Dry Matter Levels Research Articles

Assessment of feeding hydroponic fodder on growth and reproduction performance in Black Bengal goat.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydroponic fodder on the growth and reproductive performance of Black Bengal goats in East Champaran, Bihar, during the years 2020-21 and 2021-22. A total of 24 goats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control (C) with extensive grazing, gram straw, concentrate feed, and green fodder; Treatment 1 (T1) receiving C + 300g/day of wheat hydroponic fodder; Treatment 2 (T2) with 300g/day of maize hydroponic fodder alone; and Treatment 3 (T3) receiving C + a combination of 150g/day of wheat and 150g/day of maize hydroponic fodder. Each group comprised 6 animals. The nutrient composition analysis revealed that wheat hydroponic fodder had significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of dry matter, crude protein, and lignin, whereas maize contained higher nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, ether extract, and ash. In terms of growth performance, T3 showed the highest body weight gain and daily weight gain, outperforming T2, T1, and the control group (P < 0.05). Though differences between T2 and T3 were not significant (P > 0.05) across both years, T3 consistently exhibited better performance. Reproductive performance indicators, such as age at puberty, age of first kidding, and kid mortality rates, were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in T3, T1, and the control group compared to T2. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between T2 and T3 in these parameters. T3 also showed the highest kidding size and birth weight of kids (P < 0.05), followed by T2, T1, and the control group. The cost of feed per kilogram of body weight gain was lowest in T3, followed by T2, T1, and the control. In conclusion, the combination of maize and wheat hydroponic fodder (T3) resulted in better growth and reproductive performance compared to feeding maize or wheat hydroponic fodder alone. Furthermore, this feeding strategy reduced the cost per kilogram of live weight gain, indicating its potential for enhancing the sustainability and profitability of goat farming systems in the region.

Economic-ecological assessment of multi-crop small-scale model farms in the Republic of Armenia (piloting results from Gegharqunik region)

Background: Biogenic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are major pollutants of Lake Sevan's water, causing eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Untreated wastewater, sewage, agriculture, fish farming, and other activities are significant sources of these pollutants. Vegetable cultivation, heavily reliant on mineral fertilizers and chemicals, and livestock breeding contribute substantially to nitrogen pollution in the lake. However, improved vegetable growing practices, including small-scale agriculture using organic fertilizers, natural soil improvers, and eco-friendly bio-liquids as growth stimulants, can enhance the socio-economic conditions for farmers in the Lake Sevan basin. These practices promote environmentally friendly, water-saving land-use methods, reducing nitrogen leaching into the lake. Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the socio-economic and environmental benefits of applying innovative agro-technology to small-scale farming in the Lake Sevan watershed (Gegharkunik region). Specifically, the study objectives are to determine the quality characteristics of crops grown in small-scale farms and compare these quality indicators between yields obtained through the proposed technology and traditional cultivation methods. Methods: Field trials of multi-crop systems were conducted on 0.25 ha land plots in four variations across four different locations in the Lake Sevan watershed. The trials were evaluated for various parameters. Nitrate content, dry matter, starch, vitamin C, and sugar levels were determined in potatoes, cabbage, broccoli, beets, and green beans, while fat content was measured in green beans and green peas. Results: Economic efficiency calculations revealed that utilizing the proposed innovative agro-technology in a multi-crop small-scale farm (0.25 ha) yielded a 20-25% increase compared to traditional cultivation with synthetic fertilizers, accompanied by notable environmental benefits. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that small-scale agricultural practices employing the proposed agro-technology have significant socioeconomic and environmental impacts on local farmers. Keywords: Cultivation of non-traditional crops, organic farming, small-scale farming, activities, economic and ecological evaluation, and food quality characteristics.

Intake, digestibility, and behavior of horses fed açaí kernel (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) as a substitute of Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus).

In this study, we analyzed the effects of including açaí kernel, in the experimental diets fed to horses on the intake and digestibility of their nutrient and the resultant effects on the behavior of horses. The experiments were conducted in Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Five mares with no defined breeds, were allocated to five treatments (the replacement of Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus) with crushed açaí kernel at 0, 18.75, 37.50, 56.25, and 75% levels of dry matter), in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals were housed in covered stalls with concrete floors, equipped with individual troughs and drinkers, and fed 80% roughage and 20% concentrate. The inclusion of açaí kernel altered the intake and digestibility of a few nutritional components and the feeding behavior of mares. Increasing levels of the substitution of Mombaça grass with crushed açaí kernel in the experimental diets increased the nutrient intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P < 0.05) while reducing the time spent on feeding by the animals. Crushed açaí kernel can, therefore, be included as a substitute for Mombaça grass at up to 37.5% in equine diets.

Impacts of seasons and regions on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Kars Fresh Kashar cheeses

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial characteristics of Kars Kashar cheeses produced in different regions and seasons, elucidating the impact of these two variables on cheese quality. Significant differences were determined among samples in various parameters, including pH value, dry matter, fat in dry matter, salt, ash, total free fatty acids, water soluble nitrogen, 12% trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen (% of total nitrogen), 5% phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen (% of total nitrogen) contents, L∗, a∗, b∗ values, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and mold counts (p < 0.05). Statistical results show that there were no considerable differences between cheeses in terms of sensory properties (p > 0.05). In general, summer samples exhibited higher levels of dry matter, fat, ash, salt, and total free fatty acids compared to spring samples. However, the converse was observed regarding protein values, where spring samples demonstrated higher levels than those collected during summer.

Effects of several macerated citrus oils on health parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under high stocking density

The interplay between dietary components and antioxidant systems in fish physiology is crucial for aquaculture. Citrus fruits, renowned for their high content of bioactive antioxidants, have attracted attention for their antioxidant features in fish. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary effects of using essential oil from macerated oils of lemon peel (Citrus limon) (MOL), orange peel (Citrus sinensis) (MOO) and grapefruit peel (Citrus paradisi) (MOG) on growth, proximate composition, hematological, antioxidant parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to high stocking density stress. Fish (110 ± 10.95 g) were randomly introduced to three trial groups (1% of MOL, MOO and MOG). At the end of feeding period (42-day), the results showed that the three trial groups had significant effects on the feed conversion ratio (FCR), especially in the MOG (P&lt;0.05). The FCR value in MOG was remarkably 0.81. In the study, the lowest dry matter and ash levels were detected in MOO, moisture content in MOL, but the highest fat (6.82 ± 0.82) and protein (15.85 ± 0.74) levels were found in MOG. There were significant differences in proximate composition and red blood cell (RBC) (1.73 ± 0.07 in MOG), hemoglobin (Hgb) (8.97 ± 0.43 in MOL), hematocrit (Hct) (23.92 ± 1.09 in MOL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (38.22 ± 0.34 in MOG) between the control and all groups (P&lt;0.05). The results showed that glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in all treatment groups were decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased in the MOO group activity (P&gt;0.05).

The Impact of Agricultural Inputs and Environmental Factors on Potato Yields and Traits

Potato, a component of global food security and economic stability, is cultivated extensively worldwide due to its adaptability to diverse climates and soil types. Ongoing research and technological advancements, including the use of unconventional products destined to fight the most harmful pathogens, are essential for enhancing productivity and resilience in potato farming. The current study aimed to identify the most appropriate fertilizers and phytosanitary treatments in order to attain optimal potato yields, dry matter, and starch contents, under climate-specific environments. The experiment was conducted in the northwest of Romania in 2023. The research was organized as a trifactorial experiment with the factors variety, fertilization, and phytosanitary treatment. XLSTAT (2022.2.1v.) was utilized for data processing. Mineral fertilization combined with conventional phytosanitary treatment led to the highest average yields in both potato varieties. Also, a combination of organic fertilization and treatment with 4% A. cepa extracts led to notable results, which suggests the possibility of successfully using these inputs in organic agriculture. The study shows the importance of selecting appropriate agricultural inputs to optimize potato yields, achieve specific levels of dry matter and starch content in a specific area, and promote sustainability.

The proximate composition of vegetables enriched by incorporation of municipal solid waste into fertilizers and its impacts on environment and human health

The recent over production of municipal solid waste (MSW) poses a significant threat to both the ecosystem and human health. Utilizing MSW for agricultural purposes has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce solid waste disposal while simultaneously increasing soil fertility. To explore this potential solution further, an experiment was designed to assess the impact of varying concentrations of MSW (25%, 50%, and 75%) on the proximate composition of 15 different vegetable species. The experiment, conducted between 2018 and 2019, involved treating soil with different levels of solid waste and analyzing the proximate components, such as crude protein, dry matter, crude fiber, crude fat, and moisture content, in the 15 selected crops. The results indicate that the application of 25% MSW significantly increased the levels of crude protein, crude fiber, dry matter, and fat in Spinacia oleracea, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Abelmoschus esculentus. Conversely, the addition of 75% MSW notably elevated the moisture and ash content in Cucumis sativus. Correlation and scatter matrix analyses were conducted to elucidate the relationships between the protein, fiber, dry matter, ash, and fat contents. Principal component analysis and clustering confirmed the substantial impact of Treatment_1 (25% MSW) and Treatment_3 (75% MSW) on the proximate composition of the aforementioned vegetables, leading to their categorization into distinct groups. Our study highlights the efficacy of using 25% MSW to enhance the proximate composition and nutritional value of vegetables. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to investigate the mineral, antioxidant, vitamin, and heavy metal contents in the soil over an extended period of MSW application.

The use of propionic and lactic acid bacteria to produce cobalamin and folate in injera, an Ethiopian cereal-based fermented food

Like in many developing countries, the traditional Ethiopian diet relies mainly on starchy staple foods and often lacks sufficient animal-sourced foods which are crucial for cobalamin intake. Furthermore, the concentration of folate in traditionally prepared injera, an Ethiopian cereal-based fermented staple food, is highly variable and injera contains biologically inactive corrinoids. This study aimed to improve the cobalamin and folate content of injera by using cobalamin-producing Propionibacterium freudenreichii and folate-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, both individually and combined. Since injera is fermented using backslopping, we also assessed the ability of these strains to produce cobalamin and folate consistently across successive fermentation batches. Changes in the microbial ecosystem were monitored using real-time PCR. The theoretical contribution of the injera prepared using the selected strains to the cobalamin and folate intake of children and women of reproductive age was also calculated. Results showed that using the selected bacterial strains individually increased cobalamin (up to 19.2 μg/100 g of dry matter) and folate (up to 180.2 μg/100 g of dry matter) levels in the injera dough over several backslopping fermentation batches. Regular consumption of the injera with enhanced vitamin content produced using each strain alone would be capable of fulfilling the entire recommended nutrient intake for cobalamin and up to 29 % of the recommended intake for folate for children and women of reproductive age. However, when the strains were used together, the production of both vitamins was reduced. The presence of certain common endogenous bacterial species and genera exhibited significant variability, highlighting the complex response of the native microbiota to the different inoculation strategies employed. Future experiments should consider selecting a microbial consortium comprising non-competing microorganisms to ensure the simultaneous production of cobalamin and folate in fermented foods.

Evaluation of the possibilities to use gastronomic by-products as feed for the yellow mealworm (Tenerbio molitor)

The gastronomic industry generates by-products, which could be used as insect feed. The objective of the experiment was to determine the potential of utilising post-gastronomic plant and animal products as a feed source for mealworm larvae. The insects were fed diets comprising of varying proportions of plant or animal fractions. The control group (Ctrl) received oatmeal with apples, while the experimental groups received oatmeal mixed with different proportions of the plant and meat fractions of restaurant leftovers. The plant fraction was incorporated into feed at 25, 50, and 75% (groups R25, R50 and R75), while the meat fraction was mixed at 25 and 50% (groups M25 and M50). The experiment lasted 48 days. The highest dry matter (DM) intake was observed in the M25 and R75 groups. Larvae in the experimental groups exhibited higher final body mass and total mass gain compared to the Ctrl group (p &amp;lt; 0.01). The survivability of larvae in the R50 and M25 groups was significantly higher than the Ctrl group (p &amp;lt; 0.01), while the lowest survivability was observed in the R25 group. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) for dry matter was observed in the R50 and M50 groups, while the highest FCR was recorded in the M25 and Ctrl groups. The highest dry matter levels, crude protein, and crude fat were found in the M25 and groups (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Groups R25 and Ctrl exhibited the highest content of crude ash (p &amp;lt; 0.05). This suggests that mealworm larvae could be one of the potential solutions for the disposal of gastronomic by-products.

A study on Mamak Ravak Yogurt, a gastronomic product

Yoghurt, a fermented product identified with Turkish cuisine, is consumed alone or as a thickener and flavor enhancer in soups, desserts, appetizers, sauces and main dishes, or diluted and consumed as ayran. Silifke yogurt, Silivri yogurt, Ereğli sheep yogurt, Afyon buffalo yogurt, Mamak ravak yogurt and Çaycuma buffalo yogurt are some of the yogurt varieties in Turkish culinary culture. These yogurt varieties are named according to the type of livestock from which the milk is obtained, the production method, storage conditions and consumption status and are associated with the regions they belong to. Ankara, the capital of Turkey and located in the center of Anatolian geography, is one of the important cities reflecting Turkish culinary culture. Mamak ravak yogurt, the geographically marked product of Ankara regional cuisine, is a registered yogurt made with local methods. The efficient and effective use of geographical indications is important for the formation of gastronomic identity, protection and promotion of local products. In this context, the aim of the research is to elaborate the characteristics that distinguish Mamak ravak yogurt, which is produced with yeast obtained from milk fat, from other yogurts, to obtain information on its traditional production and to create recipes for dishes where yogurt is used as an ingredient. The research data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with nine participants who had information about the production of ravak yogurt and its characteristics in the local culinary culture. In line with the data obtained, the importance of ravak yogurt, its use and consumption in the culinary culture, such as its characteristics in all aspects were tried to be revealed and the traditional production stages were detailed. The distinctive features of Mamak ravak yogurt can be described as its high fat content, thick consistency, and the unique production and fermentation processes it undergoes. The high levels of dry matter and fat content in the yogurt, along with its thick consistency, can be attributed to the use of only the creamy part of the milk in the yogurt-making process. It was stated that ravak yogurt is used as the main ingredient in the production of yogurt dough and white soup, which are among the traditional dishes, as well as butter and tarhana production in the region, and it is consumed for breakfast together with local sourdough bread. As a result, it is thought that ravak yogurt, which has an important place in the local cuisine culture of Ankara, should be evaluated and contribute to the tourism, economy and promotion of the region.

Evaluation of minerals, trace elements, and antinutritional factors in selected legume fodder species (Fabaceae) with the potential to improve cattle nutrition and gastrointestinal health

The study aimed to investigate the nutritional composition, trace elements and anti-nutritional factors of fodder species belonging to the family Fabaceae potentially used as an alternative feed for cattle. The proximate composition, particularly dry matter, moisture, fats, crude proteins (CP), carbohydrates, crude fibre (CF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), were analysed, thereby, nonfibre carbohydrate (NFC) and gross energy (GE) were calculated. Thirty-three trace elements were determined from chemically digested dried plant material using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and ICP-OES (ICP-Optical Emission Spectrophotometry). The tannin levels, a known antinutritional factor, were estimated using Folin–Ciocalteu method. The methods were validated by the relative standard deviation (RSD) values and acceptable recovery percentage, linearity, limit of quantification (LoQ), and limit of detection (LoD). The proximate composition analysis estimated levels of dry matter (> 90 %), ash (3.77–26.98 %), crude proteins (8.22–22.19 %), carbohydrates (54.00–86.79 %), crude fibre (10.54–40.10 %), NDF (22.26–59.20 %) and GE (< 100 Kcal kg−1 DM) in leguminous species. Essential elements were detected in recommended levels including Zn (21.20–50.30 mg/kg), Co (0.06–0.045 mg kg), Cr (0.5–5.08 mg kg−1), Mn (9.02–197 mg kg−1), Mg (0.10–0.52 mg kg−1), Fe (42.40–812 mg kg−1) and Na (72.00–1721 mg kg−1). The concentration of toxic elements was below critical levels and tannin occurred at a safe level (< 50 mgTAE kg−1) for ruminant consumption. Therefore, the selected fodder can effectively contribute to cattle dietary requirements for smallscale farmers in Onderstepoort, Gauteng Province, South Africa.

The Effect of Absorbent Level and Inoculants on Chemical Composition and Fermentation Characteristics of Fermented Poultry Manure as an Unconventional Feed Ingredient

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of absorbent level and microbial inoculant on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of fermented poultry manure (FPM). In the first trial, the FPM was fermented using two levels of cassava solid waste as absorbent, consisted of 10% (AL10) and 30% (AL30). The best absorbent level to improve the quality of FPM was continued in the second trial. In the second trial, FPM was fermented using inoculant treatments following without inoculants (CON), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and multi-purpose microbes (MP). All fermentation was conducted for 14 d in 4 kg mini-silo with quadruplicate. In the first trial, AL30 had higher levels of dry matter and crude fiber but lower levels of crude protein, ether extract, and butyric acid content compared to AL10 (P&lt;0.05). In the second trial, CON presented higher levels of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber, but lower levels of ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, pH, ammonia, and butyric acid compared to LP and MP (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the present study found that FPM without inoculant at the 30% absorbent level resulted in higher nutrient composition and better fermentation characteristics compared to other treatments.

The content of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of cows from Turkish farms: the effect on milk quality and the effectiveness of mycotoxin binding by a claybased adsorbent

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk from Holstein-Friesian cows on local farms located in two different cities in Turkey, to investigate the effect of this mycotoxin on milk quality and seasonal variation, and to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based binder. As part of the study, milk samples from 144 dairy cows were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 prior to the use of a clay-based toxin binder. As a result of this analysis, 26.9% of milk samples from individual animals had AFM1 levels exceeding the U.S. permissible limit of 0.5 µg/kg. In addition, AFM1 was detected in 36.5% of winter and 18.6% of summer milk samples. The presence of AFM1 caused a decrease in milk fat, dry matter, and protein levels. The affected animals were further divided into two groups: control group (n = 14) and experimental group (n = 26). The animals of the experimental group were fed 25 g/animal of clay-based binder toxin daily. The treatment group showed a gradual decrease in AFM1 levels by 24.4% on day 4 and 48.9% on day 7. In addition, the fat, non-fat solids, and protein content of milk increased significantly. As a result, a high level of AFM1 contamination in milk was detected, which can be assumed to negatively affect the quality of milk production. The use of clay-based toxin binders may be an effective method to improve milk quality and protect animal and consumer health.

The Quality Evaluation of Avocado Fruits (Persea americana Mill.) of Hass Produced in Different Localities on the Island of Tenerife, Spain.

The effect of the production area on the quality of Hass avocados grown on the island of Tenerife was studied. For this purpose, several physicochemical parameters, such as fruit weight, percentage of pulp, seed and skin, proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds (TP), total flavonoid compounds (TF), α-tocopherol, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The location of the orchards significantly influenced avocado weight; pulp and seed percentage; and fat, fiber, ash, α-tocopherol, TP, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and oleic and palmitoleic acid contents. Buenavista (BU) avocados were the smallest (185 g) and presented the highest percentage of pulp (77.1%) and lowest percentage of fiber (5.43%). The highest levels of dry matter (33.8%) and fat (20.4%) were found in avocados harvested in Los Silos (SI) and Santiago del Teide (SA), respectively. Compared with those at the other locations, the avocados harvested in Güímar (GU) had high levels of α-tocopherol (52.2 µg g-1) and phenolic compounds (56.0 mg GAE 100 g-1). Avocados from Los Realejos (RE) had the highest percentage of oleic acid and the lowest percentage of palmitoleic acid. Numerous significant correlations were found between the variables studied, especially those between TP, TF, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and between fat percentage and dry matter.

Effect of Seed Spaceflight Storage on Tomato Fruit Quality and Peel/Pulp Mineral and Antioxidant Distribution

The spaceflight storage of seeds is known to cause mutations affecting both their quality and the mature plants originating from them. To study the effects of space stress, tomato seeds of two cultivars (Lotus and Autumn rhapsody) were subjected to half a year of storage at the International Space Station (ISS), and then, sown in a greenhouse to produce tomato fruits. The space-treated plants gave smaller fruits with a stable total yield not significantly different from that of the control plants. Space-treated tomatoes showed significantly higher levels of dry matter, dietary fiber, monosaccharides and citric and malic acids and lower values of oxalic acid compared to the control plants. The pulp of space-treated fruits had 1.44–1.70 times lower levels of carotenoids, while their peel contained a 1.27–1.90 times higher pigment amount compared to the control plants. No significant changes in the total antioxidant activity (AOA), photosynthetic pigments and phenolic (TP) and proline content were recorded in the fruits due to seed spaceflight storage. Contrarily, space-treated tomatoes showed decreased levels of Ca, Sr and Mo and increased Se both in the fruit pulp and peel. The concentration of Fe and especially Pb was lower in space-treated fruit pulp. Positive correlations between Se and dry matter, Ca and Sr, Ca and Co, Ca and Fe, and Cr and carotenoids, and negative correlations between Se and Mo, Se and K, and Mo and dry matter were recorded. The results indicate that seed stress caused by long-term spaceflight affects both the biochemical characteristics and mineral composition of tomato fruits and causes the peel/pulp redistribution of carotenoids as well as macro- and micro-elements, improving Se accumulation levels in the fruit peel.

Evaluation of Some Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters of Peanut Pastes Collected in Some Public Markets in the City of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire

Peanuts, grown on most continents, are processed and consumed in several forms including peanut paste. The latter is subject to contamination of all kinds including pathogenic microorganisms. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality and some physicochemical parameters of peanut pastes sold in Daloa. To carry out this study, seventy (70) peanut paste samples were collected. The physicochemical parameters, namely pH, humidity level, dry matter level, titratable acidity, sugar level and ash level, were evaluated using referenced methods. The microbiological parameters were also evaluated taking into account the standards in force. This involves counting and researching spoilage germs and pathogenic germs. The CFU/g load for mesophilic aerobic germs varies from 38.103±1671.35 to 50.103±2378.45CFU/g. For the fungal flora, the loads vary from 1.103± 0.00 to 4.103±2249.89 CFU/g. No Bacillus cereus species were found in the samples analyzed. Regarding the search for Escherichia coli, the charges vary from 20.103±12 to 46.103±12. For Staphylococus aureus, the loads vary from 19.103±14 to 37.103±64. The presence of Salmonella is noted in all the samples from the different markets in this study. As for the phyisco-chemical parameters, the pH values vary from one sample to another with a low average pH of 6.1 ± 0.01 from the Orly market and a high pH of 6.40 ± 0.00 from the Orly market. of the large market. The titratable acidity values are 0.5± 0.00 at the Orly market and 0.93± 0.6 at the highest value at the Lobia market. The humidity level is between 0.94±0.42 and 3.33±3.21. The ash rate values are between 3.33± 0.58 and 8.8± 0.26. The sugar level is between 1.00±0.00 and 2.33±0.58. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in peanut pastes is a major public health problem.

Effects of wilting on silage quality: a meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of wilted and unwilted silage on various parameters, such as nutrient content, fermentation quality, bacterial populations, and digestibility. Thirty-six studies from Scopus were included in the database and analyzed using a random effects model in OpenMEE software. The studies were grouped into two categories: wilting silage (experiment group) and non-wilting silage (control group). Publication bias was assessed using a fail-safe number. The results showed that wilting before ensiling significantly increased the levels of dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, compared to non-wilting silage (p<0.05). However, wilting significantly decreased dry matter losses, lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia levels (p<0.05). The pH, crude protein, and ash contents remained unaffected by the wilting process. Additionally, the meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in bacterial populations, including lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and aerobic bacteria, or in vitro dry matter digestibility between the two groups (p>0.05). Wilting before ensiling significantly improved silage quality by increasing dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates, as well as reducing dry matter losses, butyric acid, and ammonia. Importantly, wilting did not have a significant impact on pH, crude protein, or in vitro dry matter digestibility.

Differences in Chemical Composition, Polyphenol Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation among Sorghum Stalks

The aim of the study was to examine the differences in the chemical composition, polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro rumen fermentation among six varieties of sorghum stalks. The results show that maoliangnuo 1 (M1) contained a higher (p &lt; 0.05) level of dry matter, and jinzhong 405 (J4) contained a higher (p &lt; 0.05) level of crude protein content. The concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in stalk jinliangnuo (JN). The levels of chlorogenic acid, homoorientin, isovitexin, vitexin, rhoifolin, genistin, quercetin, apigenin, aloe emodin, emodin, and total polyphenols were all significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in maohongnuo 6 (M6) than in the other stalks. Moreover, stalk M6 contained higher (p &lt; 0.05) levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging capacity. There were significant (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlations between total polyphenols and TAC, superoxide dismutase, GPX, CAT, and DPPH free-radical scavenging capacity. The total gas production was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) influenced by the sorghum stalk variety and incubation time. Stalk J4 displayed higher values for the (p &lt; 0.05) immediately soluble fraction and the potential extent of gas production, while stalk M6 exhibited a significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) insoluble fraction level. Furthermore, stalk M6 exhibited a significantly higher level of (p &lt; 0.05) ruminal fluid propionic acid, but its level of butyric acid and its ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid were both significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05). Taken together, the results reported in this paper indicate that the chemical composition, polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro rumen fermentation all vary greatly among different varieties of sorghum stalks.

Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Effect on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) Growth, Yield and Quality: Review

Potato is regarded as ahigh-potential food-security crop because of its ability to provide a high yield of high-quality product per unit input with a shorter crop cycle (mostly &lt; 120 days) than major cereal crops. Potato demands high level of soil nutrients due to relative poorly developed and shallow root system in relation to yield. Factors that limit crop yield (both in quantity and quality) can be categorized into four major headings such as soil, genetic, climatic and management practices. Intra-row spacing had great influence on economically important characteristics such as total yield, processing grade yield, tuber size distribution and tuber quality. As plant density increases, there is a marked decrease in plant size and yield plant-1. This effect is due to increased inter-plant competition for water, light and nutrients. Proper N fertilization is critical for optimizing potato yield and quality. application of N exerted significant influence on all the growth parameters that is showing positive increment. Nitrogen supply plays a paramount part in the balance between vegetative and its reproductive for potato. nitrogen fertilization influences the potato tuber yield and quality. Low nitrogen usually causes low dry matter and sugar levels, while excessive nitrogen promotes vine growth and delays tuber initiation. Nitrogen management is critical for building leaf area to harvest sunlight for photosynthesis to maximize yield. Therefore, effective management of nutrients and proper use of plant spacing is critical for potato production, as tuber yield and quality.

Effect of Growing Regions on Discrimination of Turkish-Style Black Table Olives from Gemlik Cultivar.

Gemlik is a cultivar that grows in a distinct region of Turkiye and is ideal for brine fermentation of brine black table olives. Bursa Protected Designated Origin (PDO) and Izmir non-PDO Gemlik table olives have high levels of oleic acid (74%), total phenol (190 mg/kg), and dry matter (57%), while being low in linoleic acid (8%). The pH values and salt contents were observed to be in the range of 4.1 to 4.3 and 3.9% to 4.8%, respectively. During the fermentation of Gemlik table olives, a mass transfer occurred, resulting in a reduction in reducing sugar and total sugar contents as well as an increase in the salt content of the olives. Despite the reduction of phenolic content in both Gemlik PDO and non-PDO table olives, their antioxidant capacity remains high after fermentation. The oil content, antioxidant activity, phenolic contents, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids were all found to be significant variables in distinguishing between Gemlik PDO and non-PDO table olives using PLS-DA analysis. There is a statistically significant correlation between the phenolic content and oleic (0.588) and linoleic (-0.659) acids (p < 0.05). Bursa PDO and Izmir non-PDO exhibit enhanced nutritional quality and antioxidant activity, unequivocally differentiating them from Hatay and Mersin non-PDO Gemlik table olives with 98% accuracy through discriminant analysis (p < 0.05). PLS-DA and DA can effectively identify variations in the quality of Turkish-style black table olives preserved in brine, originating from PDO and non-PDO growing areas.