May 2024 in the Endocrinology Department of the 108 Military Central Hospital, involving 135 patients with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist (DFBC) was used to evaluate family support levels. Results: Among the participants, 55.5% experienced low family support, 14.8% medium support, and 29.7% high support. Positive support behaviors, such as “Eating together,” “Providing advice on timely and accurate medication use,” and “Encouraging participation in physical activities,” were reported as occurring “frequently” and “always” by 72.0%, 52.6%, and 52.0% of patients, respectively. Conversely, non-supportive behaviors, particularly “Nagging about blood sugar testing,” were observed “frequently” and “always” by 35.6% of patients. Conclusions: Family support for patients with type 2 diabetes remains limited. Effective diabetes management requires active involvement from both the patient and their family, with the latter playing a central role. Interventions to educate and raise awareness among family members are essential to improve their engagement in supporting diabetes care, reducing complications, and enhancing the quality of life for patients.

Exploring the Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Associated With Bullying Victimization: The Intersection of Gender and Family Support.

Children from multicultural families in South Korea are at high risk of bullying victimization, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the challenges they face. This study explores the gendered dynamics of depressive symptoms associated with persistent exposure to bullying victimization among these youths, as well as the role of family support. This study utilizes data from nine waves of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS), spanning from 2011 (Wave 1) to 2019 (Wave 9). MAPS is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of adolescents with multicultural backgrounds and their mothers. Participants include 1375 families (51.1% girls; grade 4-13). Fixed-effects models were estimated to address the possibility of bias due to unobserved time-invariant confounders. Gender-stratified analyses and interaction models were employed to examine the moderating role of gender and family support. Depressive symptoms among girls were higher with persistent bullying victimization; however, this association was observed up to two consecutive waves of exposure (an immediate and short-term pattern). In contrast, persistent bullying victimization was associated with a cumulative increase in depressive symptoms up to three or more consecutive waves of exposure in boys (an immediate and cumulative pattern). Moreover, while family support was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms among bullied girls, bullied boys exhibited a similar pattern of a cumulative increase in depressive symptoms regardless of the level of family support. The study's findings suggest potential considerations for gendered interventions related to mental health outcomes of bullying victimization among multicultural family youth in Korea.

The Role of Resilience, Social Support, and Artistic Activities in Mental Health During Pandemics.

This study investigated the impact of intentional activities (IAs) on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bogotá, Colombia, and the mediating role of family support, social support, and resilience. Results in Study One showed significant predictions of psychological variables by gender, age, and education. Men exhibited higher resilience, while age negatively predicted mental health issues and positively predicted family support, social support, and resilience. In Study Two, IAs predicted family support, social support, and resilience. However, when these mediators were included in predicting mental health, IAs no longer directly predicted it, while family support, social support, and resilience did. In Study Three, an exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors that encompass IAs: creative artistic activities and self-care activities factors. Performing these activities at least once a week positively predicted mental health outcomes, with participants reporting lower mental health issues and higher levels of family support, social support, and resilience. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of engaging in intentional activities during the pandemic for maintaining mental health. Family support, social support, and resilience significantly mediate IAs and mental health outcomes. Encouraging individuals to engage in creative artistic activities and self-care at home may be a cost-effective strategy to promote mental well-being during challenging times.

Mother's Perspective and Trust Toward Integrated Services Post (Posyandu) in Indonesia

Background The Integrated Services Post (ISP), also known as Posyandu, is a program designed to enhance maternal and child health by providing integrated basic health services. For years, communities have relied on ISP as a primary source of health information, particularly for maternal and child health needs. This study seeks to assess mothers’ knowledge, perspectives, and family support related to ISP, focusing on maternal understanding, behavior, family support, and trust in ISP services as measured by the Health Collaborative Center Survey. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey (Google Form) from February to March 2023. A total of 2,155 mothers were randomly selected as respondents. Data were collected via a self-designed questionnaire adapted from multiple sources, measuring knowledge, behavior, and family support regarding ISP. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied to interpret mothers’ knowledge, behaviors, and levels of family support. Results The majority of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of ISP services. Over 98% of mothers correctly identified the appropriate time for weighing children, understood the definition of ISP, and recognized the benefits of weighing children at ISP. More than 70% of mothers correctly answered questions about ISP schedules, recommended child weighing age, and the use of the Health Card (HC). Mothers exhibited positive behavior and high trust toward ISP, with 88.5% strongly believing that ISP can contribute to improving maternal and child health. Family support was generally high, though 4% of respondents reported that their husbands or families opposed immunization, thus limiting their engagement with ISP services. Conclusion The majority of mothers in this study possess adequate knowledge, exhibit positive behavior, have high trust in ISP services, and receive substantial family support. Nevertheless, further education and community outreach are needed to improve understanding of severe malnutrition management, the importance of ISP services, and the benefits of immunization.

The Relationship between Family Support and Anxiety Level in Preoperative Major Elective General Anesthesia Patients at dr. Soedomo Hospital Trenggalek

surgical process. Family support plays a crucial role in helping patients manage preoperative anxiety. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between family support and anxiety levels in patients undergoing major elective surgery with general anesthesia. The research design was cross-sectional. The study population consisted of 92 patients, with a sample size of 75 recruited through non-probability purposive sampling. The study utilized family support and Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information Scale (APAIS) questionnaires as instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests, including Spearman’s rank correlation (Rho) with a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed that almost all participant received high levels of family support (81.3%) and moderate level of preoperative anxiety (81.3%). The Spearman rank test indicated a significant relationship between family support and anxiety levels (p-value = 0.000 0.05) with a very strong, negative correlation (r = -.870). In conclusion, higher the family support is associated with lower anxiety level in preoperative patients. It is recommended that families provide consistent support during preoperative phase to help reduce patient level of anxiety.

Mediating Effect of Emotional Symptoms on the Association Between Alexithymia and Substance Dependence in Patients with Substance Use Disorder: The Protective Role of Family Support and Self-Efficacy.

The etiology of the association between alexithymia and substance use is complex, and there is an urgent need to explore the related factors. The aims of this study were to develop a conceptual model to verify the mediating effect of emotional symptoms and moderating effect of family support and self-efficacy on the association between alexithymia and substance dependence. A total of 117 participants (103 males and 14 females; age at 35.29 ± 8.72 years) with substance use disorder were analyzed. Outcome measures included demographic characteristics, severity of dependence, symptoms of alexithymia, emotional symptoms (depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms), level of family support, and self-efficacy. The PROCESS macro in SPSS was used to estimate path coefficients and adequacy of the moderated mediation model, which was adjusted for demographic characteristics. Most of the participants had amphetamine use disorder (n = 42, 35.9%). After controlling for the effects of demographic characteristics, the moderated mediation model showed that the association between alexithymia and substance dependence was mediated by emotional symptoms and moderated by family support and self-efficacy. A higher level of family support reduced the effect of alexithymia on emotional symptoms, and a higher level of self-efficacy reduced the effect of emotional symptoms on substance dependence. Family support and self-efficacy have a protective effect on the association between alexithymia and substance dependence in patients with substance use disorder. Early interventions to enhance these protective factors may be beneficial.

Family support and depressive symptoms among the elderly in Gunungkidul Health Center Sumberejo-Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Background: The elderly represent an age group that undergoes various physical, biological, psychological, and social changes that impact their health. The elderly population in Indonesia continues to grow, reaching 11.49% in 2016 and is projected to reach 14.51% by 2020. Increased life expectancy does not always correlate with good health, making the elderly more vulnerable to various issues, including depression. The prevalence of elderly depression in Indonesia is 11.6%, with the highest rates occurring in the older age groups. Purpose: To examine the relationship between the level of family support received by the elderly and depressive symptoms they experience. Method: A quantitative study using a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional research strategy. The sampling technique was random sampling, with 36 elderly individuals aged 60-74 years as the sample. Data was collected using a questionnaire to determine the relationship between family support and the depressive symptoms in the elderly. The data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with the Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results: The univariate analysis provided information on the respondents' characteristics, family support, and depressive symptoms. The majority of respondents received good family support (66.7%), while most respondents did not experience depressive symptoms (75%). The Spearman’s rank correlation test found a significant value of 0.001<0.05, indicating that family support is related to the incidence of depressive symptoms in the elderly. Conclusion: Providing family support can reduce depressive symptoms in the elderly, as indicated by the statistical test results showing a significance value of 0.001 <0.05. This means there is a relationship between family support and the incidence of depressive symptoms among the elderly.

How does family support mitigate the impact of childhood adversity on adolescent mental health?

Abstract Background Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk of developing mental health problems over the life course. We investigated how family emotional support in adolescence may mitigate the impact of childhood adversity on adolescent mental health. Methods We used longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study on 9,269 children followed to age 17 years. Individuals were assigned to exposure trajectories characterised using group-based trajectory models that included measures of poverty and family adversities (parental mental ill health, parental alcohol misuse and domestic violence) up to age 14 years. Using counterfactual causal mediation analysis and four-way decomposition modelling approach, we evaluated how perceived family emotional support at age 14 (measured using the three-item Short Social Provisions Scale) influences the association of childhood adversity trajectories on mental health at ages 14 and 17, assessing the relative contributions of mediation and interaction simultaneously. Results Compared with children experiencing low adversity and poverty, those exposed to childhood adversity were almost three times more likely to experience poor mental health (RR 2·99, 95% CI 2 ·41 to 3·57) at age 14 and age 17 (RR 2·58, 95% CI 2·09 to 3·06). Perceived emotional support mitigates up to 18% (95% CI: 9% to 26%) of this effect at age 14, and 13% (95% CI: 5% to 22%) at age 17, mainly due to interactive mechanisms. Conclusions Childhood adversity has a strong effect on mental health, which is partially mitigated by perceived family support in adolescence. Policies that support positive family functioning may be particularly beneficial for children who have experienced adversity. Key messages • Socio-economic – associated mental health problems in adolescence differed based on levels of family support. • Approximately 20% of the social inequality in mental health outcomes in adolescence may be mitigated or reduced by improving levels of family support.

The Influence of Family Support on Rumination in Job Seekers in Padang City

The world of work is the target of all job seekers or job seekers. With the increasing number of job seekers, the higher the unemployment rate. This research aims to find out how family support influences rumination among job seekers in Padang City. This research uses a quantitative approach. The research sample consisted of 149 job seekers who were selected using non-probability sampling techniques with purposive sampling type. Data collection uses a Likert scale which consists of two scales, namely the family support scale adopted from Febrina (2021) and modified by researchers and the rumination scale adopted from Dharmawan (2023). Data analysis uses simple linear regression techniques. The results of the research show that (1) the level of rumination among job seekers in Padang City is generally in the high categorization, (2) the level of family support for job seekers in Padang City is generally in the medium categorization, (3) there is a positive and significant influence between family support against rumination among job seekers in Padang City with a contribution value of 18.5%.

The Relationship Between Family Support and Self-Efficacy in Preoperative Breast Cancer Patients: Implications for Healthcare Practices

Preoperative carcinoma mammae patients frequently experience diminished self-efficacy, which can impede their ability to cope with medical procedures and affect recovery outcomes. Family support is considered a crucial factor in enhancing self-efficacy, offering emotional, informational, and instrumental assistance that strengthens patients’ confidence. This study aims to explore the relationship between family support and self-efficacy in preoperative breast cancer patients at Abdul Moeloek Hospital, Lampung Province, in 2023. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, 78 respondents were selected through non-probability sampling. Family support was measured using a validated family support questionnaire, while self-efficacy was assessed through the Strategies Used by People to Promote Health (SUPPH) questionnaire. The results revealed that 85.9% of patients reported high levels of family support, and 88.5% exhibited strong self-efficacy. Statistical analysis, using the Chi-Square test, indicated a significant relationship between family support and self-efficacy (p = 0.003), reinforcing the theoretical framework of Bandura’s self-efficacy model, which posits that social support enhances individuals' confidence in overcoming challenges. The findings suggest that integrating structured family support programs into preoperative care can improve self-efficacy, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. This research contributes to the understanding of psychosocial factors in cancer care, emphasizing the need for educational interventions targeting families to optimize patient recovery.

THE EFFECT OF PROVIDING HEALTH LITERACY ON FAMILY SUPPORT AND STROKE RISK IN THE PRE AND POST-TEST AMONG THE DAYAK TRIBE AT THE BARONG TONGKOK COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER

Introduction: The Dayak tribe inhabits most of West Kutai Regency , East Kalimantan Province. Hypertension is a major health problem in the West Kutai area , one of the areas under which is the Barong Tongkok Community Health Center . The family has an important role as a facilitator and provider of support in reducing hypertension and preventing the risk of stroke in family members. Aim: The aim of this research is to analyze The influence and differences in providing health literacy on family support and the risk of stroke in pre and post tests in Dayak families in an effort to reduce the risk of stroke. Method: The method in this research is pre-post test control group with sampling techniques using questionnaires and interviews. Focus Group Discussion Method was carried out every 100 times _ Respondents included 50 people in the intervention group and 50 people in the control group, with the criteria being level 1 and level 2 hypertension patients. Questionnaire and blood pressure test results were taken before and after treatment in the form of a Focus Group Discussion session. Results: The results of this research It was found that providing health literacy on the level of family support was significant (p-value: 0.00), and could reduce the risk of stroke (p-value: 0.00). The results of the pre-post test on the intervention showed differences in health literacy (p-value: 0.00), family support (p-value: 0.02) and risk of stroke (p-value: 0.00), unlike groups control where there was no significant difference in the pre and post tests. Research implications: Suggestions for Community health workers can pay more attention to family support variables by providing counseling to family members of stroke patients or stroke symptoms, through a religious or sociological approach where family relationships are the key to an individual's recovery.

Analysis of the Degree of Psychological Distress of Elderly Patients with Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia and Its Influencing Factors

Objective: To analyze the degree of psychological distress among elderly patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia and its influencing factors. Methods: A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted on 126 elderly patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia who visited the Pain Department of our hospital from March 2022 to April 2024. Logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the factors influencing psychological distress, based on general patient data, the Distress Thermometer (DT), the Perceived Social Support from Family Scale (PSS-Fa), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Among the 126 elderly patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia, those with a DT score ≥ 4 (72 patients, 57.14%) were more prevalent than those with a DT score < 4 (54 patients, 42.86%). The average DT score for all patients was 4.35 ± 1.72. Patients in the DT score ≥ 4 group were older than those in the DT score < 4 group (t = 4.207, P = 0.000), had lower PSS-Fa scores (t = 5.925, P = 0.000), and had higher PSQI scores (t = 17.858, P = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in gender, marital status, residence area, education level, disease type, or pain location (all P > 0.05). Older age and poor sleep quality were identified as independent risk factors for psychological distress in elderly patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (OR = 1.258, OR = 1.713, both P < 0.05), while higher levels of family support were identified as a protective factor (OR = 0.581, P = 0.025). Conclusion: Elderly patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia experience psychological distress, and the degree of severity depends on age, quality of sleep, and level of family support.

Mental Health of Transgender Youth Following Gender Identity Milestones by Level of Family Support

Transgender youth are at an elevated risk for adverse mental health outcomes compared with their cisgender peers. Identifying opportunities for intervention is a priority. To estimate differences in the association between gender identity milestones and mental health outcomes among transgender youth, stratified by level of family support. This retrospective cohort study compares changes in mental health outcomes among transgender youth who initiate gender identity milestones compared with those who initiate the same milestones 1 year later, stratified by level of family support, using the 2015 US Transgender Survey. The analytic samples included 18 303 transgender adults aged 18 and older who had initiated at least 1 gender identity milestone between ages 4 and 18 years. Four gender identity milestones: feeling one's gender was different, thinking of oneself as transgender, telling another that one is transgender, and living full-time in one's gender identity, stratified by 3 levels of family support: supportive, neutral, and adverse. Age at first suicide attempt and at running away. Study participants included 18 303 transgender adults (10 288 [56.2%] assigned female at birth; 14 777 [80.7%] White). Initiating a gender identity milestone was associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt and running away from home among transgender youth. This finding was driven by children who live in unsupportive families. For example, thinking of oneself as transgender was associated with a meaningful increase in the overall probability of attempting suicide among those in either adverse families (estimate = 1.75 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.47-3.03) or neutral families (estimate = 1.39 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.72-2.05). Among youth living with supportive families, there were no statistically significant associations between gender identity milestones and adverse mental health outcomes and 95% CIs generally ruled out any meaningful associations. These results demonstrate that without a supportive family environment, gender identity development increases the risk of transgender youth attempting suicide or running away from home. Social services and community resources to establish supportive relationships between transgender children and their parents are essential.

To Assess the Impact of the Quality and Level of Family Support to Pregnant Women on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes

Abstract Background: Throughout pregnancy, women need support from the family to gain better maternal and fetal outcomes. Emotional distress in women during pregnancy is known to increase the risk of adverse outcomes in women and newborns. Increasing family support can improve birth outcomes and maternal wellbeing and can reduce complications in mother and increased neonatal birth weight. Aim and Objective: This study aims to evaluate the influence of the level and quality of family support during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes and to identify any association between sociodemographic variables and the impact of the level and quality of family support during the third trimester. Materials and Methods: This study used a quantitative approach combined with a survey research design. Data were collected from four primary health centers (Rethare, Vadgaon, Kale, and Supane) at Karad, Maharashtra, India. A consecutive sampling technique was used to select the 344 subjects from the Rethare, Vadgaon, Kale, and Supane areas of Karad Taluka. Data were collected before the completion of the first trimester, then during the second trimester, and post-delivery. Upon evaluation, the tool was validated by experts representing the fields of community health nursing, mental health nursing, obstetric gynecology, and pediatric care. A pilot study was conducted on 30 samples. The data collected were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Findings regarding level of family support show that 133 women (38.7%) received good total support, 164 (47.7%) received moderate support, and 47 (13.7%) received poor family support during the third trimester. Results regarding maternal outcomes show that there was a significant association found between type of delivery and family support received after delivery with maternal outcomes and total support during the third trimester (P < 0.05). It means that physical, emotional, and psychosocial support (total support) received by women would prevent complications during delivery, i.e., prevent Cesarean sections, results in the mother giving normal birth to baby. Hence, the mother needs total support during the third trimester. Conclusion: Total family support is needed by pregnant women during the third trimester to achieve maternal and fetal outcomes.

The relationship of family support and peer acceptance in children aged 4–6: the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies

ABSTRACT To understand the relationship between family support, peer acceptance, and emotional regulation strategies, this study surveyed 595 four to six years old children and their parents from Henan Province, central China, using the Family Support Questionnaire, Emotional Regulation Strategy Questionnaire, and Preschool Children Test. The results showed that (1) Family support, peer acceptance, and emotion regulation strategies were significantly correlated; (2) Family support could significantly positively predict children's peer acceptance; (3) Emotion regulation strategies play partial mediating roles between family support and children's peer acceptance. The findings highlight that it is crucial to consider the family's impact on children's peer interactions and emotional regulation strategies. It enhances family systems theory by clarifying the mechanisms linking family support to children’s peer acceptance. Additionally, it argues that parents should assist children in acquiring positive emotion regulation strategies while simultaneously enhancing the level of family support, thereby enhancing children’s peer acceptance.

Reproductive concerns and its correlation with fear of recurrence and level of family support in patients of childbearing age with gynecologic malignancies

BackgroundTo discuss the current status of reproductive concerns and its correlation with fear of recurrence and level of family support in patients of childbearing age with gynecologic malignancies.MethodsA convenient sampling method was used to enroll 188 patients with gynecologic malignancies in Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, and Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine from September 2022 to April 2023. Patients were assessed using general information questionnaire, Reproductive Concerns After Cancer Scale (RCAC), Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI) questionnaire, and Perceived Social Support-Family (PSS-FA) Scale.ResultsAmong patients of childbearing age with gynecologic malignancies, the total RCAC score was (54.35 ± 7.52), indicating a moderate level of reproductive concerns. Patients scored (20.98 ± 4.51) on FCRI, implying a moderate level of fear of recurrence. The PSS-FA score was (9.57 ± 2.76), denoting a moderate level of family support. The total score and each dimensional score of RCAC were positively correlated with FCRI total score (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with PSS-FA total score (P < 0.05). Fear of recurrence, family support level, number of children, educational background, treatment modality, and fertility intention were influencing factors for reproductive concerns in patients of childbearing age with gynecologic malignancies (all P < 0.05).ConclusionThe reproductive concerns, fear of recurrence and family support are all at moderate levels in patients of childbearing age with gynecologic malignancies, and reproductive concerns are positively correlated with fear of recurrence and negatively correlated with family support.

Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy among Cancer Survivors in China: A Multicenter Survey.

Cancer survivors are at higher risk of developing severe complications from influenza due to their compromised immune systems. Despite their increased vulnerability to influenza and the availability of vaccines, vaccine hesitancy among cancer survivors remains a significant public health concern in China. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted among cancer survivors in China from January to December 2023. A total of 500 participants were recruited from the oncology departments of five tertiary hospitals. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, cancer-related information, medical history, lifestyle factors, and influenza vaccine hesitancy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with influenza vaccine hesitancy. The response rate was 97.0% (485/500). Among all participants, 204 (42.06%) reported vaccine hesitancy. The results of multiple logistic regression showed that the longer the end of anti-cancer treatment, without a history of adverse vaccine reactions, and the level of family support played a protective role in vaccine hesitancy. Current rehabilitation status, frequent colds, not being informed by doctors about vaccination, exercising, lack of community vaccination education programs, and concerns about vaccine safety were risk factors that increase vaccine hesitancy. A high proportion of cancer survivors in our study reported influenza vaccine hesitancy. Addressing concerns about vaccine safety, improving access to vaccination services, and enhancing doctor-patient communication are crucial for increasing influenza vaccine uptake in this vulnerable population.

Family Matters: Exposure to Gender-Affirming or Gender-Denying Practices Following Gender Identity Milestones

This study examines the relationship between gender identity milestones, family support, and exposure to gender-affirming or gender-denying practices. Leveraging a retrospective panel from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, we compare changes in exposure to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and conversion therapy among transgender youth who initiate gender identity milestones and those who initiate a year later–stratified by level of family support. Results indicate that transgender youth initiating milestones in supportive families have increased access to HRT and are shielded from conversion therapy, whereas children in unsupportive families have limited access to HRT and are more exposed to conversion therapy.

Application of the Book Adab Al-'Alim wa Al-Muta'allim to Students' Moral Education

This study examines the application of the book Adab Al-‘Alim Wa Al-Muta’allim in the moral education of students at MTsN 4 Nganjuk. The book, authored by K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari, provides guidelines on the ethics of learning and teaching, aimed at fostering high moral standards among students. The study employed a qualitative research method, utilizing interviews, observations, and documentation to collect data. Findings indicate that the application of the book's teachings significantly improved students' respect for teachers, time management, and overall ethical behavior. However, challenges such as limited understanding of the Pegon script and varying levels of familial support were identified. Despite these challenges, the successful implementation of the book's principles has led to enhanced moral behavior among students, characterized by increased respect for teachers and peers, as well as a stronger commitment to learning.

Manajemen Diri Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Puskesmas Dinoyo Malang

Proper self-management is crucial for individuals living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of insulin production, decreased insulin activity, or both. The aim of this research was to assess the self-management practices of T2DM patients at the Dinoyo Primary Health Center in Malang. Descriptive analysis was employed as the research method. The study population comprised 44 T2DM patients, of whom 40 were selected as research samples using simple random sampling. Data were collected through a self-completed questionnaire, specifically the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire. The findings indicate that the majority of respondents at the Dinoyo Primary Health Center in Malang, namely 30 individuals (75.0%), demonstrated poor self-management practices in managing their T2DM. Future research endeavors should aim to identify additional factors contributing to poor self-management abilities among T2DM patients, such as the level of family support and blood sugar control.