Comprehensive Level Research Articles

Increasing inter-word spacing reduces migration errors and improves reading comprehension in students with dyslexia.

We report a small study in which we explored the effects of manipulating narrative text on levels of comprehension for students with and without dyslexia. Using two pieces of standardised narrative text deemed to be of similar difficulty and length, we manipulated the texts such that we could present two texts to each participant, one in each condition. The first condition was text using standard inter-word spacing; the second condition used increased inter-word spacing. Scores on standardised comprehension questions were significantly improved for participants with dyslexia. Additionally, given that there is evidence of delayed visual attention disengagement in individuals with specific forms of dyslexia, we hypothesised that the phenomena of migration of letters and words for some readers might be mitigated by increasing inter-word spacing. We did indeed find that incidence of migration was significantly reduced in this condition for all participants.

Low-Stakes, Growth-Oriented Testing in Large-Enrollment General Chemistry 1: Formulation, Implementation, and Statistical Analysis.

We formulate an alternative to high-stakes examinations that is designed to help students grow, and we describe its implementation in a large-enrollment General Chemistry 1 class. In our alternative grading approach, students complete weekly assessments. Each assessment has four items that are aligned to explicit learning objectives and a level in Marzano's taxonomy, retrieval, comprehension, analysis, and knowledge utilization, which can be used by students and instructors to gauge the progression of student learning. Proficiency-based grading and multiple attempts reduce the stakes of the assessments. Unique assessments are generated through a computational infrastructure that draws question stems from an item bank and further randomizes quantities, elements, compounds, reactions, spectra, Lewis structures, orbitals, etc. in the questions. Nearly all assessment items require student-generated responses and cover a complete General Chemistry 1 curriculum. We interpret Marzano's taxonomy in the General Chemistry context and outline the structure of the learning objectives, cognitive levels, assessment schedule, and grading scheme. Item response theory (Rasch analysis) validates the theoretical framework and indicates that assessment items are high quality. Students demonstrate improvement through assessment retakes, and they report that the system motivates them to study and learn.

Improving Reading Comprehension and Fluency in an Intellectually Disabled Student: A Case Study

Introduction: We can quickly access information in the modern world. Therefore, it is critical to concurrently improve reading fluency and comprehension skills. Techniques used to improve reading fluency can be categorized into two groups: skill-and performance-based. Interventional techniques used before, during, and after reading reportedly improve reading comprehension skills. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a series of interventions that combine skill and performance-based reading fluency techniques with reading comprehension techniques used during and after reading in improving reading fluency and comprehension skills of an intellectually disabled student. The uniqueness of this study is that it focuses on a child with intellectual disability, and it combines fluent reading and reading comprehension techniques. Method: This was a case study featuring a 13 year old male student enrolled in the sixth grade of a middle school who received interventions in a special education class for mild intellectual disability in Turkey. The intervention series was applied in ten sessions Findings: As a result of the interventions, there was a decrease in the number of misread words and increase in the number of correctly read words and reading comprehension level compared to the baseline values. The student maintained the acquisitions he gained during the intervention and in the following weeks. Discussion: In conclusion, the intervention package developed for an intellectual disability student was effective in improving and maintaining the student”s reading fluency and reading comprehension skills. Further studies with larger samples are needed to test the generalizability of the results.

Empowering ESP Students Through a Scientific Approach: Unveiling the Impact on Engagement and Reading Comprehension Achievement

This study is anchored in the constructivist theoretical perspective, which emphasizes the active role of learners in constructing knowledge through interaction and experience. It aims to investigate the efficacy of a scientific method in improving reading comprehension and student engagement among Informatics Study Program students at Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi, Indonesia. The study utilizes a mixed-methods research design to assess the effectiveness of traditional lecture methods and the scientific approach in enhancing reading achievement. The study was conducted at Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi in West Java and involved 68 second-semester students enrolled in the Informatics Study Program, with a specific focus on the English Practicum course. The results of the research found that the scientific approach led to better reading comprehension and higher engagement levels compared to traditional lectures. However, when comparing the two methods, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference between them, suggesting that the impact of the scientific approach may vary. The study also found the value of student-centered, evidence-based teaching methods for improving educational outcomes in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) settings. The study emphasizes the necessity of employing adaptable, empirically supported teaching methods to address a wide range of learning requirements and enhance educational achievements. Although the study has limitations that are specific to its environment and relies on data provided by the participants themselves, the findings strongly support a wider adoption of scientific approaches in teaching reading comprehension.

Aligned Local Reading Materials and the Literacy Comprehension Level of Grade 7 Students

Aligned Local Reading Materials and the Literacy Comprehension Level of Grade 7 Students

Evaluation of the Appropriateness and Readability of ChatGPT-4 Responses to Patient Queries on Uveitis

To compare the utility of ChatGPT-4 as an online uveitis patient education resource with existing patient education websites. Evaluation of technology. Not applicable. The term "uveitis" was entered into the Google search engine, and the first 8 nonsponsored websites were selected to be enrolled in the study. Information regarding uveitis for patients was extracted from Healthline, Mayo Clinic, WebMD, National Eye Institute, Ocular Uveitis and Immunology Foundation, American Academy of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic, and National Health Service websites. ChatGPT-4 was then prompted to generate responses about uveitis in both standard and simplified formats. To generate the simplified response, the following request was added to the prompt: 'Please provide a response suitable for the average American adult, at a sixth-grade comprehension level.' Three dual fellowship-trained specialists, all masked to the sources, graded the appropriateness of the contents (extracted from the existing websites) and responses (generated responses by ChatGPT-4) in terms of personal preference, comprehensiveness, and accuracy. Additionally, 5 readability indices, including Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook index were calculated using an online calculator, Readable.com, to assess the ease of comprehension of each answer. Personal preference, accuracy, comprehensiveness, and readability of contents and responses about uveitis. A total of 497 contents and responses, including 71 contents from existing websites, 213 standard responses, and 213 simplified responses from ChatGPT-4 were recorded and graded. Standard ChatGPT-4 responses were preferred and perceived to be more comprehensive by dually trained (uveitis and retina) specialist ophthalmologists while maintaining similar accuracy level compared with existing websites. Moreover, simplified ChatGPT-4 responses matched almost all existing websites in terms of personal preference, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. Notably, almost all readability indices suggested that standard ChatGPT-4 responses demand a higher educational level for comprehension, whereas simplified responses required lower level of education compared with the existing websites. This study shows that ChatGPT can provide patients with an avenue to access comprehensive and accurate information about uveitis, tailored to their educational level. The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Instrumental and Lyrical Music in Developing Reading Comprehension

The central aim of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the efficacy of lyrical and instrumental music in developing the reading comprehension of grade 10 students of Davao City, Philippines using the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, specifically t-Test significant differences were assessed among groups and scores. The findings revealed that all groups had similar level of reading comprehension at the outset of the experiment. The post experiment revealed that a significant increase of score was evident in the control and experimental group, which utilized instrumental music. On the other hand, the experimental group using lyrical music, had no significant improvement in the reading comprehension scores. Implications for the educational practices and limitations of the study were provided.

Screening Mammography Diagnostic Reference Level System According to Compressed Breast Thickness: Dubai Health.

Screening mammography is considered to be the most effective means for the early detection of breast cancer. However, epidemiological studies suggest that longitudinal exposure to screening mammography may raise breast cancer radiation-induced risk, which begs the need for optimization and internal auditing. The present work aims to establish a comprehensive well-structured Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) system that can be confidently used to highlight healthcare centers in need of urgent action, as well as cases exceeding the dose notification level. Screening mammographies from a total of 2048 women who underwent screening mammography at seven different healthcare centers were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The typical DRL for each healthcare center was established and defined as per (A) bilateral image view (left craniocaudal (LCC), right craniocaudal (RCC), left mediolateral oblique (LMLO), and right mediolateral oblique (RMLO)) and (B) structured compressed breast thickness (CBT) criteria. Following this, the local DRL value was established per the bilateral image views for each CBT group. Screening mammography data from a total of 8877 images were used to build this comprehensive DRL system (LCC: 2163, RCC: 2206, LMLO: 2288, and RMLO: 2220). CBTs were classified into eight groups of <20 mm, 20-29 mm, 30-39 mm, 40-49 mm, 50-59 mm, 60-69 mm, 70-79 mm, 80-89 mm, and 90-110 mm. Using the Kruskal-Wallis test, significant dose differences were observed between all seven healthcare centers offering screening mammography. The local DRL values defined per bilateral image views for the CBT group 60-69 mm were (1.24 LCC, 1.23 RCC, 1.34 LMLO, and 1.32 RMLO) mGy. The local DRL defined per bilateral image view for a specific CBT highlighted at least one healthcare center in need of optimization. Such comprehensive DRL system is efficient, easy to use, and very clinically effective.

Spatial-temporal coupling and interactive effects of digital finance and green technology innovation: Empirical evidence from China

Digital finance (DF) and green technology innovation (GTI) are vital components of China's high-quality economic development. Therefore, exploring the coupling coordination relationship between these two systems holds significant importance for China's economic development. Utilizing panel data spanning from 2011 to 2020 across 30 Chinese provinces, this study utilizes the coupling coordination model to assess the coupling coordination degree (CCD) between these two systems, and employs spatial autocorrelation analysis and the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model for a more in-depth quantitative analysis of their coupling coordination relationship. The findings indicate that: (1) The comprehensive level of digital finance and green technology innovation in our country shows a year-on-year increasing trend, and the level of digital finance is higher than that of green technology innovation. (2) The coupling coordination degree between these two systems is generally on the rise but hasn't reached a high level. Furthermore, notable developmental variations exist among different regions. (3) There is a positive spatial correlation in the coupling coordination degree between these two systems. (4) While these two systems can mutually promote each other, the positive impact of digital finance on green technology innovation is greater than the positive impact of green technology innovation on digital finance. Therefore, this study will provide valuable references for the balanced development of these two systems, as well as the formulation of regional development strategies.

COMMENTARIES

"Commentaries" in the context of ISS are succinct but perceptive papers that provide professional comments, in-depth analyses, or critical appraisals of articles published inside the journal. By offering other levels of comprehension and interpretation to the original research, these comments play a vital role in the scholarly discourse. These commentary' main goal is to provide a more in-depth comprehension of the original article's content. Commentaries have the potential to increase the accessibility of the original study by clarifying difficult concepts and emphasising significant discoveries to a wider audience. They also frequently highlight the research's wider ramifications, talking on how the results might affect further research, the formulation of policy, or real-world applications in the subject. Commentaries also offer fresh ideas, refuting established beliefs or putting forth different theories and approaches. This important interaction encourages researchers to have lively, continuous conversations that advance their understanding and help them refine their concepts. Commentaries can spark new avenues of investigation and lead to breakthroughs in the subject by generating debate and discussion. These essays are usually written by academics, professionals, or specialists who have a great deal of experience and understanding in the topic of the remark. Their knowledge enables them to offer insightful comments and criticisms that improve comprehension of the original research. The authors' qualifications and reputations give their analyses additional weight, which increases the academic community's esteem and influence for their contributions. To sum up, comments published in the ISS journal are essential for enhancing scholarly discussions since they provide knowledgeable viewpoints, in-depth research, and helpful criticism. They eventually aid in the growth of knowledge in the field by bridging the gap between intricate research findings and their theoretical or practical implications.

Questions Analysis of the General English language Exam for the Sixth Vocational Grade in Light of Bloom’s Taxonomy

The present study aims at identify the dominant cognitive six levels emphasized in the general English language exams for sixth vocational grade students. It also explores the potential implications of the exam question types for effective teaching practices in the sixth vocational grade English language context. To achieve the purpose of the study adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing document analysis (exam questions). Tools of the study includes a content analysis form designed in the light of six levels of Bloom taxonomies (remembering- understanding- applying- analysis- evaluating- creating). The study is limited on the exam of general English in 5 vocational departments in three academic years (2020-2021, 2021-2022, 2022-2023). Results revealed the increase of questions that assess lower cognitive levels of Blooms taxonomies in all the academic years of all branches and the sacristy of the questions that assess high cognitive levels; one or two at most in each year. More questions needed for each branch to assess analyzing, critical and interpretive levels of comprehension. Creativity and more writing tasks needed based on the curriculum objectives in each branch.

Readability and Higher Education Access: Exploring Community College Admissions Information on Websites

ABSTRACT Although United States community college enrollment rose in Fall 2023, the community college sector as a whole has contracted by 37% since 2010, representing over 2.6 million students. As a result, community college practitioners, specifically, those working in admissions and enrollment management should ensure that admissions instructions are simple enough so that students can read and comprehend how to apply for admission to community college. However, research at the four-year institutional level has found that admission information for prospective students is complex, often written above the 14th-grade English reading comprehension level. Here, this study gathered admissions application instructions from 949 community colleges in the United States to evaluate the grade-level readability of these instructions. The results suggest that the average readability level of community college admission information is near the 14th-grade level, with negligible differences between institutional sectors. Implications for practice and community college student access are addressed.

Mechanism of YJKL Decoction in Treating of PCOS Infertility by Integrative Approach of Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification.

Currently, there is still no clear treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). YJKL has better therapeutic effects and lower toxic side effects for PCOS type infertility. This study aims to clarify the potential mechanism of YJKL Decoction in the treatment of PCOS based on network pharmacology and experiments verification. Network pharmacology and experimental validation approach were used to investigate the bioactive ingredients, critical targets and potential mechanisms of YJKL Decoction against PCOS. Firstly, we use network pharmacology methods to collect core targets, and then validate their effects on diseases through experiments. Five core targets were screened, Threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Albumin (ALB) and Vascular endothelial growthfactor A (VEGFA). KEGG analysis showed that YJKL treatment for PCOS mainly include AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway and HIF-1 signaling pathway. The molecular docking results showed that compounds have higher affinity with targets. Finally, experimental results had shown that YJKL Decoction had an better therapeutic effects in the treatment of PCOS. Based on a systematic network pharmacology approach and experimental verification, our results comprehensively illustrated the active ingredients, potential targets, and molecular mechanism of YJKL for application to PCOS and helps to illustrate mechanism of action on a comprehensive level.

WITHDRAWN: Comparing English- and Spanish-Reading Patients’ Comprehension of the Drug Facts Label for a New Over-The-Counter Oral Contraceptive

BackgroundHealth literacy is known to impact health outcomes in a multitude of ways and is impacted by language barriers. Lower health literacy is also associated with higher rates of unintended pregnancies. A progestin-only oral hormonal contraception product, norgestrel (Opill-Perrigo), was approved for over-the-counter (OTC) use in the United States in July 2023. Objective(s): The objective was to utilize a knowledge assessment survey to determine participants’ comprehension of norgestrel from its drug facts label and compare the comprehension between primarily English- and Spanish-reading participants. MethodsA 7-item knowledge assessment was developed and distributed to English and Spanish readers at one site within a network of federally qualified health centers. English-reading participants completed the English survey alongside use of an English copy of norgestrel’s drug facts label. Spanish-reading participants completed the Spanish survey and were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to either receive an English or Spanish copy of norgestrel’s drug facts label. ResultsThe English-reading/English label (E/E) group had a higher level of comprehension of norgestrel’s drug facts label compared to the Spanish-reading/English label (S/E) or Spanish-reading/Spanish label (S/S) groups. ConclusionDifferences exist in OTC label comprehension for norgestrel based on primary language able to be read. Advocacy for OTC labels to be readily available in languages other than English is imperative to mitigate unintended pregnancies associated with lower levels of health literacy.

Analysis Of The Level Of Understanding Of The Staff PT Gapura Angkasa Is Facing Signage At The Domestic Terminal Of Juanda Surabaya International Airport

PT Angkasa Pura I is the manager of several airports, including Juanda Surabaya International Airport. One business that supports airport operations in the field of service providers is PT Gapura Agkasa. Signage is required as a smooth transition between the airport and the city because of the size of Juanda International Airport. All airport users can improve traffic or activity in the area by being well-versed in the signage. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the comprehension level of the Gapura Space employees working at Juanda Surabaya International Airport's Domestic Terminal. In this study, the researchers used quantitative descriptive research methods. The researchers use documentation and questionnaires as data collection techniques of 20 questions, and data analysis techniques as statistics. The sample in this study is the staff of the PT Gapura Space at Juanda Surabaya International Airport of 82 respondents. The results of this study showed the level of understanding of the Space Gapura staff of the Signage at the Domestic Terminal of Juanda Surabaya International Airport with a percentage of 91.52%. From that it can be stated that the staff of P.T. Gapura Space has a very high level of understanding of Signage at the Domestic Terminal of Juanda Surabaya International Airport.

Evaluasi Program Literasi Membaca Sekolah Dasar di SD Negeri 1 Kedungjati Menggunakan Model Goal Free Evaluation

Purpose – Based on a survey conducted by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) released in 2019, Indonesia is ranked 62nd out of 70 countries, placing it among the bottom 10 countries with low literacy levels. In response, the Indonesian government promoted the School Literacy Movement (GLS), a comprehensive initiative aimed at transforming schools into learning organizations where all members are literate for life, with the involvement of the community. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reading literacy movement program at SD Negeri 1 Kedungjat.Method – This research employs a descriptive qualitative design. The study employs the Goal-Free Evaluation model, which enables researchers to evaluate the program without concentrating on its specific goals. Data collection techniques include document studies, observations, and interviews. Data analysis techniques used in this research follow the Miles and Huberman approach, which involves data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, with the data presented in descriptive text form.Findings – According to the study findings, the reading literacy movement involves instilling a 15-minute reading habit before commencing lessons. Supporting factors within this movement include a diverse range of reading materials, a conducive environment, and well-equipped libraries. The research indicates that the implementation of the reading literacy movement has been successful and has yielded positive outcomes, despite not being uniformly distributed across all classes. Research Implications – This study outlines the beneficial effects of the school literacy movement on students' reading interest, leading to an increased enthusiasm for reading. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the literacy movement enhances students' comprehension levels.

Pendekatan Pembelajaran al-Ghazali dan Kesannya Terhadap Pencapaian Tahap Kefahaman Membaca Bahasa Melayu Dalam Kalangan Murid Sekolah Menengah

This quasi-experimental study aims to identify the effects of al-Ghazali's learning approach as an alternative approach to improve the level of reading comprehension in the teaching and learning of Malay. This study was conducted for six weeks in a day secondary school. A total of 59 fourth grade students, 33 experimental group students and 26 control group students have almost the same performance in Malay. Data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. There was a significant difference in the post-test score for the overall achievement of reading comprehension between the experimental group and the control group, namely the pre-test mean (58.18) and the post-test mean (71.76) in the experimental group that received treatment. While for the control group that used the conventional approach treatment also showed an increase in the achievement of reading comprehension with a pre-test mean of 58.69, and a post-test mean of 62.92. Both groups had an increase in reading comprehension, but the experimental group obtained a higher mean score (13.58) than the control group (4.23). In conclusion, al-Ghazali's learning approach can help improve the achievement of Malay reading comprehension at school. The implication of the study is that the alternative approach needs to be adapted by the teacher according to the student's abilities. The findings also provide guidance to the Ministry of Education and Culture to improve the Malay curriculum and the appropriate approach in improving student performance.

A Review of Studies on Foreign Language Writing Anxiety

Foreign language writing is often used in work and daily communication. At the same time, it has a great weight in many important examinations, reflecting the students comprehensive application level of foreign language. Related studies have found that students experience anxiety when writing due to lack of confidence, fear of evaluation, being influenced by local culture, procrastination, and a high level of epistemological beliefs. This will not only inhibit their cognitive activities and affect their writing performance, but also discourage their enthusiasm for learning and hinder the improvement of their writing ability. However, on the contrary, some researchers have found that writing anxiety may also stimulate students to work harder and more efficiently on writing tasks. This paper will review the related studies on writing anxiety in foreign languages, summarize its classification, effects and causes, then find ways to reduce students writing anxiety and improve the level of their writing. Finally, some incompleteness of the current research will be reflected, with a view to providing implications for future research.

Factors Influencing Accounting Students' Interest in Taking Accounting Certification

Indonesia has a small number of public accountants and still needs a large number of professions, in anticipation of the expansion of the business sector. The number of CA graduates in East Java is still low compared to the number of accounting graduates every year. This is due to the relatively high enrolment costs, the lack of training for students on the purpose and benefits of having a Chartered Accountant (CA) certification itself. The research aims to find out the impact of career motivation, level of understanding, and cost perception on obtaining accounting certification. This research uses a quantitative approach, with the aim of testing the hypothesis. The population in this study is a student of the S1 Accounting Final Semester Program at Besuki Se-Karesidenan College. Sampling using probbalility sampling. Data analysis using the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics application. Research results show that career motivation and level of understanding influence the level of comprehension of the interest of students taking accounting certification. While the perception of costs has no influence on the interest of students taking accounting certification.

Application of Schema Theory in English Reading Comprehension Teaching in Senior High School

English reading is a basic language skill, and the level of English reading comprehension is directly related to the level of learners’ language ability. In recent years, the new curriculum standards and the new college entrance examination reform have put forward higher requirements for high school students’ English reading comprehension ability. However, English teachers pay much more attention to vocabulary, sentence patterns and grammar knowledge, and to some extent neglect the cultivation of the cultural knowledge, genre structure and reading strategies at present. English reading teaching based on schema theory emphasizes linguistic knowledge as the basis, activating the existing schema, enriching the background knowledge and grasping the discourse structure, so as to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the text. Therefore, this paper combines schema theory with English reading teaching, and analyzes how to effectively use schema theory to help students effectively read and improve their reading ability from three stages: before reading, while reading and after reading.