Executive Level Research Articles

Основные проблемы конституционно-правового механизма исполнения решений Конституционного Суда РФ и пути их разрешения

The article examines the current constitutional and legal mechanism for executing decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author draws attention to two main areas that require careful study and understanding: 1) changes in current legislation and other regulations, 2) execution (accounting) of decisions of the Constitutional Court in law enforcement practice. The author points out serious shortcomings of the constitutional and legal mechanism for the execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation at the regional level, the lack of a real opportunity to influence the federal legislator and serious problems arising at the level of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the law enforcement sphere.

INNOVATIONS IN BUSINESS DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION: CASE STUDIES FROM THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR

The review explores innovations in business diversity and inclusion within the renewable energy sector through a series of case studies. As the renewable energy industry continues to grow and diversify, there is increasing recognition of the importance of fostering diverse and inclusive workplaces to drive innovation, enhance decision-making, and better serve diverse communities. This review presents six case studies that highlight various aspects of diversity and inclusion initiatives implemented by companies operating in the renewable energy sector. The case studies cover leadership initiatives aimed at promoting diversity at the executive level, workforce diversity strategies focusing on recruitment and training programs, supplier diversity initiatives aimed at engaging with diverse suppliers, community engagement and partnership strategies, innovative approaches to inclusive design, and the establishment of metrics and accountability frameworks to track progress. By examining these case studies, this review sheds light on the innovative practices and strategies adopted by companies in the renewable energy sector to create more inclusive and equitable workplaces, strengthen community relationships, and drive sustainable business growth. These insights contribute to the broader conversation on the role of diversity and inclusion in fostering innovation and driving positive social impact within the renewable energy industry.
 Keywords: Innovations, Business Diversity, Inclusion, Renewable Energy Sector, Case Studies, Leadership Initiatives.

Corporate Governance Indicators and Innovation in the Chinese Market

The importance of innovation as an indispensable driving force for the development of a quality economy, for the sustainability of national economies and for the support of enterprises in breaking through development bottlenecks cannot be overstated. Innovation is a key growth strategy for all businesses. It is centered on the chief executive officer (CEO) and is directly related to the cognitive level and decision-making preferences of executives. Based on the principal-agent theory and Upper Echelons Theory, this paper constructs a model to evaluate the impact of CEOs on corporate innovation using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 2008 to 2022. Based on China's political and economic system, this paper selects six relevant characteristics of CEOs, including gender, age, educational background, tenure, compensation and political affiliation to decide whether the CEO is suitable for the firm. At the same time, this paper also measures corporate innovation standards by the number of patents filed by the company, and thus finds that the CEO index has a positive and significant impact on corporate innovation. In addition, in order to address the endogeneity issue, the paper also applies a series of robustness tests, including alternative measures of firm innovation and alternative models (Poisson models), and finds that the results are consistent with the main regression results. Finally, the paper provides empirical evidence as a means of demonstrating the key driving role played by CEOs in corporate innovation. The implications of the above findings for corporate governance, including board shareholders and policymakers, are clear.

Formal Institutional Pressure and the Integration of Corporate Environmental and Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence from Listed Companies in Heavily Polluting Industries in China

China’s “carbon peak and neutrality” policy has thrust the convergence of corporate ecological conservation and economic progress to the forefront of sustainable development. This study, aiming to tackle the “sustainability challenge”, delves into the driving forces and operative mechanisms that intertwine corporate environmental performance with financial outcomes from 2015 to 2020. Focusing on A-share listed companies in heavily polluting sectors across Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, it categorizes formal institutional pressure into two types: command-oriented and market-driven, revealing a significantly stronger positive effect of market-based pressure compared to command-based pressure. Additionally, this research examines the distinct impacts of these institutional pressures under different conditions such as ownership structure, regional location, and executive education levels. The findings indicate that state-owned enterprises, eastern region firms, and those led by highly educated executives are more responsive to command-based pressure. Conversely, privately-owned businesses, entities in central–western regions, and those with lower executive education primarily respond to market-based pressure. Moreover, this study underscores the interplay between informal and formal institutions, observing that the influence of market-based pressure on corporate environmental–financial integration is notably amplified when public awareness of environmental protection increases, thereby highlighting social factors’ pivotal role in business decision-making. In essence, this paper accentuates the significance of aligning corporate environmental and financial goals for sustainable development, offering fresh insights to academia and fostering sustainable practices and research within the corporate realm.

Describing nurses' communication about evidence-based practice change: A social network analysis of hospital nurses.

Nurses play a critical role in providing evidence-based, high-quality care to optimize patient outcomes. Models from implementation science suggest social networks may influence the adoption of evidence-based practices (EBPs). However, few studies have examined this relationship among hospital nurses. Social network analysis (SNA) mathematically evaluates patterns of communication, a critical step in implementation. Exploring hospital nurses' communication networks may provide insight into influences on the adoption of EBPs. This study aimed to describe complete communication networks of hospital nurses for practice changes on inpatient units, including upper level nursing administrators. This descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study used SNA on two inpatient units from one hospital. A sociometric survey was completed by nurses (unit to executive level) regarding communication frequency about practice changes. Network-level density, diameter, average path length, centralization, and arc reciprocity were measured. Attribute data were used to explore subnetworks. Surveys from 148 nurses on two inpatient adult intensive care units (response rates 90% and 98%) revealed high communication frequency. Network measures were similar across the two units and among subnetworks. Analysis identified central (charge nurses and nurse leaders) and peripheral members of the network (new-to-practice nurses). Subnetworks aligned with the weekend and shift worked. Established communication channels, including subnetworks and opinion leaders, should be used to maximize and optimize implementation strategies and facilitate the uptake of EBPs. Future work should employ SNA to measure the impact of communication networks on promoting the uptake of EBP and to improve patient outcomes.

Measuring and monitoring skill learning in closed-loop myoelectric hand prostheses using speed-accuracy tradeoffs

Objective. Closed-loop myoelectric prostheses, which combine supplementary sensory feedback and electromyography (EMG) based control, hold the potential to narrow the divide between natural and bionic hands. The use of these devices, however, requires dedicated training. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods that quantify how users acquire skilled control over their prostheses to effectively monitor skill progression and inform the development of interfaces that optimize this process. Approach. Building on theories of skill learning in human motor control, we measured speed-accuracy tradeoff functions (SAFs) to comprehensively characterize learning-induced changes in skill—as opposed to merely tracking changes in task success across training—facilitated by a closed-loop interface that combined proportional control and EMG feedback. Sixteen healthy participants and one individual with a transradial limb loss participated in a three-day experiment where they were instructed to perform the box-and-blocks task using a timed force-matching paradigm at four specified speeds to reach two target force levels, such that the SAF could be determined. Main results. We found that the participants’ accuracy increased in a similar way across all speeds we tested. Consequently, the shape of the SAF remained similar across days, at both force levels. Further, we observed that EMG feedback enabled participants to improve their motor execution in terms of reduced trial-by-trial variability, a hallmark of skilled behavior. We then fit a power law model of the SAF, and demonstrated how the model parameters could be used to identify and monitor changes in skill. Significance. We comprehensively characterized how an EMG feedback interface enabled skill acquisition, both at the level of task performance and movement execution. More generally, we believe that the proposed methods are effective for measuring and monitoring user skill progression in closed-loop prosthesis control.

Promoting Transparent, Fair, and Inclusive Practices in Grantmaking: Lessons from the Open and Equitable Model Funding Program

This report presents the insights of the Open & Equitable Model Funding Program, a pilot of a cohort of eleven research funders interested in refining their grantmaking to foster open and equitable practices. Launched in April 2021 by the Open Research Funders Group (ORFG) with grants ranging from $5 to $560 million, this initiative brought together experts across various fields to create thirty-two interventions to promote open research and equitable grantmaking. The funders cohort fostered a collaborative learning environment through monthly meetings, allowing participants to share insights and tackle challenges. Supported by the ORFG's resources and guidance, this structured approach facilitated the tailoring of interventions to each funder's specific needs, emphasizing early identification of challenges to integrate these practices seamlessly into existing funding mechanisms. Despite facing challenges such as staff turnover, limited time, and resources, which impacted the full engagement with and implementation of the interventions, the pilot was appreciated for its organized and guided framework and its collaborative learning environment. Participants who met their pilot goals attributed their success to the clear, achievable interventions and the structured design of the pilot, which allowed for focused implementation and executive-level support. The initiative also encouraged collaboration among peers, fostering a community of like-minded organizations exploring common challenges. The ORFG's documentation of lessons learned and the testing of intervention suitability offers valuable insights for future funders to refine their grantmaking strategies, underscoring the importance of continuous effort and commitment to achieve lasting change. These recommendations were refined for relevance and completeness from direct engagement with applicants, grantees, and researchers from underserved communities, ensuring the incorporation of insights from historically marginalized groups and with the goal of tailoring more inclusive and practical improvements.

Organizational Ethical Leadership Practices and Adoption of Solar Photovoltaics in Climate-Smart Agriculture in Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

The study examined the influence of organizational ethical leadership practices on adopting solar energy technology in Climate-Smart Agriculture in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study adopted a positivist research philosophy and descriptive correlational research design targeting the county's 240 executive, policy, legislative, and decision-making level staff as of December 2022. A census was applied to all the target population. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed in terms of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 28. The study showed a strong positive correlation between organizational ethical practices and solar photovoltaic adoption, while the Chi-Square test results strongly associated organizational ethical practices with solar photovoltaic adoption. Regression analysis revealed that the organizational ethical leadership practices significantly predicted solar photovoltaic adoption. Thus, the study rejected the null hypothesis that organizational ethical practices did not significantly influence solar photovoltaic adoption in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The findings for the regression analysis after moderation showed that stakeholder perceptions significantly moderated the relationship between organizational ethical practices and solar photovoltaic adoption, and thus, the study rejected the null hypothesis that ‘stakeholder perceptions did not significantly moderate the relationship between organizational ethical practices and solar PV adoption.' The results of the study indicated that the respondents agreed on the need for high-level commitment and worker empowerment and hence concluded and recommended that the Uasin Gishu County government leadership develop an appropriate reward system to recognize employees' efforts in Climate Smart Agriculture toward solar photovoltaic adoption. It further recommended that the county leadership establish codes of conduct to regulate and align with environmental, sustainability, and governance standards to support business dealings with ESG-compliant stakeholders that incorporate solar PV adoption in their mitigation measures against climate change.

Assessment of the Political Representation of Elderly Persons in the Governance of Ondo State of Nigeria between 2003 and 2018

The aim of this research study assessed the elderly people’s political representation in the governance of Ondo State between 2003 and 2018. Available and existing literature noted that the elderly people represent huge percentage of the Nigeria’s population as equally obtainable as in Ondo State where the focus of the research work lies. The study therefore investigated the inversely connection of elderly people’s population compared to elective and appointive positions occupied in Ondo State specifically the Executive and legislative levels of governance in the periods under study. The study adopts theories of ageing, activity and political behaviour as its theoretical frameworks to guide the work. The methodology used consists of both primary and secondary data which derived from the use of interview and survey research with attention to the administration and analysis of well-structured questionnaire and the use of Focus Group Discussion. Also, Secondary data sourced through textbooks, journals, Internet Materials and Government Official bulletin on the subject matter, while statistical means such as percentage (count) representation, frequency table and pictorial representation were engaged to analysis the findings of the study. The research examined the impacts of senility, health, malnutrition, lack of shelter, fear of depression, isolation and financial incapacity as constraints to political participation and representation in the governance of Ondo State and Nigeria in general. The outcome of the research study provided essential tools and revelations for scholars, researchers, governments, electoral bodies and public policy analysts in Ondo State and Nigeria in the search for elderly people’s participation in elective and appointive government positions as the outcome enhanced future research study.

The use of full-cost refinement management in enterprise economic management

This paper firstly structures the control system to ensure that the full-cost refinement management has a basis and forms a closure in the management chain. Secondly, it enhances the project system management, solidifies all the nodes, puts the communication mechanism in front, and ensures the efficient synergy and reasonable division of labor while establishing the efficient management and communication mechanism, so that it is located in the full-cost refinement management. Finally, the AHP method is used to choose the implementation method of the information system, so as to adapt the full-cost refinement management to the needs of each level and realize the application of full-cost refinement management in the economic management of the enterprise. The final simulation results show that the consistency ratio calculations of the decision-making level management organization, the executive level management organization, the basic level production department, and the other learning and growth, CR are 0.017, 0.023, 0.031, and 0.013, respectively, which are all less than 0.1, and pass the consistency test and do not need to be adjusted. It shows that the results of the calculation of the stratified weight assessment of the full-cost refined management provide an effective guarantee for the economic management of the enterprise, and can be found to be unreasonable in the process of practice, and make timely adjustments to solve the problem.

Archival research on sustainability‐related executive compensation. A literature review of the status quo and future improvements

AbstractThis literature review summarizes previous quantitative archival research on sustainability‐related executive compensation (SREC) as the overarching research method in this field. Based on stakeholder agency theory, we included 66 peer‐reviewed studies on the determinants (governance, financial, and sustainability drivers) and consequences of SREC on firm value (financial and sustainability consequences). Regarding SREC, we differentiated between the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the total executive level. Although we note a lower attraction of SREC research on possible determinants, there are clear indications that SREC has a positive effect on sustainability performance. In contrast to the business case argument for sustainability, this is not true for financial performance. We find major limitations and research gaps in previous studies that should be recognized in future studies (e.g., differentiation between symbolic and substantive use of SREC). Our results are mainly important for researchers, business practice and regulatory bodies.

A heuristic approach of modelling developing countries' construction sector uncertainties to improve the building environment

The building environment is predominated almost everywhere in developing countries by fuzzy and unconventional mechanisms, which forms the so-called “informal sector.” The implementation of projects by the owners themselves, small and medium-sized enterprises, in this environment requires severe cost control and time delivery. The construction process in such a complex area is subject to labour fluctuations, productivity variability, difficulties in logistic supply, poor management, use of unsuitable methods, instability of financial means, and therefore delays in the payment of accounts by the contracting authorities. The factors mentioned above are source of major discrepancies between the forecast costs, quality, and deadlines and those obtained at the end of the project. This explains the losses in the execution phase and the prejudices suffered by the main actors in the unconventional construction industry at all levels. By comparing this specific construction sector with the standards, specific uncertainties emerge at several levels of understanding and execution, which, for each task, are the variabilities in quantity, performance, and qualification of workers; the quality and cost fluctuations among supplying networks of materials; the availability and/or inadequacy of equipment used; and the improvised managerial and financial mechanisms. This study, based on matrix modelling of the components of the construction site, leads to implementation of a heuristic approach for assessing those construction costs and delays uncertainties. We proposed analytic formulations of uncertainties that are computed every iteration of possible scenarios. By adapting and applying an iterative (TABU Search), a heuristic algorithm for minimising costs and lead times, it is possible to combine virtually all the possible choices for the different variables in order to anticipate the impact and guide the decision-maker towards the scenario with the least uncertainty and a good reliability of occurrence. Considering the complex parameters of this site of “informal” construction, the model aims to enable stakeholders in the construction sector to incorporate uncertainties into their forecasts before taking decisions not only to reduce or decrease financial losses but also to increase their credibility and ultimately improve this common practice of sustainable construction.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ASN PROFESSIONALITY INDEX ACHIEVEMENTS

State Civil Service employees at the executive level and staff in the service sector still believe that the superior's assessment is the main thing, while other dimensions are not needed. For this reason, it is necessary to search for data on the factors that influence the achievement of the professionalism index for the State Civil Service. The literature search method was carried out based on articles published between 2018-2023 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria that had been determined using 1 data base, namely Google Schoolar. This literature search uses the PRISMA guideline in carrying out the screening process. From the search results, 1,910 articles were obtained, after the screening process there were 5 articles that met the criteria and analysis would be carried out. The results of the study from 2 literature showed that the factors that influence the achievement of the ASN professionalism index are Content of Policy and Context of Policy, so it can be concluded The State Civil Apparatus Professionalism Index is an indicator of ASN professionalism which can dynamically change along with the achievements achieved by the State Civil Apparatus. Regulations, policies from leadership, resources and the willingness to change from Civil Apparatus Professionalism play an important role in this achievement.Keyword : Professionalism Index, Civil Apparatus Professionalism

Breaking the e-waste stigma: how corporate gender diversity drives sustainable change in the UK

Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between female leaders at board and executive levels and e-waste reduction in firms listed on the FTSE All-Share Index. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a sample of nonfinancial firms listed in the FTSE All-Share Index between 2004 and 2021, comprising 2,523 firm observations. The primary technique used is ordinary least squares, with subsample analysis and the two-stage least squares method used to address endogeneity concerns. Findings This study suggests that the presence of female directors and executives can bring a more comprehensive and diverse approach to e-waste management, which can contribute to improved e-waste reduction initiatives. However, the study also highlights that the impact of female leadership on e-waste reduction may vary based on factors such as the size of the firm and the industry’s carbon footprint. Practical implications The practical implications of this research have noteworthy implications for companies and policymakers alike. By placing importance on gender diversity, companies can reap the benefits of diverse perspectives and approaches when addressing environmental challenges. Policymakers, on the other hand, can contribute to positive environmental outcomes by advocating for gender diversity in corporate leadership. Originality/value The novelty of this research stems from its discovery that having female directors and executives in a firm leads to a broader and more varied approach to managing e-waste, ultimately enhancing efforts to reduce it. This underscores the significance of gender diversity in advancing sustainable practices within organizations. The study highlights the distinct viewpoints and experiences that women offer when tackling environmental issues in the corporate sphere.

Bridging the gap: unleashing the power of non-core departments through interdepartmental collaboration.

Traditional research on firm performance has predominantly emphasized the role of key departments, often underestimating the potential contributions of non-core departments. This study redresses this oversight by investigating the impact of non-core departments on firm performance. Utilizing a comprehensive 20-year dataset from Chinese A-listed firms and employing the endogenous growth model, we scrutinize the influence of non-core departments on enterprise productivity and organizational growth. Our findings underscore that non-core departments significantly enhance firm performance. Furthermore, we observe a negative coefficient of the interaction term, implying the presence of diminishing returns to scale when amalgamating department diversity with firm knowledge. This suggests that while both department diversity and firm knowledge independently contribute positively to firm performance, their conjoined effect does not necessarily induce a proportionally amplified impact. Moreover, we found that factors such as the company's equity structure, market environment, and the age and education level of executives may moderate the impact of departmental diversity on firm performance. This study enriches the literature by spotlighting the potential of non-core departments in propelling firm success and underlines the imperative for strategies that cultivate interdepartmental collaboration. The implications of these findings propose that firms can leverage the potential of non-core departments for sustainable growth, offering a fresh perspective for future research in organizational development.

Radiation Hormesis in Barley Manifests as Changes in Growth Dynamics Coordinated with the Expression of PM19L-like, CML31-like, and AOS2-like.

The stimulation of growth and development of crops using ionising radiation (radiation hormesis) has been reported by many research groups. However, specific genes contributing to the radiation stimulation of plant growth are largely unknown. In this work, we studied the impact of the low-dose γ-irradiation of barley seeds on the growth dynamics and gene expression of eight barley cultivars in a greenhouse experiment. Our findings confirmed that candidate genes of the radiation growth stimulation, previously established in barley seedlings (PM19L-like, CML31-like, and AOS2-like), are significant in radiation hormesis throughout ontogeny. In γ-stimulated cultivars, the expression of these genes was aligned with the growth dynamics, yield parameters, and physiological conditions of plants. We identified contrasting cultivars for future gene editing and found that the γ-stimulated cultivar possessed some specific abiotic stress-responsive elements in the promotors of candidate genes, possibly revealing a new level of radiation hormesis effect execution. These results can be used in creating new productive barley cultivars, ecological toxicology of radionuclides, and eustress biology studies.

A servant perspective of leadership and knowledge co-creation process for IT/IS exploration-exploitation innovation in the B2B enterprise context

PurposeThis study aims to build an integrated model for information technology (IT)/information system (IS) team exploration and exploitation innovation in the business-to-business (B2B) enterprise context by empirically investigating the mediating role of tacit-explicit knowledge co-creation and exploring the behavior approach of servant leaders for IT/IS team exploration-exploitation innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors' analysis was supported by 182 enterprise-IT/IS teams (403 participants) in Taiwan. The authors used a questionnaire and Structural Equation Model (SEM)-SmartPLS to validate the development model. This study examines IT/IS exploration-exploitation innovation using a combination of quantitative survey research and qualitative case studies.FindingsThe specific roles of direct and mediating effects for two innovations of IT/IS team exploration and exploitation were investigated. The findings show a direct effect of knowledge creation (tacit and explicit) on IT/IS team exploration-exploitation innovation. Servant leader behavior positively influences tacit-explicit knowledge co-creation practices, IT/IS team exploration and exploitation. Moreover, knowledge creation (tacit and explicit) successfully mediates the correlation between servant leaders and IT/IS team innovations (for exploration and exploitation).Practical implicationsManagers, IT/IS consultants and enterprises at the executive level are suggested to encourage knowledge co-creation practices, both tacit and explicit to support their IT/IS team innovation. The greater the degree of explicit knowledge (i.e. socialization and internalization) and tacit knowledge creation (i.e. externalization and combination), the greater will be the opportunities for meeting the enterprise-IT/IS team exploration and exploitation innovation goals. The project manager may follow servant leadership behavior to promote effective knowledge co-creation process on the IT/IS team.Originality/valueThis effort contributes to greater and new understanding of how ambidexterity capability, tacit-explicit knowledge co-creation (mediators) and servant leaders for IT/IS team exploration-exploitation innovation in the B2B enterprise context and new foundations for future studies on a cross-enterprise IT/IS team. This research is also the first empirical effort to understand how a servant perspective leadership contributes through the knowledge co-creation process for IT/IS exploration-exploitation innovation.

Rimagined upcycling

Learning outcomes Upon completion of the case study, the students will be able to apply business upscaling strategies to an upcycling social enterprise that is embracing a circular economy approach by using the Ansoff growth matrix; to analyze strategies for transition to circularity using the butterfly diagram tool for both business and personal use; to indulge in upcycling exercises for a used product of their choice, not only unleashing their creative potential but also contributing to an idea that might get them to win a contest; to analyze different operational problems and efficiency opportunities that arise when a company takes on social and environmental causes as a business opportunity; and to strategize how a social enterprise can be sustained and made for-profit by applying business strategies. Case overview/synopsis This case study covers the concepts of upcycling under the gamut of circular economy, a concept that has become more of a strategy to sustain and survive in today’s world. This case is about Rimagined, an upcycling company that could be a model for circular ideas and upcycling of stuff. This case study narrates the growth and the challenges faced in upcycling and encourages students to ideate a new design for any upcycling item of their choice. This case will also make students strategize the expansion plan for Rimagined. Shailaja Rangarajan is the protagonist of this case study who started this social enterprise to make a difference and do her bit. Sustaining a social enterprise requires business acumen and risk-bearing capacities like any other business. Rangarajan was facing the dilemma of expansion and was trying out several feasible options. Rimagined had been unable to attract investors because their expectations of quick returns could not be immediately fulfilled. Investors focused more on waste management as an industry and not on upcycling as a separate area of work. Complexity academic level This case study is suitable for students of MBA or executive MBA level. Specifically, this case study can be used in business strategies and circular economy courses. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 4: Environmental management.

Public budget and crime: an analysis based on the examination of indicators of lethal and non-lethal crimes in the state of Ceará

Objective: This article aims to analyze a possible relationship between budget execution and crime levels in the State of Ceará between 2012 and 2021.
 Methodology: Use of linear regression using dependent variables (budgetary expenditures with the public security function) and independent variables (public revenue, intentional lethal violent crimes, seizure of weapons, violent property crimes, thefts, and sexual crimes).
 Results: After evaluating the proposed variables, the results showed the influence of 2 (two) of the 6 (six) independent variables analyzed: revenue at 1% and theft at 10%. The other indicators related to intentional lethal violent crimes, gun seizures, violent property crimes, and sex crimes did not show consistent results.
 Contributions of the Study: Expands the level of knowledge about possible relationships between budget expenditures and crime (its various typologies), in order to better understand whether effectively only spending on public security can influence the level of crime in a state of the federation.

Organizational Zombies

The zombie phenomenon in organizations is a psychological condition that affects managers working at the middle management level in the organization, because the manager at that level works hard to gain the satisfaction of upper management at the expense of grinding down workers at the executive management level, so that this model of managers seeks to suck the blood of workers and exploit their needs. Their simple and innocent desires that are worth nothing in return for the work and hard work they do. Such a model of managers practices the phenomenon of organizational zombies based on their ability to deprive workers at the executive level of their emerging desires and needs on a daily basis.