Levels Of Essential Amino Acids Research Articles

Improving resilience to high temperature in drought: water replenishment enhances sucrose and amino acid metabolisms in maize grain.

Heat stress poses a significant threat to maize, especially when combined with drought. Recent research highlights the potential of water replenishment to ameliorate grain weight loss. However, the mitigating mechanisms of heat in drought stress, especially during the crucial early grain-filling stage, remain poorly understood. We investigated the mechanism for mitigating heat in drought stress by water replenishment from the 12th to the 32nd days after silking in a controlled greenhouse experiment (Exp. I) and field trial (Exp. II). A significant reduction in grain weight was observed in heat stress compared to normal conditions. When water replenishment was applied to increase soil water content (SWC) under heat stress, the grain yield exhibited a notable increase ranging from 28.4 to 76.9%. XY335 variety was used for transcriptome sequencing to analyze starch biosynthesis and amino acid metabolisms in Exp. I. With water replenishment, the transcripts of genes responsible for trehalose 6-phosphate phosphates (TPP), alpha-trehalase (TRE), ADP-glcpyrophosphorylase, and starch synthase activity were stimulated. Additionally, the expression of genes encoding TPP and TRE contributed to an enhanced conversion of trehalose to glucose. This led to the conversion of sucrose from glucose-1-phosphate to ADP-glucose and ADP-glucose to amylopectin, ultimately increasing starch production by 45.1%. Water replenishment to boost SWC during heat stress also elevated the levels of essential amino acids in maize, including arginine, serine, tyrosine, leucine, glutamic acid, and methionine, providing valuable support to maize plants in adversity. Field trials further validated the positive impact of water replenishment on SWC, resulting in a notable increase in grain yield ranging from 7.1 to 9.2%. This study highlights the vital importance of adapting to abiotic stress and underscores the necessity of developing strategies to counteract its adverse effects on crop yield.

Unlocking critical nutritional potential: A comprehensive analysis of small indigenous fishes in Bangladesh and the development of ready-to-use fish products as balanced food

The study aimed to develop fish powder as a promising dietary supplement to combat inadequate nutrition. To achieve this goal, the study assessed the nutritional aspects, including proximate composition, mineral content, amino acid profile, and fatty acid profile, as well as the microbiological quality and heavy metal contents, of six small indigenous fish species. The protein content ranged from 57.73 % to 65.26 %, with G. chapra exhibiting the highest protein content (p < 0.001). In all fish powders, the mineral composition was found in the following order: Na > P > Ca > K> Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn. The results revealed significantly elevated levels of total essential amino acids in A. mola (227.20 mg/g, p < 0.001). The PUFA/SFA ratio (> 0.45) and ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids ratio (< 4.00) were generally optimal. The quality and safety of the fish products for human consumption were confirmed, as both the total colony count and heavy metal concentrations remained below the recommended threshold. All ready-to-use fish products, except A. mola, meet over 20 % of the daily nutritional needs for PLW, infants, and adults. Hence, these findings advocate the utilization of the studied fish species as a dietary supplement to address malnutrition.

An Analysis of Essential Amino Acid Contents of Canistel Fruit (Pouteria campechiana) as A Source of Vegetable Protein in An Effort of Food Diversification

Canistel fruit is a fruit that is not cultivated and is not known to many people because of limited information about this fruit. In the field of biochemistry, analysis of the essential amino acids contained in canistel fruit has never been carried out. The aim of this research is to determine the type and levels of essential amino acids in Canistel fruit as a source of vegetable protein in an effort to diversify food. The sample used was Canistel fruit. The method used was chromatography using UPLC with a C18 column, PDA detector, gradient pump system, and column temperature of 49⁰C. 15 types of amino acids were obtained, consisting of 7 essential amino acids and 8 non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are L-Fenilalanin (994,64 mg/kg), L- Isoleusin (704,58 mg/kg), L-Valin (876,69 mg/kg), L-Lisin 1.068,36 mg/kg), L- Leusin (1.199,45 mg/kg), L-Treonin (857,16 mg/kg), and LHistidin (421,03 mg/kg)and 8 non-essential amino acid are L-Serin (957,38 mg/kg), L-Asam glutamat (2.137,7 mg/kg), L-Alanin (1.070,01 mg/kg), LArginin (838,15 mg/kg), L-Glisin (1.101,56), L-asam aspartate (1.900,63 mg/kg), L-Tirosin (141,90 mg/kg), and L-Prolin (1.146,84 mg/kg).

Effect of cooking characteristics, amino acid consistency, and functional properties of composite noodles made from foxtail millet

The research endeavors to address the exigent demand for augmented nutritional efficacy in food commodities, alongside the escalating preference for expedient, superior, and health-conscious alternatives. As a result, the ongoing investigation aims to formulate instant noodles utilizing a composite blend of flours, including foxtail millet (FMF), wheat (WF), mushroom (MF), and rice bran flour (RBF), followed by a subsequent evaluation of the functional properties, cooking attributes, and amino acid composition of the noodles. The investigation considered distinct proportions of composite flour, specifically 0:100:0:0, 60:30:5:5, 50:40:5:5, and 40:50:5:5 (FMF: WF: MF: RBF), designated as treatment T1 (control), T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The results indicate that composite noodles (T2 to T4) demonstrate significantly higher water absorption indexes (ranging from 189.41 % to 197.28 %) compared to the control noodles (T1) composed solely of wheat flour (100 %), signifying an elevated capacity for water retention. Conversely, the oil absorption index of treatment T1 (214.45 %) surpassed that of treatments T2 (210.14 %), T3 (207.47 %), and T4 (200.64 %), respectively. Similarly, treatment T1 exhibited a higher swelling index (16.57 %), whereas T4 demonstrated a significantly lower swelling index with the highest water solubility (4.51 %). Additionally, the inclusion of foxtail millet flour led to a notable reduction in the optimal cooking time, with T4 requiring the shortest duration (3.45 min). Conversely, the cooking yield varied among treatments, with T4 displaying the lowest yield (42.30 %), while T1 exhibited the highest (48.72 %). Furthermore, in the comparison between control and composite noodles, treatment T4 manifested the highest levels of basic, aromatic, aliphatic, and essential amino acids. It also contained a substantial amount of lysine (11 g/100 g), nearly twice as much as treatment T1 (5 g/100 g). Organoleptic assessment indicated a preference for composite noodles (T2 to T4) in terms of taste and flavor. Therefore, fortifying foxtail millet, wheat, mushroom, and rice bran flour in a ratio of (50:40:5:5) for functional food formulations has the potential to enhance the quality of noodles.

Effects of different black soldier fly larvae products on slow-growing broiler performance and carcass characteristics

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae have gained significant attention as ingredients for poultry feed to improve value chain circularity and sustainability. BSF larvae contain bioactive compounds which can potentially improve broiler health and thereby performance. However, the functionality of bioactive compounds likely depends on how larvae are processed prior to feeding and to which extent larvae products are included in the diet. This may explain the variable results reported in literature on broiler performance and carcass characteristics when feeding them different types of BSF larvae products at different inclusion levels. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the effects of different BSF larvae products and inclusion levels in diets on performance and carcass characteristics of slow-growing broilers.The experiment started with 1,728 one-day-old slow-growing male broilers (Hubbard JA757). Nine dietary treatments were used, each replicated eight times. One group of broilers was given a control diet. The following BSF larvae products were investigated: live larvae, a combination of BSF larvae meal and oil mimicking the nutritional composition of the live larvae, and BSF larvae meal and oil separately. All insect products were tested at two inclusion levels. All diet programs were nutritionally comparable (isoenergetic and based on balanced levels of digestible essential amino acids). During the seven-week trial, several performance parameters and carcass characteristics were measured.The results show that comparable or better broiler performance was achieved with the inclusion of BSF larvae products in the diets compared to the control. Based on the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the unprocessed larvae product and the highest inclusion level led to the most favorable results. Carcass characteristics remained unchanged when BSF larvae products were used in the diets compared to the control group, indicating favorable production output. The BSF larvae products investigated seem suitable feed ingredients for broilers at the current levels tested, generating performance benefits.

Lactic Acid Fermentation as a Valorising Agent for Brewer’s Spent Yeast—Improving the Sensory Quality and Nutritional Potential

Brewer’s spent yeast (BSY) is one of the brewing industry’s most plentiful side-streams. Abundant, low-cost and high in nutrients, it has great potential for application in food technology and human nutrition. With the ever-increasing interest in sustainability, waste reduction and circular food systems, the use of BSY as a novel food ingredient may be the route to add exponential value while reducing the environmental impact. However, negative flavour characteristics and high amounts of alcohol severely limit the current applications of BSY. This study explores the use of processing involving lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation technology as a means of improving BSY quality characteristics and examines the effects of this process on the chemical, nutritional and sensory characteristics of BSY. The results reveal that BSY is a suitable substrate for LAB fermentation, successfully supporting the growth of Lactobacillus amylovorus FST 2.11. Compared to the unfermented BSY (CBSY), fermentation significantly reduced the perceptible bitterness of the BSY as detected by a sensory panel, from 6.0 ± 2.8 units to 0.9 ± 0.7 units, respectively. Fermented BSY (PBSY) had enhanced sour and fruity flavours, and a variety of other volatile compounds and metabolites were determined. Protein profiles showed significant protein degradation, and free amino acid levels were greatly increased following fermentation, from 2.8 ± 0.2 g/100 g to 10.5 ± 0.4 g/100 g, respectively. Protein quality was high, with the CBSY and PBSY providing well over the required level (&gt;100%) of essential amino acids per gram protein, with the exception of sulphur amino acids (98%). Major physical differences were observed using scanning electron microscopy. This study concludes that LAB fermentation positively affects the sensory and nutritional characteristics of BSY and can aid in the incorporation of brewer’s spent yeast into foods for human consumption.

Dietary Nanometer Selenium Enhances the Selenium Accumulation, Nutrient Composition and Antioxidant Status of Paramisgurnus dabryanus spp.

Selenium, an essential trace element, exerts beneficial effects on aquatic animals when present in suitable concentrations. This study investigates the effect of dietary nanometer selenium (Nano-Se) on the muscle selenium accumulation, nutrient composition, and antioxidant ability of Paramisgurnus dabryanus spp. Nano-Se was supplemented in the basal diets at levels of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg. Three hundred fish, averaging 5.21 ± 0.06 g, were randomly divided into five groups and fed the experimental diet for 6 weeks. Fish with a dietary Nano-Se supplement of 0.2 mg/kg exhibited activities of SOD, GSH-Px, AKP, and CAT in the liver, which were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the control diet, while MDA content was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) in the 0.2 mg/kg group. The muscle selenium content significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) at ≥0.2 mg/kg Nano-Se levels. The highest levels of essential amino acids, EAA/TAA, and EAA/NEAA ratios were observed in fish fed 0.2 mg of Nano-Se. Thus, this study recommends incorporating 0.2 mg of Nano-Se per kg in the diet to enhance antioxidant defense, selenium content, and nutrient composition.

Optimizing rice-fish co-culture: Investigating the impact of rice spacing density on biochemical profiles and production of genetically modified tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and Cyprinus carpio.

Rice fish co-culture synergistically boosts food production, resulting in numerous advantages across the environmental, social, and financial domains. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of three different rice spacing densities, rice high density (RHD) 9inch×12inch, rice medium density (RMD) 12inch × 12inch, rice low density (RLD) 15inch×12inchon both rice and fish. Various parameters were assessed to evaluate the performance of the co-culture system, including water quality, growth parameters, muscle quality, soil characteristics, rice stem characteristics, and rice yield parameters. When comparing the species, it was observed that GMT (Genetically Male Tilapia) demonstrated superior weight gain (303.13g vs 296.41g) and specific growth rate (1.16 vs 1.15). Regarding the proximate composition, results showed that RMD had the highest crude protein and fat content compared to RLD and RHD. GMT also exhibited greater crude protein and fat content than Cyprinus carpio, with RMD showing the highest values. Treatment groups significantly influenced the amino acid profile of experimental species, with RMD exhibiting the highest values. GMT showed significantly higher levels of essential, non-essential, half-essential, and umami amino acids compared to Cyprinus carpio. The interaction between RMD and GMT further demonstrated significant differences in various amino acid categories with RMD. A non-significant difference was observed among the treatments regarding soil biochemical characteristics. Regarding the rice stem characters, the height of the plant, panicle length, and stem length of rice were found to be comparable in the RMD and RLD groups however, significantly higher in RHD. Regarding rice yield parameters, no significant differences were observed among the other treatment groups, except for yield per hectare (yield/ha), which was significantly higher in the RHD group compared to RMD and RLD. Additionally, 1000-grain weight and panicle number (ears per hill) were significantly higher in the RLD treatment than in the other treatments. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the RMD treatment consistently yielded superior results compared to RLD and RHD. Furthermore, within the rice-fish co-culture system, GMT proved to be a more competent species compared to Cyprinus carpio. The study provides data to understand the interactions between rice spacing density, fish growth and overall productivity can guide the development of sustainable and profitable rice-fish co-culture systems.

A Comprehensive Biochemical Characterization of Hybrid Grouper Larvae (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) during Yolk-Sac Larval Development.

To investigate the shifts in the biochemical composition of hybrid grouper during the early larval stages, we collected samples at various developmental milestones, spanning from newly hatched larvae (stage I) to 4 days after hatching (stage V). Our findings revealed several notable trends: (1) The total length of hybrid grouper larvae exhibited a significant increase as the yolk-sac absorption progressed from stage I to V. Concurrently, there was a marked decrease in yolk volume and oil volume during the transition from stage I to III, followed by a gradual decline from stage III to V. (2) Dry weight and total lipid content displayed a rapid reduction throughout the larval development period, while the total protein content exhibited a declining trend. (3) The concentrations of triacylglycerols and wax esters/steryl esters decreased considerably, particularly at stage V. However, no differences were observed among the contents of ketones, hydrocarbons, and sterols. (4) As yolk-sac larvae developed from stage I to V, a significant reduction was observed in the levels of essential amino acids (EAAs), such as leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, serine, proline, and tyrosine. This trend was also observed for non-EAAs and total amino acids, with fluctuations in the content of other amino acids. (5) There was a significant decrease in the levels of specific fatty acids, including C16:0, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), C18:0, 18:1n-9, and C20:4n-6. In contrast, the contents of C22:6n-3, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and the combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as the DHA/EPA ratio, remained stable from stage I to III but declined thereafter. (6) During the early developmental stages, the utilization sequence of fatty acids followed a pattern of prioritizing SFAs, followed by MUFAs, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA. These findings provide further insights into the nutritional priorities of hybrid grouper larvae during their early development, with a particular emphasis on lipids and fatty acids as vital energy sources. Additionally, our results highlight variations in the efficiency of utilization among different types of fatty acids, while protein utilization remained relatively stable, characterized by the selective consumption of amino acid content.

Metabolomic and lipidomic landscape of porcine kidney associated with kidney perfusion in heart beating donors and donors after cardiac death

Transplant centers are currently facing a lack of tools to ensure adequate evaluation of the quality of the available organs, as well as a significant shortage of kidney donors. Therefore, efforts are being made to facilitate the effective use of available organs and expand the donor pool, particularly with expanded criteria donors. Fulfilling a need, we aim to present an innovative analytical method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) - chemical biopsy. In order to track changes affecting the organ throughout the entire transplant procedure, porcine kidneys were subjected to multiple samplings at various time points. The application of small-diameter SPME probes assured the minimal invasiveness of the procedure. Porcine model kidney autotransplantation was executed for the purpose of simulating two types of donor scenarios: donors with a beating heart (HBD) and donors after cardiac death (DCD). All renal grafts were exposed to continuous normothermic ex vivo perfusion. Following metabolomic and lipidomic profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, we observed differences in the profiles of HBD and DCD kidneys. The alterations were predominantly related to energy and glucose metabolism, and differences in the levels of essential amino acids, purine nucleosides, lysophosphocholines, phosphoethanolamines, and triacylglycerols were noticed. Our results indicate the potential of implementing chemical biopsy in the evaluation of graft quality and monitoring of renal function during perfusion.

An integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals three BCAAs relieve lipid accumulation by inhibiting lipid synthesis and promoting lipid oxidation in the liver of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

The intricate and paradoxical relationship between branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and lipid metabolism has been focused on the field of nutrition. However, the molecular mechanism mediated by BCAAs in the lipid metabolism of fish is poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the transcriptome and metabolome in the liver of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), an extensively cultivated fish with high commercial value. Dietary BCAA supplementation significantly enhanced growth performance, combined with the elevation of essential amino acid levels and the improvement of liver health. Moreover, enzymatic detection and RT–qPCR results showed that BCAAs decreased lipid deposition in the liver. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that the inhibition of lipid synthesis and enhancement of fatty acid degradation may explain the mechanism by which BCAAs relieved lipid accumulation in the liver. The metabolic enzymes acaca, acaa2, cpt2, acat, and aldh9a1, which were regulated by all three BCAAs, are key targets linking BCAA metabolism and lipid metabolism. Considering that farmed fish suffer from abnormal lipid accumulation in the liver, appropriate BCAA supplementation is an effective nutritional strategy to improve lipid metabolism disorders in aquaculture.

SGLT2 inhibitor improves kidney function and morphology by regulating renal metabolism in mice with diabetic kidney disease

BackgroundDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a secondary complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. AimTo investigate the impact of long-term canagliflozin treatment on DKD and elucidate its underlying mechanism. MethodsDKD model was established using high-fat diet and streptozotocin in male C57BL/6J mice (n = 30). Mice were divided into five groups and treated for 12 weeks. 1) normal control mice, 2) DKD model, 3) mice treated low-dose of canagliflozin, 4) high-dose of canagliflozin and 5) β-hydroxybutyrate. Mice kidney morphology and function were evaluated, and a metabolomics analysis was performed. ResultsCanagliflozin treatment reduced blood creatinine and urine nitrogen levels and improved systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Additionally, a decrease in histological lesions including collagen and lipid deposition in the kidneys was observed. β-hydroxybutyrate treatment did not yield a comparable outcome. The metabolomics analysis revealed that canagliflozin induced alterations in amino acid metabolism profiles in the renal tissue of diabetic mice. ConclusionCanagliflozin protects the kidneys of diabetic mice by increasing the levels of essential amino acids, promoting mitochondrial homeostasis, mitigating oxidative stress, and stimulating the amino acid-dependent tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Nutritional Value of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Produced with Batch and Continuous Cultivation: Potential Use as Feed Material in Poultry Nutrition.

Recently, the demand for new alternative feedstuffs that do not contain chemical residue and are not genetically modified has been increased for sustainability in poultry production. In this respect, the usage of algae as animal feed is very promising as an alternative feed ingredient that reduces pollutant gases from animal production facilities. The aim of the current study is to investigate the usage possibility of algae, through determining nutritional value and production cost, as a feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. Three microalgae species, including Scenedesmus sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., and Synechococcaceae, were produced with batch and continuous cultivation to determine the difference in the lipid, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles, as well as the color characteristics and production cost. The highest lipid content of 72.5% was observed in algae biomass produced from Synechococcaceae with batch cultivation, whereas the highest protein level was found in algae biomass produced by Synechococcaceae under continuous cultivation practice (25.6%). The highest content of PUFA was observed in Scenedesmus sp. harvested from both batch and continuous cultivation (35.6 and 36.2%), whereas the lowest content of PUFA was found in Synechococcaceae harvested with continuous cultivation (0.4%). Continuously cultivated of Scenedesmus sp. had higher carbohydrate content than batch-cultivated Scenedesmus sp. (57.2% vs. 50.1%). The algae biomass produced from Synechococcaceae was found to have a higher content of essential amino acids, except lysine and histidine, compared to Scenedesmus sp. and Ankistrodesmus sp. Cultivation practices also affected the amino acid level in each algae species. The continuous cultivation practice resulted in a higher level of essential amino acids, except glycine. Synechococcaceae had richer essential amino acid content except for proline and ornithine, whereas continuous cultivation caused an incremental increase in non-essential amino acids. The lightness value was found to be the lowest (13.9) in Scenedesmus sp. that was continuously cultivated. The current study indicated that Scenedesmus sp. could be offered for its high PUFA and lysine content, whereas Synechococcaceae could have potential due to its high content of methionine and threonine, among the investigated microalgae and Cyanobacteria.

Comparative Estimation of Nutritionally Important Chemical Constituents of Red Seaweed, Gracilariopsis longissima, Affected by Different Drying Methods

In this study, the nutritional and phytochemical components of red seaweed, Gracilariopsis longissima, were assessed in relation to the effects of various drying methods (freeze, oven, and sun). Gracilariopsis longissima’s proximate composition differed significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) among the three drying techniques, with freeze-dried samples having significantly greater protein (30.63 ± 0.90% dry weight) and lipids (1.49 ± 0.05% dry weight) contents. Except for phosphorus and sulfur, the mineral concentrations were likewise considerably greater in the freeze-dried samples. The total amino acids (30.48 ± 0.06% dry weight) and fatty acids contents were substantially greater ( P &lt; 0.05) in the freeze-dried samples. In freeze-dried samples, the levels of essential amino acids (18.92 ± 0.02% dry weight) and unsaturated fatty acids (54.08 ± 0.07%) were substantially greater ( P &lt; 0.05). When compared to oven- and sun-dried samples, the total phenolic content (88.70 ± 2.19 mg GAE/g dry weight) and the flavonoid content (71.46 ± 2.17 mg QE/g dry weight) of freeze-dried samples was also substantially higher. Among the three distinct drying techniques used, the freeze-drying technique kept G. longissima’s higher nutritional and phytochemical components.

Evolutionary Adaptation of Protein Turnover in White Muscle of Stenothermal Antarctic Fish: Elevated Cold Compensation at Reduced Thermal Responsiveness.

Protein turnover is highly energy consuming and overall relates to an organism's growth performance varying largely between species, e.g., due to pre-adaptation to environmental characteristics such as temperature. Here, we determined protein synthesis rates and capacity of protein degradation in white muscle of the cold stenothermal Antarctic eelpout (Pachycara brachycephalum) and its closely related temperate counterpart, the eurythermal common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). Both species were exposed to acute warming (P. brachycephalum, 0 °C + 2 °C day-1; Z. viviparus, 4 °C + 3 °C day-1). The in vivo protein synthesis rate (Ks) was monitored after injection of 13C-phenylalanine, and protein degradation capacity was quantified by measuring the activity of cathepsin D in vitro. Untargeted metabolic profiling by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify the metabolic processes involved. Independent of temperature, the protein synthesis rate was higher in P. brachycephalum (Ks = 0.38-0.614 % day-1) than in Z. viviparus (Ks= 0.148-0.379% day-1). Whereas protein synthesis remained unaffected by temperature in the Antarctic species, protein synthesis in Z. viviparus increased to near the thermal optimum (16 °C) and tended to fall at higher temperatures. Most strikingly, capacities for protein degradation were about ten times higher in the Antarctic compared to the temperate species. These differences are mirrored in the metabolic profiles, with significantly higher levels of complex and essential amino acids in the free cytosolic pool of the Antarctic congener. Together, the results clearly indicate a highly cold-compensated protein turnover in the Antarctic eelpout compared to its temperate confamilial. Constant versus variable environments are mirrored in rigid versus plastic functional responses of the protein synthesis machinery.

Acute repeated cage exchange stress modifies urinary stress and plasma metabolic profiles in male mice.

Exposure to a novel environment is psychologically and physically stressful for humans and animals. The response has been reported to involve enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity, but changes in nutrient levels under stress are not fully understood. As a form of exposure to a novel environment, repeated cage exchange (CE, four times at 2-h intervals for 8 h from 08:00 h) during the light phase with no restraint on movement was applied to A/J mice, a strain particularly prone to stress. Body temperature was measured with a temperature-sensing microchip implanted in the interscapular region. The stress conditions and anxiety level were evaluated by measuring urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and by performing an anxiety-like behavior test, respectively. Major nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the plasma were also examined. CE mice showed a significant increase in body temperature with each CE. They also showed a significantly greater reduction of body weight change, more water intake, and higher levels of urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and anxiety-like behavior score than control mice. The model revealed a significantly lower plasma glucose level and higher levels of several essential amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids and phenylalanine, than those of control mice. Meanwhile, free fatty acids and several amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, proline, threonine, and tryptophan in both sets of mice were significantly decreased from the corresponding levels at 08:00 h, while similar plasma levels were exhibited between mice with and without CE. In conclusion, repeated CE stress was associated with changes in glucose and amino acids in plasma. Although further study is needed to clarify how these changes are specifically linked to anxiety-like behavior, this study suggests the potential for nutritional intervention to counter stress in humans exposed to novel environments.

Sodium pyruvate improves the plasma amino acid profile in rats with L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis.

Plasma amino acid levels are altered upon many pathological conditions including acute pancreatitis. It is unclear whether amino acids can be used as specific biomarker of acute pancreatitis severity or recovery. Development of acute pancreatitis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased cytosolic ATP level. Sodium pyruvate is considered as a potential treatment of pancreatitis due to its ability to sustain mitochondrial oxidative and ATP-productive capacity in vitro. This study investigated the effect of sodium pyruvate on pancreatic morphology and plasma amino acid levels in rats with acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis in rats was induced by administration of L-arginine (5g/kg) Experimental treatment group received sodium pyruvate (1g/kg) for 4days. On day 8 of the experiment, animals were killed, blood was collected and plasma amino acid concentration was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Histological examination showed large areas of fibrosis in the pancreas of animals treated with L-arginine irrespectively of sodium pyruvate administration. Sodium pyruvate improved the plasma amino acid levels. Rats with acute pancreatitis had significantly lower levels of most essential and non-essential amino acids and increased glutamate and aspartate in plasma. Administration of sodium pyruvate completely or partially restored the levels of methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate, asparagine and ornithine levels, while increasing glutamine and serine to levels significantly higher than control. Plasma lysine, alanine, arginine and taurine remained unaffected in all experimental groups. Sodium pyruvate may be considered for use as a maintenance therapy in acute pancreatitis.

Balancing the Growth Performance and Nutritional Value of Edible Farm-Raised Sago Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferregineus) Larvae by Feeding Various Plant Supplemented-Sago Palm Trunk Diets.

Herein, the effect of supplementing ground sago palm trunk (GSPT) with varying concentrations of plant-based ingredients (PIs), including rice bran (RB), soybean meal (SM), and perilla seed (PS), on the nutritional profile of sago palm weevil larvae (SPWL) was investigated. Increased PS intake induced an increase in α-linolenic acid level and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 ratio in SPWL (p < 0.05). The presence of fatty acids in SPWL was determined predominantly by the fatty acid profile in the feed. The activities of Δ5 + Δ6 desaturases and thioesterase were not different among SPWL fed different diets (p < 0.05); however, PI intake resulted in low suppression of fads2 gene expression. RB, SM, and PS at the appropriate concentrations of 17.5%, 8.8%, and 7.0% in GSPT (F3 diet), respectively, boosted both protein quantity and quality of SPWL, as indicated by higher levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine, than the FAO protein reference. Therefore, incorporating PIs into a regular diet is a viable method for enhancing the nutritional value and sustainability of farm-raised SPWL as a potential alternative source of high-quality lipid and protein.

Radish microgreens produced without substrate in a vertical multi-layered growing unit are rich in nutritional metabolites.

Growing microgreens on trays without substrate in a vertical multilayered growing unit offers several advantages over traditional agriculture methods. This study investigated the yield performance and nutritional quality of five selections of radish microgreens grown in sprouting trays, without a substrate using only water, in an indoor multilayer cultivation system using artificial light. Various parameters were measured, including fresh weight, dry matter, chlorophyll, minerals, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, glucosinolates, and antioxidant activity with four different in vitro assays. After ten days, the biomass had increased by 6-10 times, and the dry matter varied from 4.75-7.65%. The highest yield was obtained from 'Asia red', while the lowest was from 'Koregon red'. However, 'Koregon red' and 'Asia red' had the highest dry matter. 'Asia red' was found to have the highest levels of both Chls and vitamin C compared to the other cultivars, while 'Koregon red' exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. Although variations in the levels of individual glucosinolates were observed, there were no significant differences in the total content of glucosinolates among the five cultivars. 'Asia purple' had the highest anthocyanin content, while 'Asia green 2' had the lowest. The K, Mg, and Na concentrations were significantly highest in 'Asia green 2', and the highest Ca was recorded in 'Asia purple'. Overall, 'Asia purple' and 'Koregon red' were the best cultivars in terms of nutritional quality among the tested radish microgreens. These cultivars exhibited high levels of dry weight, total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, essential and total amino acids, and antioxidant activities. Moreover, the implementation of this vertical cultivation method for microgreens, which relies solely on water and seeds known for their tall shoots during the sprouting could hold promise as a sustainable approach. This method can effectively be utilized for cultivar screening and fulfilling the nutritional and functional needs of the population while minimizing the environmental impacts associated with traditional agriculture practices.

Effect of body weight on the nutrient composition of the muscle and skin tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss

To provide basic research data for the processing and comprehensive utilization of triploid rainbow trout, we studied the nutritional quality of muscle and skin tissue of different sizes of fish (1250.10 ± 1.22 g, 2555.31 ± 1.32 g, and 3823.10 ± 1.44 g). The results showed that the proportion of skin and muscle was the highest when fish body size was 2555.31 ± 1.32 g. In muscle, lysine content was the highest and methionine content was the lowest among the essential amino acids (EAAs). Glutamic acid content was the highest and glycine content was the lowest among all umami-related amino acids. With increasing size, EAA, D-aspartic acid (DAA), and total amino acid (TAA) levels first increased and then decreased. The Met + Cys group contained the most restricted amino acids in the skin and muscle, and 2555.31 ± 1.32 g triploid rainbow trout had better amino acid balance and the best nutritional value. Of the essential minerals, Na, Mg, and K were the most abundant. According to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), Mg, Fe, and Zn can provide higher nutritional quality. Finally, the results showed that nutritional quality was highest in the muscle of the intermediate-sized triploid rainbow trout.