Levels Of Compost Research Articles

Crescimento e produção de alface em resposta a níveis de drilocomposto e NPK

The objective was to evaluate the effects of levels of compost and fertilization with NPK on growth and production of lettuce. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications, considering six levels of compost (0; 25; 50; 75; 100 and 125 g plant-1) and absence and presence fertilization with NPK. The evaluated parameters were number of total and commercial leaves, mass of fresh commercial and total aerial part, mass of commercial and total dry aerial part, dry root mass and total dry mass. There was an interaction between the drilocomposite and NPK fertilization for the evaluated parameters, except for root dry matter. The fertilization with NPK increased the growth and production of lettuce when there was no application of the compost. Likewise, that the levels of this fertilizer increased the growth and production of lettuce only in the absence of NPK. The application of drilocomposite increases the growth of lettuce plants and can replace fertilization with NPK.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Pumpkin's (Cucurbita pepo L.) Leave Content of N, P, and K

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bacterial bio-fertilization A. chroococcum and P. putide and four levels of compost (0, 1, 2, 3) tons.h-1 on the leaves content of N.P.K elements. The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Qadisiyah during fall season 2018-2019. It designed in accordance with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates in sandy loam soil. The means of treatments were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) at (5)% probability level. The results present that the treatments of A. chroococcum, P. putide and compost at (3) tons.kg-1 significantly increases the leaves content of K.P.K compared to all other treatments in the flowering stage (4.970, 0.5000, and 4.930) mg.kg-1, respectively. This treatment was followed by the effect of the treatment of A. chroococcum and compost at (3) tons.kg-1, which increases the values of all traits except the leaf content of (P). Bio-fertilizer with P. putide + A. chroococcum significantly increases the leaves' content of P.

Potentials of organic manure and potassium forms on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and production

Worldwide, maize (Zea mays L.) is considered an important food and fodder crop. Compost as a soil amendment and potassium (K) could enhance the maize yield. Therefore, two field experiments were carried out in the two seasons 2017 and 2018 to study the effects of compost at three levels and four forms of potassium fertilization on the yellow maize hybrid ‘Pioneer SC 30N11’ yield components. To conduct the field trials, a split plot system in three replications was established. Three compost levels (0, 5 and 10 ton/ha) were in the main plots, and four potassium forms (untreated, nano-potassium fertilizer, humic acid and potassium sulfate) were in the subplots. Plot size was 10.50 m2, with 5 ridges with 3 m length and 0.7 m width. The results indicated that the application of compost (as organic manure) and the potassium forms significantly affected the plant height, ear length, grains number/rows, grains number/ear, 100- grain weight, straw and biological yields, grain protein and K contents in both seasons. Increasing the compost from 5 to 10 ton/ha increased the yield, its components, protein and K contents. The foliar application of nano-potassium followed by humic acid increased all the studied characteristics. The interaction between compost manure (10 ton/ha) and nano-potassium (500 cm3/ha) or humic acid (10 ton/ha) recorded the highest mean values for all parameters during both harvest seasons.

Follow the degradation of organic matter during composting of date palm (phoenix dactylifera L) waste by physicochemical properties, UV-visible and FT-IR analysis

ABSTRACTPalm tree waste is considered among the most widespread organic waste in nature and the least exploited in our days. In the Arabic region and the North of Africa, the date palm tree cultivation represents the lion’s share compared to the other trees. But the wastes will stay always represent a risk on the environment due to their limits uses. The composting process is considered the most effective technique to exploiting these wastes and to eliminate environmental pollution. In this work, we prepared four mixtures from date palm waste (DPW) named C1, C2, C3, and C4. The composting process was evaluated through the physicochemical properties like; temperature, pH, electronic conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), C/N ratio, humic substance, UV spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The obtained results showed that the temperature increased up to 40.3°C, 40.8°C, 42.5°C, and 45.7°C, then decreased to 22.7°C, 22.7°C, 21.5°C and 21.2°C at the end of process for C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively. The final organic compost had a natural soil odour and brown in colour. The C/N ratio of final compost recorded as 20.6, 16.0, 14.9, and 13.8 for C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively. The loss in organic carbon reached 8.9% (C1), 10.3% (C2), 10.4% (C3) and 10.5% (C4). These results were confirmed by UV-visible and FTIR spectra analysis which showed different absorption bands from one mixture to another, as well as variable absorption ratios at the same compost level.

Biogas slurry as an activator for the remediation of petroleum contaminated soils through composting mediated by humic acid

Soil pollution caused by petroleum hydrocarbons is a widespread environmental problem. Composting is one of the cost-effective solutions for petroleum hydrocarbons removal but limited by low efficiency of bioremediation, leading to high phytotoxicity. Given that biogas slurry as nutrients can alter the microbial activity, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of biogas slurry on the remediation of petroleum contaminated soils in composting. Herein, we added biogas slurry into the composting of hydrocarbon contaminated soil to investigate its effect on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, humic acid (HA) transformation and the safety of product. The results showed that biogas slurry addition improved the degradation of organic matter and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (especially C > 16), but also increased 18.0% of germination index and the humification degree of HA. The estrone from biogas slurry was removed during composting and did not affect the phytotoxicity level of compost. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that TPH degradation was significantly related to the humification of HA components and total nitrogen from biogas slurry, which contributed to composting safety. Therefore, biogas slurry could be a possible activator for the remediation of petroleum contaminated soils through composting mediated by HA transformation, which is beneficial to obtain the composts with a lower phytotoxicity and higher maturity for soil application.

Utilization of rice straw and tea composts for strawberry and tomato production

The use of agricultural waste is of great interest to sustainable agriculture. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of compost and compost tea made from agricultural waste rice straw on the yield and quality of two horticultural crops strawberry and tomato. In strawberry experiment, six treatments were considered which wereT1: 100% soil (as a control), T2: 80% soil + 20% compost, T3: 60% soil + 40% compost, T4: 40% soil + 60% compost, T5: 20% soil + 80% compost & T6: 100% compost. Results revealed that number of fruit, fruit yield and total sugar (%)was increased with the increasing level of compost up to 80% after that decreased at 100% compost. The treatment T5: 20% soil + 80% compost gave the best results among the treatments to grow strawberry with good yield (185.3 g/plant) and sweetness (total sugar 5.19%). On the other hand, six treatments i.e. T1: Control, T2: Compost (5 t/ha), T3: Compost tea (50% concentration), T4: Compost (5 t/ha) + Compost tea (50% concentration), T5: Compost tea (100% concentration) and T6: Compost (5t/ha) + Compost tea (100% concentration) were considered in tomato experiment. As a result, it was observed that combined application of compost (5 t/ha) along with compost tea (100% conc.) (T6) gave the highest yield of tomato than not only control (T1) but also single application of compost or compost tea (T2, T3, T4&T5). Level of compost tea concentration also showed significant effect on fruit yield of tomato. Comparing between treatment T4 and T6, fruit yield was found higher (1027.67 g/plant) in treatment T6: Compost (5t/ha) + Compost tea (100% conc.) than 961.3 g/plant in T4: Compost (5 t/ha) + Compost tea (50% conc.). So, it could be summarized that use of rice straw as compost and compost tea affects positively both in two experiments. The results of this study confirm the beneficial effects of compost to increase the yield and sweetness of strawberry and combination of compost and compost tea to increase the yield of tomato.
 Progressive Agriculture 30 (4): 335-343, 2019

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus clarum) and Compost on Early Growth Response of Parkia biglobosa under a Greenhouse Condition

Background and Objective: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) plays a role in the structural stability of soil which governs most soil activities. Stable organic manure such as compost may provide a suitable habitat and energy source for mycorrhizal growth, which is also a benefits in view of soil productivity. The impact of a combination of compost and mycorrhizal on plant growth was assessed in this study. Hence, experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of compost and mycorrhizalon the early growth response of Parkia biglobosa under a greenhouse condition.
 Materials and Methods: In the greenhouse of the Department of Bioscience, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria. A 2 × 5 factorial experiment in a complete randomized design was conducted; two levels of mycorrhizal (with and without); five levels of compost (10t/ha, 20t/ha, 30t/ha, 40t/ha and no amendments) in two (2) kilogram soil under four (4) replications was set up. Laboratory analyses of soil and organic amendment incorporated in the soil were done. Data on growth variables were taken fortnightly. The data was statistically analyzed and mean were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
 Results: The results showed that, there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the plant height of Parkia biglobosa between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants across all weeks after transplanting (WAT),compost application with the interaction of AMF at 40 t/harecorded the highest plant height and number of leaves at 16WAT with 35.14 cm and 29.75 respectively, which are relatively comparable to other treatments used, the least plant height and number of leaves were observed when -AMF 0 t/ha ( control) was used as an amendment with 23.00 cm and AMF 0t/ha (15.05) respectively. For collar diameter, all the treatments were comparable to one another except + AMF 30t/ha which produced the lowest collar diameter with mean value of 2.97mm.
 Conclusion: Based on the description of results above, it can be concluded that: The Inoculation of the AMF and compost significantly affect the early growth performance of Parkia biglobosa, thus providing optimum soil physical conditions for it growth.

Biochar in combination with compost reduced Pb uptake and enhanced the growth of maize in lead (Pb)-contaminated soil exposed to drought stress

Crops are constantly faced with the challenges of different abiotic stresses on the field. Development of sustainable approach for stress amelioration on crop is pertinent. This study investigated the ameliorative roles of biochar and compost on maize crop simultaneously subjected to drought and heavy metal (Pb) stresses. Metal stress was imposed by growing maize on Pb-contaminated soil while drought stress was imposed by reducing the soil field capacity to 25 and 50%. Four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) of biochar and compost replicated three times as well as their combinations were used. Pb uptake, translocation factors, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes (proline and cysteine), biomass accumulation in stressed maize crop, and post-cropping soil Pb concentration were determined. Combination of stresses reduced biomass accumulation in maize. Biochar in combination with compost, however, enhanced biomass production in stressed maize crop by 50–75% compared to unamended soil (control). Proline accumulation was more under the single stress of heavy metal (100% FC) compared to combined stresses. Unlike proline, combined stresses of Pb and 50% FC enhanced chlorophyll and cysteine accumulation more than single stress. Their concentrations were further increased with amendments compared to control. Pb accumulation in maize crop was more under combined stresses than single stress (100% FC). Compared to other soil amendments, application of biochar alone at 10 t/ha, generally reduced Pb uptake by maize and post-cropping soil Pb concentration. Biochar and compost reduced Pb uptake, and enhanced biomass and osmolyte production in stressed maize crop.

Early Growth Response of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Seedlings to Ranging Levels of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on an Alfisol

Aim: To investigate the early growth response of Morinda citrifolia to varying levels of Aleshinloye compost and N:P:K 15:15:15 in a degraded Alfisol in a tropical Nigerian environmental condition.
 Study Design: The study was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with twelve (12) treatments replicated six (6) times with a total of seventy two (72) experimental units.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the greenhouse of Soil and tree Nutrition department of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria Ibadan (FRIN) and it lasted for a period of 6 month.
 Methodology: Degraded top soil used for the experiment was collected within FRIN arboretum. The soil was air dried and passed through a 2 mm diameter sieve before being filled into polythene pots of 15 cm x 20 cm dimension having a 3 kg soil capacity. The organic fertilizer was applied at 4 weeks before transplanting while the inorganic fertilizer was applied at 2 weeks after transplanting and pre-germinated seedlings of Noni were transplanted at four leaves stage. The data collected include Stem Girth (mm), plant height (cm) and Number of leaves starting from 30 Days After Transplanting (DAT).
 Results: The result revealed that the soil sample used for this study had pH value of 6.06 and the total N value of 0.11%. Noni plant with treatment T11 (N:P:K 15:15:15 at 80 Kg Nha-1 + Aleshiloye compost (AC) at 80 Kg Nha-1) had the highest plant height values of 48.17, 65.67 and 77.87 cm respectively which are significantly higher (P = .05) than T1 (control) with 37.17, 47.50 and 55.33 cm respectively that are the least values observed from 120 DAT to 180 DAT. The Plant Dry Matter (PDM) for leaves, stem and root (3.593, 2.720 and 4.220 g/plant) respectively from the control (T1) plant was the least when compared to every other treatment in the study.
 Conclusion: The use of composted manure in combination with N:P:K 15:15:15 ensured early and continuous supply of nutrient with resultant higher growth performance of Noni over a period of six months as shown in the study.

Effect of NPK fertilizer and compost on the growth and development of two Buxus sempervirens cultivars ‘Elengantissima’ variegated and ‘vader valley’.

This study was carried out in the lath house of Agriculture College, Duhok University, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during the period between 17th August 2015 and 3rd May 2016. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of three levels of NPK fertilizers low (180, 90, 60), medium (270, 180, 120) and high level (540, 270, 180) mg.l-1 and three level of local compost (0, 50 , 100) on two cultivars of Buxus sempervirens ‘Elegantissima’ variegatedand ‘vader valley’ .The results summarized as follow:High level of NPK had significant effect on plant height, plant growth index, nitrogen and potassium percentage, whereas the branches number, plant leaf area were decreased with the high level of NPK. The media which consist of 100% compost gave significantly the highest values of plant height, branches number, Plant growth index, plant leaf area, Potassium and phosphor percentage when compared to media with 0% compost. Generally the best interaction between the three factors which gave the highest significant values of plant height (61.25) cm was forElegantissima cultivar which grew in 100 % compost and fertilized with high NPK level, whereas the highest plant growth index (18660) cm3, potassium percentage (5.14) and plant leaf area (32321) cm2 were for the same cultivar at 100% compost and medium level of NPK, While the highest branches number was for vader valley cultivar at all compost percentage and received medium and high level of NPK.

Aplicación de abonos orgánicos en el rendimiento y desarrollo radicular en el cultivo de aguacate

México es líder mundial en el mercado del aguacate, participa con una producción de 2 029 886 toneladas que representa 34.3% del volumen mundial producido, ubicándolo en el primer exportador con el 45.95% y con el mayor consumo per-cápita, con 10 kg al año). Los rendimientos por hectárea son de 10.1 t ha-1, que lo ubican en el cuarto lugar a nivel mundial (SAGARPA, 2017). Se evaluó el efecto de una composta más lixiviado de humus de lombriz más fertilización química en el desarrollo radicular y rendimiento de aguacate. En el experimento se aplicaron tres niveles de composta: 100, 150 y 200 kg árbol-1, acompañados de una fertilización química convencional propuesta con base al diagnóstico nutrimental del suelo, la cual fue de 2 kg de la fórmula 20-10-05 por árbol, más 1.5 L de lixiviado en 60 L de agua para cada árbol, equivalente a 300 L ha-1 por ciclo. El tratamiento control consistió en una dosis de solo 2 kg por árbol de la fórmula convencional 20-10-05 aplicada por el productor sin el suministro de los abonos orgánicos. Los resultados indicaron que el suelo presentó un nivel deficiente de Mn, bajos niveles de N, Fe, Zn y B, un nivel medio de Cu, mientras que el K y Ca se encontraron en niveles altos y el N y Mg en exceso. El desarrollo radicular superficial respondió favorablemente a los tratamientos con aplicación de abonos orgánicos y tuvo correlación directa (p≤ 0.05) con el rendimiento, así como con las concentraciones nutrimentales de Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, B y materia orgánica obtenidas de muestreos de suelo de cada tratamiento.

Influence of different levels of pressmud compost and fertilizer grades on growth, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max)

Pressmud, a by-product of sugar industry and is left behind as a by-product. In the present investigation, the effect of pressmud, supplemented at three different levels of fertilizers, on soybean crop was taken up through a field experiment. The results indicated that the growth, yield and quality attributes of soybean were significantly influenced by different levels of pressmud compost and fertilizer grades.

Effect of source of nitrogen and vermi compost on growth, flowering attributes and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

The investigation entitled “Effect of nitrogen and vermi compost application on growth, flower yield, and shelf life of flower in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Double Orange” was carried out at Jambuvadi Farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during December 2016 to May 2017. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept (FRBD) consisting two factors with three replications. The treatment comprised with four levels of Nitrogen viz., 0kg ha-1, 150kg ha-1, 200kg ha-1, 250kg ha-1 and four levels of vermi compost 0 tonne ha-1, 2 tonne ha-1, 4 tonne ha-1 and 6 tonne ha-1.The results of the study indicated that application of nitrogen @250kg ha-1 significantly improved the plant height at 30 DAP (34.72cm), 60 DAP (55.07cm) and 90 DAP (85.39cm), increase number of primary branches (11.34) and secondary branches (33.78), stem diameter (2.03cm), fresh weight of the plant (371.60 g) and dry weight of the plant (68.03 g). While, minimum days to opening first flower (50.18 days), days to 50% flowering (62.98 days) shelf life of flower (4.03 days) and vase life of flower (6.80 days) were obtained in the treatment of 0kg ha-1 nitrogen (Control). Whereas, application of nitrogen @200kg ha-1 recorded highest flowering span (49.33days), number of flowers per plant (41.29), weight of single flower (6.03 g), weight of flowers per plant (251.98 g), flowers yield per plot (6.30kg), flowers yield per hectare (18.66 t/ha). In also of vermi compost the variation was also found significant. The maximum plant height at 30 DAP (34.53cm), 60 DAP (55.11cm) and 90 DAP (85.95cm), increase number of primary branches (10.55) and secondary branches (33.00), stem diameter (1.88cm), fresh weight of the plant (363.02 g) and dry weight of the plant (63.29 g), flowering span (49.67 days), number of flowers per plant (40.67), weight of single flower (5.75 g), weight of flowers per plant (237.99 g), flowers yield per plot (5.95kg) and flowers yield per hectare (17.63 t/ha) was noted in the treatment of vermi compost @6 tonne ha-1. However, without vermi compost (control) were recorded minimum days to opening first flower (51.36 days), days to 50% flowering (64.18 days) shelf life of flower (3.88 days) and vase life of flower (6.72 days). The interaction between the different levels of nitrogen and vermin compost failed to depict any significant effect on recorded characters.

PEMANFAATAN BLOTONG DAN PUPUK SINTETIK DALAM MEMPERBAIKI SIFAT KIMIA ULTISOL DAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT

Most of the oil palm cultivation in Ultisols who have low fertility, nutrient deficiency and toxicity of micronutrient. The objectives of this research were to explore the interaction between sugarcane filter-cake (blotong) compost with synthetic fertilizer to improving chemical properties of Ultisols, growth of oil palm seedling, and the benefit of compost to save on the use of synthetic fertilizer. This research used a completely randomized factorial design, with two factors and three replication. The first factor was level of compost (0, 0.5, 0.75 kg polybag-1). The second factor was level of synthetic fertilizer (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 recommendation). The result showed that addition of compost till 0.75 kg/polybag in Ultisols could improve chemical properties of Ultisols like pH 6.11 units, organic C by 4.27%, total N by 0.47%, exchangeable-Ca by 7.78 cmolckg-1, exchangeable-Mg by 1.01 cmolckg-1, exchangeable-K by 0.36 cmolckg-1, CEC by 31.94 cmolc.kg-1 and decreased exchangeable-Al till not measurable. Combination of compost and synthetic fertilizer gave the interaction to increasing growth of oil palm seedling and nutrient uptake like tall of stem by 65.17 cm, biomass by 46.38 g, nutrient uptake of N by 62.47g crop-1. From this research recommended addition 0.5 kg polybag-1 compost and 0.5 R synthetic fertilizer to decrease the used of synthetic fertilizer till 50%, so that support soil health and environment.

The Application of Filter Cake Compost to Improve The Efficiency of Inorganic Fertilizer in Upland Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Cultivation

The production of sugarcane in 2018 decreased due to the change in the cultivation method from lowland to upland. This research aimed to study the responses of growth and yield of two sugarcane varieties to the application of filter cake compost and inorganic fertilizer in upland sugarcane cultivation. This experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design consisting of three-factors, which were sugarcane varieties, the levels of filter cake compost, and the rates of inorganic fertilizer, assigned to the main plot, sub-plot, and sub-sub plots, respectively. The two sugarcane varieties were PS 881 and PS 862. The three levels of filter cake compost were 0, 5, 10 tons ha-1, and the four rates of inorganic fertilizers (percent of recommended dosage) were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed that the growth and yield of PS 862 was better than that of PS 881, shown in the plant height, stem diameter, number of stems, and the length of internodes. The use of filter cake compost at a dose of 5 tons ha-1 was more efficient, and it could provide an efficiency of 0.097 tons per kg of cane at a dose of 76.76% inorganic fertilizer. Yet, it cannot reduce the use of inorganic fertilizer in producing sugarcane yield.

Effect of two-step bioaugmentation of an indigenous bacterial strain isolated from oily waste sludge on petroleum hydrocarbons biodegradation: Scaling-up from a liquid mineral medium to a two-stage composting process

The effects of two-step bioaugmentation of an indigenous strain on the efficacy of a two-stage composting system, scaled-up from a liquid mineral medium (LMM), for bioremediation of oily waste sludge (OWS) were surveyed. After isolating the bacterial strain ( Acinetobacter radioresistens strain KA2) from OWS, its ability in biomass production and oil degradation in the LMM was evaluated. Then, it was added twice to the composting experiments containing multiple levels of final compost (FC). The process duration divided to the first 8 weeks as the primary composting (PC) and the final 8 weeks as the secondary composting (SC). Based on the results, the strain degraded 65.24, 76.14, 53.81, 31.84, and 25.21% of crude oil of concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%, respectively in the LMM. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) removal of 67.64–89.56% reached over the two-stage process. In the composting experiments, the degradation of hydrocarbons proceeded according to the first-order kinetics. The computed values of half-lives and degradation rate constants verified the better performance of SC and the effectiveness of the second inoculation. The study confirmed the effective scaling-up of the LMM to the composting process for OWS bioremediation. • The isolated strain was capable of degrading TPHs in the liquid mineral medium. • The strain ability for TPHs degradation was scaled-up to the composting process. • Two-step bioaugmentation enhanced TPHs removal in the composting bioreactors. • TPH biodegradation fitted to the first-order kinetics in the composting bioreactors.

Impact of Compost and Boron Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet Grown in a Sandy Soil

Two field trials were conducted in a sandy soil at El-Nubaria district, El- Beheira Governorate, Egypt during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons to find out the influence the compost mature produced from recycling agricultural residues (0, 10, 20 and 30 m3 /fed.) added during seed bed preparation and four levels of boron (0, 100, 150 and 200 ppm/fed.) was sprayed twice at 6-8 and 10 leaf stages on growth, yield and quality of sugar beet crop (Beta vulgaris L.). A strip plots design in four replicates was used. The results revealed that fertilizing sugar beet with 30 m3/fed compost led to significant increments in growth traits and root, sucrose%, extractable sugar% as well as yields of top, root and sugar/fed, while sugar lost to molasses% decreased. Meantime, root sodium content was insignificantly affected by compost levels in both seasons. Increasing boron level up to 200 ppm attained significant increases in growth traits, sucrose, extractable sugar percentages, sugar yield/fed and quality index compared with the other levels of boron in both seasons. The interaction between treatment study led to significant effects on root diameter, root and top yields/fed. Regarding the correlation coefficient, it was found that root, top and sugar yields/fed were significantly and positively correlated with diameter, fresh weight of root and sucrose %. On the contrary, the three yields/fed were negatively correlated with quality index. Based upon the obtained results, fertilizing sugar beet with 30 m3 compost + 200 ppm boron/fed could be recommended for optimum root and sugar yield per unit area under the environmental conditions of these study.

Effect of Organic Additives of Okra Cultivated in Unheated Greenhouses on Certain Fruit Characteristics

The experiment conducted during the winter season 2017-2018 in one of the unheated greenhouse in the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture collage - All Muthanna University in the south of Iraq inAll Samawah city, in order to study the "Effect of addition cows fertilizer , Water hyacinth compost and spray nanoparticle algae minutes and there impact on some qualities of okra fruits (Hasnawiya cultivar)". The experiment was contain (27) factor treatments and separated in possible combinations among three levels of bovine fertilizer (0, 2, 4) kg/m2and three levels of Water hyacinth compost (0, 2, 4) kg/m2and three concentrations of Organic fertilizer for marine algae nanoparticles extract (0, 0.75, 1.5) ml/L.The statistical design is split-split plot design and the experiment performed twice for three randomized sections and compared to the averages of the coefficients using the least significant difference test at the probability level (0.05). The main results are summarized as follows.1. The addition of bovine fertilizers in the levels of (2, 4) kg/m2the Significant increase in the percentage of total soluble solids for fruits, by an increase of (8.64, 7.08%) and dry matter of fruits by an increase (6.04, 9.78)%. Significant increase in fiber content (0.56 and 0.95%) compared to the comparison treatment, respectively, while the level of 4 kg/m2achieved significant increase in fruit content in vitamin C compared to the comparison treatment and an increase of 5.16%. 2. Levels (2 , 4) kg/m2Significant increase in percentage of total dissolved solids Vitamin C increased by 24.85, 42.23% by 20.02 and 27.00% by the percentage of dry matter and by 9.91 and 12.81%, which led to a significant decrease in fiber percentage by 6.28 and 11.78% Comparative treatment, respectively.3. Spraying with nanoparticle algae minutes in two concentrations (0.75 and 1.5) ml/l significantly increased the percentage of total dissolved solids by (27.13, 53.87)% and in the amount of vitamin C by (24.05 and 50.01%) and in percentage. The dry matter of the fruit increased by 5.90 and 12.36%, which resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of fiber by 3.74 and 1.85% compared to the comparison treatment, respectively.4. Some bilateral and triple interference showed significant effect in some studied traits.

UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE FILTER PRESS MUD AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER FOR IMPROVING CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTISOLS AND OIL PALM SEEDLINGS

<p>Ultisols is suboptimal soil that have many problems those are low pH, nutrient deficiency and micronutrient toxicity and inhibit for crop growth and need ameliorant for improving the soil fertility. The aim of this research were to investigate the utilization of filter press mud compost for improving chemical properties of Ultisols and growth of oil palm seedling. This research consisted of five levels of compost (A=without compost, B= 4.25 t.ha<sup>-1</sup>,C=8.5 t.ha<sup>-1</sup>, D=12.75 t.ha<sup>-1</sup> and E=17 t.ha<sup>-1</sup>) with three replications. The treatment units were allocated based on Randomized Block Design. The addition of filter press mud compost improving chemical properties of Ultisols especially pH value, decreasing Aluminum, total N 0.45%, organic C 2.19%, available P 37.14 ppm, CEC 22.04 cmol.kg<sup>-1. </sup>Filter press mud compost increased growth of oil palm seedling. Application of 12.75 t.ha<sup>-1 </sup>gave the optimum growth of oil palm seedlings. It showed that the crop height increased by 51.56%, leaves by 47.63%, N content by 2.26 %, P content by 0.18 % and K content by 1.44 %.</p>

Physiological Conditions of Decomposition Process and Quality of Compost Based on Beef Cattle Feces Enriched with Azolla sp.

The research was aimed to determine the effect of the addition of Azolla sp. on physiological conditions, the kinetics of temperature, and the quality of compost which includes carbon content, and compost organic matter. The method used was experimental with A Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were three treatments that were the addition of Azolla sp. 0% (P0), 10% (P1), and 20% (P2). Each treatment was repeated 6 times, so that the number of experimental unit was 18 mounds of compost. Variables measured were temperature kinetics, levels of organic carbon and compost organic matter. Observations of temperature were carried out on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 at 01.30 – 02.30 pm. The carbon content and compost organic matter of the final compost product were analyzed in the laboratory. Data on the kinetics of temperature were analyzed using Repeated Measure Analysis of variance (RMA), while those of the levels of organic carbon and organic matter compost were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the variance analysis showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between the treatment and the days of observation on the kinetics of temperature. The highest temperature kinetics observed for P2 and P1 were achieved on day 4 (54.00˚C and 50.50˚C, respectively), while the highest temperature for P0 was achieved on day 8 (50.33˚C). The temperature of P0, P1 and P2 ranged 27.17-50.33˚C; 28.17-50.50˚C and 30.00-54.00˚C, respectively. Least Significance Different (LSD) results showed significant variations in temperature kinetics. Enrichment of compost with Azolla sp had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the levels of organic carbon and compost organic matter.