Crude Fat Levels Research Articles

Improvement of Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) With a Bio-Floating Bed in Culture Ponds.

Muscle quality and the physiological condition of fish are affected greatly by the culture environment. In aquaculture ponds, a bio-floating bed planted with vegetation is often used to improve water quality. This study investigated the growth and muscle quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cultured in ponds equipped with bio-floating beds. Fish were cultured in two replicated pond groups from May to November. Fish in the first group were cultured in experimental ponds equipped with a bio-floating bed planted with Ipomoea aquatica, whereas fish in the other group were reared in control ponds without a bio-floating bed. Compared with control ponds, the experimental ponds had better water quality with significantly lower concentrations of nitrite and ammonia. Grass carp in the experimental group had greater muscle weight gain, a significantly higher content of crude protein, and a significantly lower crude fat level than fish in the control group. The levels of pH, water-holding capacity, and antioxidant capacity of muscle decreased significantly in the control group compared to the experimental group. Texture profile analysis revealed higher values of hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness and lower values of cohesiveness and resilience of white muscle in the experimental group compared to the control group. The filets of fish in the experimental group also received higher grades in the sensory evaluation of springiness, overall acceptability, aroma, and palatability. These results indicate that growth performance and muscle quality of grass carp were improved by the presence of bio-floating beds in the culture ponds.

Effect of Cowpea Hay Supplementation on Milk Production Performances of Local Crossbred Cattle ( Bos indicus X Bos taurus ) in Extensive System in Burkina Faso

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cowpea hay supplementation on milk production parameters. In each of the five farms involved, four lactating cows were selected, and assigned into two groups: group1 was supplemented after grazing with 3 kg of cowpea hay, while group 2 was the control group with no feed supplementation. The experiment lasted three months. The body condition scores (BCS) of the cows and the live weight of the calves were measured at the beginning and at the end of the test. Daily feed intake were recorded, and milk samples were collected. Mean BCS of 2.90 ± 0.20 and 3.15 ± 0.22 were recorded for group 1 at the beginning and the end of the test, respectively; while these values were 3.0 ± 0.20 and 3.10 ± 0.22 for group 2 (controls) (P > 0.05). Average live weights of the calves at the end of the test were 49.3 ± 6.30 and 43.0 ± 6.30, respectively, for group 1 and 2 (P 0.05). Crude fat, crude protein, lactose, dry matter and ash levels were 3.25 ± 0.22%, 3.35 ± 0.33%, 5.17 ± 0.37%, 12.4 ± 1.78% and 9.21 ± 1.58%, respectively for group 1, against 2.95% ± 0.22, 3.31 ± 0.33%, 5.12 ± 0.37% 12.0 ± 1.78% and 10.2 ± 1.58% respectively for group 2 (P > 0,05). A profit of about 22 FCFA per liter was found with the supplemented group compared to the control group. It was concluded that milk production and calves growth performances can be increased economically by using cowpea hay as feed supplement for lactating cows in extensive system.

Effect of Substituting Alfalfa by Wheat Straw Powder on Rumen Digestion, Metabolism and Production Performance in Lactating Dairy Cows

China has abundant straw resources. However, the straw has high levels of crude fiber, low levels of crude protein and fat, poor palatability and low digestibility and a large volume. This study explored the feasibility of using wheat straw powder to replace some of alfalfa and the suitable replacement ratio for lactating dairy cows. In this trial, cows in the mid-lactation stage were fed with rations in which alfalfa hay was replaced isocalorically and isonitrogenously at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by wheat straw powder to explore the rumen metabolism and production performance of lactating dairy cows. Using a large randomized block design, 60 cows were selected and divided into 4 groups: the positive control group CG (0% replacement), and groups AL (20% replacement), AM (40% replacement), and AH (60% replacement). The pre-feeding period was 2 weeks and the trial period was 8 weeks. Milk yield, milk protein yield, milk protein percentage, lactose yield, lactose percentage, milk fat yield, and milk fat percentage were not affected by the diets, and the differences among the groups were not significant (P > 0.05). The results show that replacing 20% alfalfa with wheat straw powder is most beneficial to production. When only the feed costs were considered, without considering other costs (such as labor, machinery, etc.) in the economic benefit calculation process, and assume that other costs are the same among the groups, and the economic benefits obtained by the AL group were the largest. The experimental results provide a basis for the further development of straw feed.

Comparison of physicochemical traits of dry-cured ham from purebred Berkshire and crossbred Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc (LYD) pigs.

This study was conducted to compare the physicochemical traits of dry-cured hams made from two different pig breeds: Berkshire and Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc (LYD). Pigs were slaughtered at a live weight of approximately 110 kg and cooled at 0°C for 24 h in a chilling room. Then, the ham portion of the carcasses were cut and processed by dry-curing for physicochemical analyses. The dry-cured hams from Berkshire contain higher crude protein, fat, and ash level than those from LYD, whereas the hams from LYD had higher moisture contents than those from Berkshire(p < 0.05). The pH values of the hams from Berkshire were lower than those from LYD (p < 0.05). The hams from Berkshire had lower L* and b* values than those from LYD (p < 0.05). Palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), elaidic acid (C18:1t), monounsaturated fatty acids, and ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (n-6/n-3) in the ham from Berkshire were higher than LYD (p < 0.05). Free amino acids such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and lysine in hams from Berkshire were higher than those from LYD (p < 0.05). The microbial population had no significant difference between Berkshire and LYD dry-cured ham. The cross sections of dry cured ham showed difference from different breeds using scanning electron microscope and indicates some differences in texture. Considering the meat quality parameters of ham, hams from Berkshire could provide variety of ham for consumer who are seeking various different qualities and stories.

Chemical composition and lipoxygenase activity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill.) genotypes, specific for human consumption, with different tegument colours

Abstract Recently, in Brazil, coloured-tegument soybean cultivars have been developed, such as those with brown and black teguments. Soybeans with black teguments have been widely used for decades due to their health benefits and their use in oriental folk medicine as a result of the presence of phytochemicals. They have been recognized as health-promoting functional food ingredients due to their antioxidant activity, and are also known to have anti-cancer, hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory effects and have been used in the treatment of various circulatory disorders. This study aimed to determine the proximate composition, fatty acid levels and lipoxygenase activity of soybean lineages with different tegument colours intended for human consumption. The lineage MGBR10-16601 which has a yellow tegument, presented the highest protein and lowest fat contents, with values of 37.6 g 100 g-1 and 18.3 g 100 g-1, respectively. The lineage MGBR10-16201, which also has a yellow tegument, was identified as free of lipoxygenase isoenzymes. The unsaturated fatty acid levels ranged from 18.48 to 31.37 mg g-1 and from 47.36 to 58.31 mg g-1 for oleic and linoleic acids, respectively. The lineage BRN07-50543, which has a black tegument, presented high total isoflavone levels (546 mg 100 g-1), with an oleic acid level above and linoleic acid level below the standards established by the Codex Alimentarius for soybean oil, with values of 31.37 mg g-1 and 47.36 mg g-1, respectively. The cultivar BRSMG 790A, which has a yellow tegument, presented the lowest isoflavone level (171.4 mg 100 g-1). All the genetic materials examined presented crude protein, fat, dietary fibre and ash levels within the commercial parameters established for soybeans.

Interactions of season, sex and size on nutrient composition of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) from Lake Eğirdir

Effects of interaction of season, sex and size on nutrient composition and fatty acid profiles of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) caught from the Eğirdir Lake were investigated on a factorial level. In the factorial analysis; 4 levels of season factors (autumn, winter, spring, summer), 2 levels of sex factor (male, female) and 1 level size factor were available. According to the results of biochemical analysis, effects of seasons were determined on crude protein and moisture levels. Crude ash levels changed depending on sex and season. There were no interactions of these three factors on the crude fat levels. The season and sex affected on LA, α-LNA and ∑HUFA levels. ARA, EPA, DHA, ∑SFA and ∑PUFA levels were affected from seasonal changes. Interaction of season/sex affected to ∑MUFA levels. The crude protein content, DHA, EPA and n-3 contents in tail muscle of A. leptodactylus increased by feeding in summer while these contents decreased by gonadal development in autumn. Therefore, in terms of nutritional protein contents, EPA, DHA and n-3 of this species were higher in summer. EPA, n-3 and DHA contents are important for A. leptodactylus.

Proximate and mineral components of Viscum album var. coloratum grown on eight different host tree species

Mistletoes are parasite plants growing on various tree species, taking nutrients from the host. Beneficial compounds of mistletoe were used in medicine and these mistletoes were commonly collected from oak species that were not well identified. We analyzed the nutritional value by measuring proximate and mineral components of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) from various host trees. Carbohydrate was the most proximate component in both leaves and twigs followed crude protein, crude fiber, crude ash and crude fat. While the contents of the proximate components and minerals varied among hosts and between plant parts, leaves contained higher crude protein and ash, and more minerals except for magnesium than twigs, although no significant difference was found in mistletoe grown on Prunus mandshurica. There were significant differences of proximate and mineral contents depending on the host species. Mistletoe grown on Chaenomeles sinensis contained higher levels of carbohydrates, crude fat, crude ash, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, and zinc than mistletoe grown on other species. Mistletoe grown on P. mandshurica contained high mineral levels of potassium, copper and phosphorous. The nutritional value of mistletoes were greatly influenced by the host species but among the hosts, specific nutrients accumulated in leaves more than in twigs, and vice versa. Based on the analysis, Korean mistletoe contains relatively good quality of nutrients and has high potential for dietary supplements as well as for medicinal compounds.

KANDUNGAN NUTRISI SERAT BUAH KELAPA SAWIT YANG DIFERMENTASI DENGAN FESES KERBAU PADA LEVEL YANG BERBEDA

This study was conducted from January to March 2013 in the Laboratory of Nutrition and Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of the State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau and analysis of the nutrient content in Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University in Padang. This study aimed to determine the effect of buffalo feces with different levels of fermentation fruit oil palm fiber (SBKS) for 21 day against pH, fermentation quality, dry matter content, crude fiber, crude protein, ash and BETN. The method used in this study is completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment given is the number of buffalo feces levels (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%). The results showed that the addition of up to 30% buffalo feces fermentation SBKS gave highly significant effect (P &lt;0.0 l) on the pH, but not significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) increase levels of dry matter, crude protein and BETN, and declining levels of crude fiber and crude fat levels.

Testis Maturation Stages of Mud Crab (Scylla olivacea) Broodstock on Different Diets

The aim of this study was to investigate how various diets influence testis maturation stages in mud crab (Scylla olivacea) broodstock. Morphological and histological assessments were performed in triplicate (10 male crabs each). Daily, subject crabs were fed a squid (Loligo sp.) and a fish (Decapterus sp.) diet at 5-10% of body weight. Diets were analyzed following methods from the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC). In comparison to control (wild) crabs, the two diets generally did not cause significant differences (p>0.05) in body weight, carapace width and gonadosomatic index (GSI), except in the GSI of squid-fed crabs (p<0.05). At the end of the experiment, crabs that reached Stage 3 testis maturation included were 6 fish-fed individuals and 23 squid-fed individuals. Additionally, differences in crude protein and fat levels across diets influenced the nature of male gonadal development. In conclusion, a squid diet was sufficient to induce Stage 3 testis maturation in Scylla olivacea within 60 days of culture. Our results prove the usefulness in developing appropriate feeding regimes for male Scylla olivacea broodstock.

Crude corn oil with high acidity in broiler feed

This study aimed to evaluate crude corn oil with high acidity (CCOHA) as a surrogate for degummed soybean oil (DSO) in broiler diets. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and ten replicates. Each box contained 40 birds (male), totaling 1600 Cobb Slow birds. Treatments consisted of two sorghum-based diets, one with DSO (SSO) another with CCOHA (SCO), and two corn-based diets, one with DSO (CSO) another with CCOHA (CCO). At 30 days of age, a digestibility test was performed using total excreta collection to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) from test rations. At 42 days of age, we evaluated live weight (LW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), carcass yield (CY), and the yields of breast with bone and skin (BWBS), skinless boneless breast (SBB), thigh (T), drumstick (D), and wing (W), as well as breast centesimal composition. Neither corn nor sorghum-based diets with CCOHA showed differences between AME and AMEn. Both DSO and CCOHA diets showed no differences in LW, FI, FC, carcass and cuts yields when using CCOHA. Regarding breast composition, no differences in dry matter and in the levels of crude protein, fat, and mineral matter were observed. We may conclude that CCOHA had no effect on the performance variables, carcass and cuts yields, and broiler meat quality.

Selenium Accumulation, Antioxidant Enzyme Levels, and Amino Acids Composition in Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Fed Selenium-Biofortified Corn.

The effects of selenium (Se)-biofortified corn on the total Se contents, the antioxidant enzyme levels, and the amino acids composition in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) during the stage of the fifth shelling to maturity were investigated in the present study. The culture density of crabs was 600 per 667 m2, and they were continuously fed 120.4 mg Se from Se-biofortified corn per 667 m2 every two days for 90 days. The results showed that the total muscle Se levels in the crabs were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Activities of hemolymph supernatant enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lysozyme (LZM), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also enhanced (p < 0.05). The protein and crude fat levels at maturity were higher than those at the fourth molt. The levels of total essential amino acids (∑EAAs) and total delicious amino acids (∑DAAs) were significantly increased (p < 0.05). We demonstrate that the feeding of Se-biofortified corn could significantly improve total muscle Se concentrations and hemolymph supernatant antioxidant enzyme activities in Chinese mitten crab, and slow down the rapid decline of ∑EAAs and ∑DAAs at maturity, thus improving the nutritional quality of Chinese mitten crab.

Assessment of the physicochemical and bacteriological qualities of Nono - a fermented cow milk

Nono is a spontaneously fermented yoghurt-like milk product consumed is a staple food commodity in parts of the Sub-Saharan West Africa. Nono is usually consumed along with 'Fura' as 'Fura da Nono' in Nigeria. Studies on physicochemical and bacteriological qualities were carried out on samples of Nono obtained from 5 different sources in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The Nono samples were found to be nutritious, containing moderate levels of ash, crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrate. The pH of the Nono samples was relatively low (4.04 ±0.04), while the density and specific density were close to that of distilled water at room temperature. Total aerobic plate count of Nono samples was 1.8 ±0.02 × 106 CFU.mL-1. A total of 15 bacteria species namely Eubacterium nodatum, Bacillus subtilis, Chromobacterium violaceum, Propionibacterium acnes, Amycolatopsis benzotilytica, Tropheryma whipplei, Moraxella catarrhalis, Campylobacter gracilis, Neisseria sicca, Vibrio natiensis, Photobacterium damselae, Corynebacterium kutsceri, Corynebacterium xerosis, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus casei were isolated from the Nono samples. The gram-positive bacterial isolates were resistant to all antibiotics tested with the exception of Erythromycin where 40% susceptibility was obtained, while the gram-negative bacteria showed high resistance to the tested antibiotics, but with 80% susceptibility to Ofloxacin. The nono samples were observed to exhibit antibacterial activity against cultures of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 29929 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29293. Most of the bacteria isolated were of less public health importance, but the high prevalence of multi-drug resistance is of great concern.

Impacts of increasing levels of canola meal in diets of high producing Holstein cows on their productive performance

Ingredient substitution studies are common in the animal science literature. However such studies often confound changes of ingredient and nutrient levels, thereby begging the question as to whether responses measured among diets represent known differences among diets in measured nutrient levels, or to changes in unknown dietary factors/nutrients. Our objective was to determine if formulating diets to contain the same levels of nutrients, concomitant with increasing the dietary canola meal (CM) level from 50 to 170 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM), while mainly reducing levels of distillers dried grains (DDG), would result in dissimilar performance by lactating dairy cattle – thereby suggesting nutritional factors/nutrients of CM and/or DDG exist which are not known and so not included in diet formulation. This differs from Swanepoel et al. (2014; Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 189, 41–53) wherein increasing levels of CM were confounded with modest changes in dietary levels of some proximate nutrients. The experiment was a 4 × 4 Latin square using 4 pens of about 315 early lactation multiparous cows/pen with four 21 day periods. The DM intake was not affected (30.0 ± 0.09 kg/d) by increased dietary levels of CM, but milk, milk lactose and milk energy outputs all declined (P < 0.01) linearly, as did milk somatic cell counts. Change in body condition score (BCS) declined linearly (P < 0.01), with a quadratic component (P < 0.01), suggesting maximum BCS gain at about 80 g/kg CM inclusion. Plasma concentrations of most essential amino acids increased linearly (P < 0.01) with higher dietary levels of CM – exceptions being Met and Phe (unaffected) and Leu (declined). As a result of lower milk energy output and lower accretion of energy in BCS gain, as well as similar DM intake, estimated net energy for lactation (NEl) of the diet declined linearly as inclusion of CM increased. While our objective of creating diets with no changes in dietary nutrient levels and biological measures was mainly met, there was an unexpected linear (P < 0.01) decrease of 6.3 g/kg DM in the crude fat level of the diets concomitant with the increase in CM inclusion. However the calculated decrease of diet NEl as a direct result of this difference in diet crude fat only accounted for about 40% of the decline in the estimated NEl density of the diet (i.e., 0.08 MJ/kg DM of NElversus the actual decline of 0.21 MJ/kg DM of NEl). This suggests that if the diets had achieved equal fat levels, as well as other nutrients, concomitant with increasing levels of CM, that NEl output of the cows would have still declined. Thus diets formulated with 170 g/kg of CM in diet DM (from 50 g/kg DM of CM) in substitution for primarily corn based DDG, but with equal levels of primary nutrients, resulted in a small reduction in performance of lactating dairy cows for reasons which are unknown, but may relate to lower conversion of digestible to metabolizable energy of the soluble carbohydrate fraction of CM versus DDG.

An investigation on fermentative changes during the production of food bio-colours through solid state fermentation of broken rice by Monascus purpureus (MTCC 410)

An attractive and stable colour is important in the marketability of foods and beverages. The utilization of broken rice as a by-product from agricultural farm can be of immense importance to convert relatively high-energy by-products into more useful and highly nutritious end product by use of microorganisms. In this respect the present investigation was aimed to address the fermentative changes in broken rice as a substrate during the production of food bio-colours through solid state fermentation by using Monascus purpureus (MTCC 410). The 7 days of SSF process was accompanied with the increase in the levels of protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash content by values of 8.98% to 14.14%, 1.50% to 2.07%, 0.70% to 6.61% and 2.70% to 3.69% respectively while decrease in the level of carbohydrate by values of 74.32% to 27.71%, with lowering pH from 6.6 to 5.5. Present findings concluded that broken rice possesses good potentials for the bioconversion of the high energy organic materials into more useful and highly nutritious food bio-colours by Monascus purpureus (MTCC 410).

Effects of extrusion with CO2 injection on physical and antioxidant properties of cornmeal-based extrudates with carrot powder.

Carrot powder and cornmeal were extruded at ratios of 0:100, 10:90, and 20:80 with and without CO2 injection at die temperatures of 80, 100, and 120°C. The effects of the composition of the extrudate, die temperature, and CO2 injection on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of extruded products were studied. The results showed that die temperature had a significant effect on expansion ratio (ER), specific length, piece density, color, water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI) (p<0.05). The injection of CO2 significantly affected the ER, WAI, WSI, lightness, redness, microstructure, total phenolic content, and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of extrudates (p<0.05). Increasing the proportion of carrot powder in extrudates resulted in better antioxidant properties and higher levels of crude ash, crude fat, crude protein, and redness; however, it resulted in lower WAI, lightness, and yellowness (p<0.05). The study demonstrated that extrusion with CO2 injection and addition of carrot powder may improve the nutritional quality and structure-forming ability of extrudates.

Differential expression of fatty acid transporters and fatty acid synthesis-related genes in crop tissues of male and female pigeons (Columba livia domestica) during incubation and chick rearing

ABSTRACT1. The growth performance of squabs reared solely by male or female parent pigeons was measured, and the changes of lipid content of crop milk and the expression profiles of genes potentially involved in lipid accumulation by crop tissues of parent pigeons were evaluated during incubation and chick rearing.2. Squabs increased in body weight during 25 d of rearing, whereas both male and female pigeons lost weight after finishing rearing chicks, and the weight loss of male pigeons was significantly greater than that of female parent pigeons. Lipid content of crop milk from both parent pigeons gradually decreased to the crude fat level in the formulated diet after 10 d (R10) of chick rearing.3. The gene expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), fatty acid-binding protein 5 (EFABP) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) in male pigeon crop tissue were the greatest at 17 d (I17) of incubation. In female pigeons, FAT/CD36 expression was the highest at I14, and both EFABP and ACBP expression peaked at I14 and R7. The expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase in male pigeons reached the maximum level at R1, while they peaked at I14 and I17, respectively in female pigeons. The gene expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) was the greatest at I17 in the male, while it was at I14 in the female. However, no regular changing pattern was found in PPARα gene expression in male pigeons.4. These results indicated that male and female pigeons may make different contributions in rearing squabs. The gene expression study suggested that fatty acids used in lipid biosynthesis of crop milk probably originated from both exogenous supply and de novo synthesis. The sex of the parent pigeon affected the lipid content of crop milk and the expression profiles of genes involved in fatty acid transportation and lipogenesis.

Lipid composition of Basella alba and Basella rubra leaves consumed in South- Western Nigeria: Nutritional implications

The levels of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols were determined in the samples of Basella alba and Basella rubra commonly consumed in the South-Western Nigeria by gas chromatography. Results showed that the crude fat levels were 4.40 and 4.41 % in the Basella alba and Basella rubra samples respectively. The fatty acid composition of Basella alba and Basella rubra samples shows that the SFA was 26.0 and 24.9 %, MUFA was 1.19 and 1.24 % and PUFA was 72.5 and 73.8% respectively. The other quality parameters of Basella alba and Basella rubra were found: PUFA/SFA, 2.79 and 2.97; MUFA/SFA, 0.046 and 0.050; n-6/n-3, 2.47 and 3.31; LA/ALA, 0.890 and 1.12 and EPSI (PUFA/MUFA), 60.8 and 59.5 respectively. Phospholipids present in Basella alba and Basella rubra were 1679 and 1920 mg/100g respectively. In the group of phytosterols, sitosterol was highest with values of 196 mg/100g and 275 mg/100g in Basella alba and Basella rubra samples respectively. Linear correlation at a = 0.05, df: n-1 showed that significant difference exists between the fatty acid, quality parameters of the fatty acids phospholipids and sterols.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(2), 125-134, 2017

Nutritional composition analysis for beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybeans (Glycine max L.)

Nutritional composition is important for assessing the safety of genetically modified (GM) crops for human consumption. Three beta-carotene-enhanced soybean lines were developed by introducing the β-conglycinin promoter::Phytoene synthase-2A-Carotene desaturase/t35S gene cassette into the genome of the commercial Kwangan (Glycine max L.) soybean variety. Transgenic soybeans were successfully detected on beta-carotene productions ranged from 170.47 to 213.58 µg/g. Comparative assessments of nutrition were conducted with 3 transgenic soybeans, their non-GM counterpart, and several commercial soybean varieties. Results indicated that most levels of proximate, fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins showed non-significant differences between transgenic soybeans and their counterpart, and fit within the reference ranges established for other commercial soybeans and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines. However, significant differences on levels of crude fat, carbohydrate, δ-tocopherol, and oleic acid of transgenic soybeans comparing to those of non-transgenic counterpart Kwangan cannot eliminate the influences of transgene insertion. Alternations on compositions should be definite by further studies, such as transcriptome and metabolome profiling.

Effects of Planting Locations on the Proximate Compositions of &lt;i&gt;Moringa Oleifera&lt;/i&gt; leaves

Moringa oleifera is cultivated all over the world as it is commonly used as nutritional and medicinal plant. This study was carried out to determine the effect of various locations in Ejigbo and Egbedore Local Government Areas, (LGA) in Osun State and Surulere LGA in Oyo State on the nutritional compositions of Moringa oleifera leaves. Fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera were harvested from moringa trees growing at sixteen different locations in Ejigbo and Egbedore LGAs. The analysis of the study was then based on four principal locations namely Ara tagged S1, Igbon tagged S2, Ejigbo tagged S3 and Oko tagged S4. The leaves were oven dried and their proximate contents were determined using standard analytical techniques. Ash, moisture, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate and protein contents were determined according to conventional method. The results of proximate analysis revealed significant difference between different locations and the ash, moisture, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate contents but there was no significance recorded for crude protein at different locations Moreover, the highest level of crude fat (11.83%); crude fibre (12.42%); ash content (12.4%) and carbohydrate (49.9%) were recorded in Ara. The significant negative and positive associations recorded between the nutritional components and different locations revealed the extents of the influence of soil characteristics on the moringa leaves at these locations. Therefore, soil factors should be considered by farmers in the planning the establishment of moringa plantation. Keywords : locations, moringa, LGA, proximate composition, soil factors

Title-Combinatory Effects of Diets with Three Protein Levels and Two Fat Levels on Growth Performance and Fillet Composition of Cage Cultured Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT)

Effect of six diets having two lipid levels and three crude protein levels on growth and fillet composition of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) reared in cages was evaluated. Diets having Crude Protein levels (CP) 26%, 30% and 36% and Crude Fat levels (CF) (7% and 12%) were formulated. Experiment was set up according to 3 X 2 factorial designs. GIFT fingerlings (2.94 ± 1.47g) were stocked at a density of 75 fish /m-3 in net cages each having a water volume of 2 m3. Fish in quadruplicated treatments were fed with six diets for 150 days. Fish fed with 36% CP diets had significantly different (P≤0.05) values for all growth indices; Final Mean Weight, Specific Growth Rate, Feed Conversion Ratio and Net Yield while no such difference found between 26% CP and 30% CP diets for the same growth indices. Increasing fat level from 7% to 12% had no significant effect on growth performances in GIFT in any protein level diet. Diets having higher CF level (12%) had significantly affected (P≤0.05) the, CF content in fish fillets while no protein sparing seen in fish fillets. There was no marked difference in protein content in fish fillets of fish fed with 30% and 36% CP diets. Findings reveal that increased fat levels do not contribute for protein sparing of fish and the diet having 36% CP and 7% CF is suitable for the grow out phase and 36/12 for fattening phase of GIFT reared in cages.