Ethanol Levels Research Articles

Evaluating the Potential of Korean Mudflat-Derived Penicillium nalgiovense SJ02 as a Fungal Starter for Manufacturing Fermented Sausage.

The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate novel Korean starter cultures for use in fermented sausages. A total of 72 strains were isolated from various indigenous sources, including Nuruk, Jeotgal, and mudflats on the west coast of South Korea. Two strains were identified as Penicillium nalgiovense (SD01 and SJ02), a traditional starter used in the production of fermented sausages. A comparative analysis was performed between SD01 and SJ02 using the commercial starter culture (M600). Strain SJ02 exhibited superior lipolytic and proteolytic activities, as well as an enhanced growth rate at the optimal salinity level of 2% NaCl compared to M600. No significant differences were observed in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, sausage colors, and texture properties between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, except for adhesiveness. Profiles of mycotoxin-related genes were similar for both strains. Electronic nose analysis revealed distinct aroma profiles between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, with a relatively higher levels of propan-2-one and butyl butanoate in SJ02, and a higher level of ethanol and propanal in M600. In electronic tongue analysis, there was no significant differences in taste characteristics between SJ02 and M600. These results indicate that P. nalgiovense SJ02 is a potential starter culture to produce dry fermented sausages, enhancing Korean style cured meat processing industry.

Severe Ethanol Poisoning Among United States College Fraternity Pledges.

Hazing is a longstanding tradition in university and college fraternities. This practice often uses alcohol as a penalty during hazing rituals, resulting in severe ethanol poisoning and even death among pledges. Typically, the serum ethanol levels in these poisoned students are extremely high. Preventing severe ethanol poisoning is crucial, and can be achieved through education about the harms of these hazing activities. Hemodialysis is an effective treatment for severe ethanol poisoning as it removes the excess alcohol in a timely manner.

TBI and Tau Loss of Function Both Affect Naïve Ethanol Sensitivity in Drosophila.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with alcohol abuse and higher ethanol sensitivity later in life. Currently, it is poorly understood how ethanol sensitivity changes with time after TBI and whether there are sex-dependent differences in the relationship between TBI and ethanol sensitivity. This study uses the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how TBI affects alcohol sensitivity and whether the effects are sex-specific. Our results indicate that flies have a significantly higher sensitivity to the intoxicating levels of ethanol during the acute phase post-TBI, regardless of sex. The increased ethanol sensitivity decreases as time progresses; however, females take longer than males to recover from the heightened ethanol sensitivity. Dietary restriction does not improve the negative effects of alcohol post-TBI. We found that tau mutant flies exhibit a similar ethanol sensitivity to TBI flies. However, TBI increased the ethanol sensitivity of dtauKO mutants, suggesting that TBI and dtau loss of function have additive effects on ethanol sensitivity.

MASLD is related to impaired alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and elevated blood ethanol levels: Role of TNFα and JNK

Elevated fasting ethanol levels in peripheral blood frequently found in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD) patients even in the absence of alcohol consumption are discussed to contribute to disease development. To test the hypothesis that besides an enhanced gastrointestinal synthesis a diminished alcohol elimination through alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) may also be critical herein, we determined fasting ethanol levels and ADH activity in livers and blood of MASLD patients and in wild-type ± anti-TNFα antibody (infliximab) treated and TNFα-/- mice fed a MASLD-inducing diet. Blood ethanol levels were significantly higher in patients and wild-type mice with MASLD while relative ADH activity in blood and liver tissue was significantly lower compared to controls. Both alterations were significantly attenuated in MASLD diet-fed TNFα-/- mice and wild-type mice treated with infliximab. Moreover, alcohol elimination was significantly impaired in mice with MASLD. In in vitro models, TNFα but not IL-1β or IL-6 significantly decreased ADH activity. Our data suggest that elevated ethanol levels in MASLD patients are related to TNFα-dependent impairments of ADH activity.

Isolation and Characterization of Acetic Acid Bacteria from Pineapple, Sugarcane, Apple, Grape, Pomegranate, and Papaya Fruit

The present research was carried out with the aim of isolating acetic acid bacteria (AAB) from pineapple, sugarcane, apple, grape, pomegranate, and papaya fruits. The characteristics of acetic acid bacterial isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Among the different fruits, pineapple possessed the maximum (38.46%) AAB producers, followed by sugarcane (22.90%), grape (18.29%), apple (14.63%), papaya (4.34%) and pomegranate (1.38%). Reference strain Acetobacter pasteurianus (DSM-2324) was collected from Deutsche Sammlung Von Microorganismen and Zellkulturen (DSMZ), Germany. Strains of Acetobacter pasteurianus were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolated strains (A) were characterized and compared with the reference strain (B). Different levels of ethanol (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%), glucose (10%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and temperature (25 °C, 30 °C, 34 °C, and 37 °C) were used in standard medium to observe the growth characteristics of strain A and B. Both the strains revealed similar trends grown on ethanol, glucose and temperature and showed better growth at 2% ethanol, 20% glucose and 30 °C temperature. The members of the genus Acetobacter and Gluconobacter are confirmed with this research.

Identification of hazards for human health under chemical pollution in air inside in-patient hospitals

Use of various physical and chemical research techniques, including chromato-mass-spectrometry, made it possible to identify and quantify more than 40 organic compounds in air inside healthcare organizations, including saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons; terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, halogen-containing compounds, and organic acids. Levels of ethanol, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetone, terpene hydrocarbons, and acetic acid made the main contribution to the total content of all identified compounds. Most detected substances were present in concentrations not exceeding hygienic standards, except for chloroform and iodoform, the levels of which were up to 2 times higher than average daily MPL in intensive care wards and a bronchoscopy room. Organic acids and chlorinated organic compounds were found in elevated concentrations compared with insides of non-medical public buildings. Among the wide list of identified substances, hygienic standards have not been established for more than 70% of compounds and it is not possible to give a hygienic assessment of hazards or safety of their presence in air inside healthcare facilities. Despite that, the information obtained in this study is extremely useful for accomplishing an important stage in health risk analysis, which is identification of hazards for health of patients and healthcare workers posed by chemical air pollution inside healthcare organizations when using the risk analysis methodology. In this study, we assessed effects produced by operations of UV recirculator irradiators for air disinfection on its chemical composition inside healthcare institutions. The assessment showed that when such devices worked in the presence of patients and staff, there was an increase in the amount of pollutants in air and their total concentration grew from two to more than four times. When analyzing risks for health of staff and patients, hazard identification within risk-based control of chemical air pollution in the hospital environment should include monitoring of formaldehyde, styrene, ammonia, ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform, dichloroethane, acetic acid along with identification of a wide range of volatile organic compounds; it should also cover ammonia as one of the priority pollutants occurring in the environment from human excretory products.

Проблемы идентификации опасности для здоровья человека при химическом загрязнении воздушной среды помещений медицинских стационаров

Use of various physical and chemical research techniques, including chromato-mass-spectrometry, made it possible to identify and quantify more than 40 organic compounds in air inside healthcare organizations, including saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons; terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, halogen-containing compounds, and organic acids. Levels of ethanol, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetone, terpene hydrocarbons, and acetic acid made the main contribution to the total content of all identified compounds. Most detected substances were present in concentrations not exceeding hygienic standards, except for chloroform and iodoform, the levels of which were up to 2 times higher than average daily MPL in intensive care wards and a bronchoscopy room. Organic acids and chlorinated organic compounds were found in elevated concentrations compared with insides of non-medical public buildings. Among the wide list of identified substances, hygienic standards have not been established for more than 70% of compounds and it is not possible to give a hygienic assessment of hazards or safety of their presence in air inside healthcare facilities. Despite that, the information obtained in this study is extremely useful for accomplishing an important stage in health risk analysis, which is identification of hazards for health of patients and healthcare workers posed by chemical air pollution inside healthcare organizations when using the risk analysis methodology. In this study, we assessed effects produced by operations of UV recirculator irradiators for air disinfection on its chemical composition inside healthcare institutions. The assessment showed that when such devices worked in the presence of patients and staff, there was an increase in the amount of pollutants in air and their total concentration grew from two to more than four times. When analyzing risks for health of staff and patients, hazard identification within risk-based control of chemical air pollution in the hospital environment should include monitoring of formaldehyde, styrene, ammonia, ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform, dichloroethane, acetic acid along with identification of a wide range of volatile organic compounds; it should also cover ammonia as one of the priority pollutants occurring in the environment from human excretory products.

The effect of high ethanol concentration on E-nose response for diabetes detection in exhaled breath: Laboratory studies

The growing number of people with diabetes has paved the way for the creation of non-invasive devices to measure blood glucose levels and enable the detection of diabetes non-invasively, for example, through exhaled air. This paper presents the development of a breath detection system using multiple sensors (e-nose system) for the non-invasive estimation of blood glucose levels. The system employs commercially available ethanol, CO2, and acetone sensors, with synthetic breath mixtures used for testing, including four scenarios with high ethanol concentrations (0–570 ppm) as an influence factor. Results showed a mean absolute error of 0.245 ppm when analysing commonly observed acetone concentrations in diabetic breath using four sensors and the XGBoost Regressor. In mixtures with high ethanol concentrations and varying acetone concentrations (0–8.62 ppm), the CatBoost Regressor outperformed other machine learning algorithms with a mean absolute error of 0.568 ppm. This study emphasises the significant impact of ethanol on acetone detection and the need to consider ethanol levels in the developing of non-invasive devices for blood glucose prediction based on the exhaled acetone measurements. The research shows that a set of three gas sensors is optimal for estimating acetone concentrations in gas mixtures. The presented results constitute a preliminary step towards developing a non-invasive device for estimating blood glucose levels based on breath analysis, with the novelty of considering alcohol intake as a potential influencing factor.

Ethanol-based solubility-enabling oral drug formulation development: Accounting for the solubility-permeability interplay

The aim of the current work was to investigate the key factors that govern the success/failure of an ethanol-based solubility-enabling oral drug formulation, including the effects of the ethanol on the solubility of the drug, the permeability across the intestinal membrane, the drug's dissolution in the aqueous milieu of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the resulting solubility-permeability interplay. The concentration-dependent effects of ethanol-based vehicles on the solubility, the in-vitro Caco-2 permeability, the in-vivo rat permeability, and the biorelevant dissolution of the BCS class II antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were studied, and a predictive model describing the solubility-permeability relationship was developed. Significant concentration-dependent solubility increase of CBZ was obtained with increasing ethanol levels, that was accompanied by permeability decrease, both in Caco-2 and in rat perfusion studies, demonstrating a tradeoff between the increased solubility afforded by the ethanol and a concomitant permeability decrease. When ethanol absorption was accounted for, an excellent agreement was achieved between the predicted permeability and the experimental data. Biorelevant dissolution studies revealed that minimal ethanol levels of 30 % and 50 % were needed to fully dissolve 1 and 5 mg CBZ dose respectively, with no drug precipitation.In conclusion, key factors to be accounted for when developing ethanol-based formulation include the drug's solubility, permeability, the solubility-permeability interplay, and the drug dose intended to be delivered. Only the minimal amount of ethanol sufficient to solubilize the drug dose throughout the GIT should be used, and not more than that, to avoid unnecessarily permeability loss, and to maximize overall drug absorption.

Acute Alcohol Intoxication-Related Metabolic and Biochemical Disturbances in Adolescents: A Matched Case-Control Study.

We aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) in adolescents who presented to the pediatric emergency department (ED) at a tertiary referral center from 2006 to 2019. All consecutive adolescents with AAI (n = 335) and their sex- and age-matched control subjects (n = 335) with undetectable ethanol levels were included in this case-matched study. Mean serum ethanol level was 156.4 ± 58.4 (range: 50.8-341.2) mg/dL in the acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) group. Glasgow coma scores were lower in AAI group (14 [14-15] vs 15 [15-15], P < .001). Acidosis (16.3%), hyperlactatemia (60.9%), hypoglycemia (1.7%), hypernatremia (2.2%), hypokalemia (12.3%), hyperchloremia (20.4%), hypocalcemia (13.9%), hypermagnesemia (9.7%), and hyperalbuminemia (10.4%) were significantly more common in the AAI group than the control group. Blood pH, lactate, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid levels were correlated with serum ethanol levels. This study shows that AAI frequently leads to mild to moderate metabolic/biochemical derangements in adolescents.

Self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator sensor for detecting humidity level and monitoring ethanol variation in a simulated exhalation environment

Respiration stands as a vital process reflecting physiological and pathological human health status. Exhaled breath analysis offers a facile, non-invasive, swift, and cost-effective approach for diagnosing and monitoring diseases by detecting concentration changes of specific biomarkers. In this study, we employed Polyethylene oxide/copper (I) oxide composite nanofibers (PCNFs), synthesized via the electrospinning method as the sensing material to measure ethanol levels (1–200 ppm) in an exhaled breath simulator environment. The integrated contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerator was utilized to power the self-powered PCNFs exhaled breath sensor. The PCNFs-based gas sensor demonstrates promising results with values of 0.9 and 3.2 for detecting 5 ppm and 200 ppm ethanol, respectively, in the presence of interfering gas at 90% relative humidity (RH). Notably, the sensor displayed remarkable ethanol selectivity, with ratios of 10:1 to methanol and 25:1 to acetone. Response and recovery times for 200 ppm ethanol at 90 RH% were rapid, at 2.7 s and 5.8 s, respectively. The PCNFs-based exhaled breath sensor demonstrated consistent and stable performance in practical conditions, showcasing its potential for integration into wearable devices. This self-powered breath sensor enabling continuous monitoring of lung cancer symptoms and facilitating compliance checks with legal alcohol consumption limits.

Effect of swelling agent treatment on grape fruit quality and the application of electronic nose identification detection.

The swelling agent is a plant growth regulator that alters the composition and content of nutrients and volatile gases in the fruit. To identify whether grape fruit had been treated with swelling agent, the odor information and quality indexes of grape berries treated with different concentrations of swelling agent were examined by using electronic nose technology and traditional methods. The contents of soluble sugars, soluble solids, soluble proteins and vitamin C were significantly increased in N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) treated fruit. The contents of hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and nonanal aldehydes decreased significantly. Similarly, the levels of phenyl ethanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate alcohols and esters also decreased noticeably. Additionally, the levels of damascenone, linalool, and geraniol ketones and terpenoids decreased. However, the contents of benzaldehyde, D-limonene, acetic acid and hexanoic acid increased. In addition, the electrical signals generated by the electronic nose (e-nose) were analyzed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF). The average recognition rate of SVM was 94.4%. The results showed that electronic nose technology can be used to detect whether grapes have been treated with swelling agent, and it is an economical and efficient detection method.

Responses of animals and plants to physiological doses of ethanol: a molecular messenger of hypoxia?

Our viewpoint is that ethanol could act as a molecular messenger in animal and plant organisms under conditions of hypoxia or other stresses and could elicit physiological responses to such conditions. There is evidence that both animal and plant organisms have endogenous levels of ethanol, but reports on the changes induced by this alcohol at physiological levels are sparse. Studies have shown that ethanol has different effects on cell metabolism at low and high concentrations, resembling a hormetic response. Further studies have addressed the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms used by organisms to sense changes in physiological concentrations of ethanol. This article summarizes the possible mechanisms by which ethanol may be sensed, particularly at the cell membrane level. Our analysis shows that current knowledge on this subject is limited. More research is required on the effects of ethanol at very low doses, in plants and animals at both molecular and physiological levels. We believe that further research on this topic could lead to new discoveries in physiology and may even help us understand metabolic adjustments related to climate change. As temperatures rise more frequently, dissolved oxygen levels drop, leading to hypoxic conditions and consequently, an increase in cellular ethanol levels.

Digital image colorimetry for determination of ethanol in exhaled breath condensate.

Aim: This study aimed to develop a colorimetric approach for quantifying ethanol using smartphone image analysis. Method: This research presents a straightforward smartphone-based colorimetric sensor that efficiently measures ethanol levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples. The process involved changing the acidic dichromate color in an ethanolic solution, followed by image analysis. Results: The results showed that this method was able to estimate ethanol concentrations in the range of 300-1500 and 1600-8000μg ml-1 in EBC. Conclusion: This study was a follow-up study on the previous work published for the determination of ethanol in EBC samples and highlights the potential benefits of using digital images and smartphone applications for ethanol determination in biological samples.

Characterization and Calibration of Cold-Alcohol Plasma Fractionation Intermediates by Kjeldahl Digestion and Digital Refractometry

Background Almost 80 years after implementation of the industrial ethanol fractionation process, based on the pioneering work of Edwin J. Cohn's research group, it has not lost its importance in providing life-saving biotherapies to patients. The focus has shifted from albumin, which was first used to treat intensive care patients, to immunoglobulin G preparations. Nowadays the latter enables effective, life-long treatment of patients suffering from immunodeficiencies. Ethanol concentration, pH, temperature, protein, and salt concentration are diligently varied during the Cohn fractionation process to finally yield fractions in which the main plasma proteins are enriched at adequate purity. Total protein concentration of the intermediates, probably not as important as ethanol levels and pH, has nevertheless an indisputable influence on the process’ performance Objectives Total protein measurement is therefore a valuable in process-control for versatile process performance monitoring. For this purpose, we investigated the application of analytical digital refractometry. Design For our pilot study, we used six consecutive batches of nine relevant intermediates covering Takeda's whole industrial-scale Cohn Fractionation process. Methods Total protein concentrations of the intermediates were measured with the method of Kjehldal to obtain reference data and digital analytical refractometry, using 10-kDa ultrafiltration to obtain a protein free permeate serving as a sample-specific blank. Results and Conclusions Specific refractive index increment dn/dc values, allowing the calculation of the total protein concentrations by refractive index measurement, were obtained for the Cohn Fractionation intermediates investigated. Thus, analytical digital refractometry, a simple, fast, and robust technique, was shown to be fit for this purpose.

Efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract on Earias vittella, Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): environment sustainable approach.

Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Recent advances in xylitol production in biorefineries from lignocellulosic biomass: a review study

The progression of sustainable practices in biorefineries is pivotal in mitigating carbon emissions and optimizing the utilization of natural resources, thereby preserving the environment. Biorefineries, which convert lignocellulosic biomass into a variety of products, distinguish themselves by efficiently transforming waste into high-value products. Xylitol stands out among biorefinery products. Derived from the conversion of xylose present in lignocellulose, it not only offers health benefits but is also considered an intermediate molecule in the production of valuable chemical products. Microbiological methods for xylitol production are increasingly acknowledged as efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives. These are some of the main factors discussed in this review, which aims to demonstrate the biotechnological route for producing xylitol through lignocellulosic materials. Several studies were observed to characterize various lignocellulosic residues, and it was noted that Eucalyptus globulusand banana leaves exhibit high levels of xylose. By analyzing the most recent researches related to xylitol production, the possibility of co-production of bioethanol using the same biotechnological route of xylitol production was identified. For instance, studies have shown that a combination of bagasse and sugarcane straw, as well as rice straw residue, are capable of producing substantial levels of xylitol and ethanol. The yields reached 30.61 g/L of xylitol and 47.97 g/L of ethanol, and 34.21 g/L of xylitol and 2.12 g/L of ethanol, respectively. These innovations not only promote sustainability but also have the potential to generate positive impacts on the global economy.

Effects of long-term metformin administration associated with high-intensity interval training on physical performance, glycogen concentration, GLUT-4 content, and NMR-based metabolomics in healthy rats.

The aim was to investigate the long-term effects of metformin ingestion on high-intensity interval training on performance, glycogen concentration (GC), GLUT-4 content, and metabolomics outcomes in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into baseline, metformin (500 mg daily), and control groups. Training consisted of 4 sets of 10 jumps with 30 s of passive recovery per day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The intensity equivalent was 50% of body mass (BM) in the first four weeks and 70% of BM in the last four weeks. The animals were submitted to a weekly jump test until exhaustion at 50% of BM. Serum and tissues were collected at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks for biochemical and metabolomics analysis. The number of jumps increased in the Control group without a significant difference between groups at 4 and 8 weeks. GLUT4 was lower in the gastrocnemius muscle in the Metformin at the fourth week compared to Control (P=0.03) and compared to Metformin (P=0.02) and Control (P=0.01) at eight weeks. Hepatic and soleus GC were not altered by metformin. Gastrocnemius GC was lower after 8 weeks in the Metformin group compared to Control (P=0.01). Significantly lower levels of pyruvate and phenylalanine and higher levels of ethanol, formate, betaine, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and creatine were found in the Metformin compared to the Control. Although chronic administration of metformin decreased food intake and negatively influenced the synthesis of muscle glycogen, it did not significantly change physical performance compared to the Control.

Analysis of Punch Injuries: Clinical Characteristics, Management and Outcomes.

The aim of this study is to describe injury patterns, characteristics, treatment modalities and functional outcomes after punching related injuries. Retrospective data of cases admitted to emergency department following punch injury between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2022. was collected. Patient's demographic data, the dominant and injured upper extremity side, punched object, a time of patient admission were recorded. Smoking habit and blood ethanol level were documented. Trauma mechanism, diagnosis (1: dermabrasions: skin, 2: lacerations: neurovascular structures or tendons and 3: osseous pathologies), treatment modalities were analyzed. Outcomes were assessed using the DASH questionnaire (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) at the last follow-up. A total of 1052 patients (male=968 (92%), female=84 (8%)) with mean age 24.6 ± 7.2 included this study. Six hundred and twenty-one (59%) patients punched a solid object and 675 (64%) had osseous pathology. The most commonly fractured bone, injured tendon, injured nerve, and injured artery were 5th metacarpal, extensor digitorum communis (EDC), ulnar nerve, and ulnar artery, respectively. The majority of the patients, (73%) were smokers while 15% of the patients had high level of blood ethanol concentration on admission (82±12.3 mg/100 ml). A comparison between smokers and non-smokers did not reveal any significant differences (p=0.425) in terms of diagnosis whereas 74% of alcoholic patients admitted with lacerations which was statistically significant (p=0.023). Injuries of 321 (30.5%) patients required surgery in the operating room, while 711(67.5 %) patients received interventions in the emergency room setting. The average DASH score differed between subgroups, with significantly higher scores in patients with laceration type injuries (7.2 SD), indicating more disability (p=0.001) DISCUSSION. The study reveales a high prevalence of hand injuries among individuals aged 18 to 40, with the dominant hand being most affected, primarily due to physical violence and self-harming behaviors. Primary contributing factors to this pattern are the escalated incidents of physical violence and self-harming behaviors arising from an inability to manage anger impulses. Punching solid objects, especially during late afternoon and evening periods often associated with alcohol use, was a common cause, resulting in metacarpal fractures being the most reported injury. Multiple tendon and nerve injuries were frequent, highlighting the severity and complexity of these traumas, often necessitating surgical intervention. These findings highlight the several key aspects, including demographic characteristics of the patient population, common causes and types of injuries observed, and the association between alcohol use as well as the specific injury profiles. Satisfactory results can be achieved with both conservative and surgical treatment for punch injuries. punching, fisting, boxing injuries, laceration, blood ethanol level.

Exhaled VOC Biomarkers from Rats Injected with PMs from Thirty-One Major Cities in China.

Particulate matter (PMs) of different origins can cause diverse health effects. Here, a homemade box was used to facilitate real-time measurements of breath-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. We have tracked exhaled VOC changes in 228 Wistar rats that were injected with water-soluble PM suspension filtrates (after 0.45 μm) from 31 China cities for 1 h to up to 1-6 days during the experiments. Rats exposed to the filtrates exhibited significant changes in breath-borne VOCs within hours, featuring dynamic fluctuations in the levels of acetone, butan-2-one, heptan-2-one-M, acetic acid-M, and ethanol. Subsequently, on the fifth to sixth day after the injection, there was a notable increase in the proportion of aldehydes (including hexanal-M, hexanal-D, pentanal, heptanal-M, and (E)-2-hexenal). The 10 dynamic VOC fingerprint patterns mentioned earlier showcased the capability to indirectly differentiate urban PM toxicity and categorize the 31 cities into four distinct groups based on their health effects. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of exhaled VOCs and underscores their critical role as biomarkers for differentiating the toxicity of different PMs and detecting the early signs of potential diseases. The results from this work also provide a scientific basis for city-specific air pollution control and policy development.