Level Of Communication Skills Research Articles

Investigation of Communication Skills and Subjective Well-being Levels in Helping Professional Groups

This study examines the relationship between communication skills and subjective well-being among students in the psychological counseling and guidance and nutrition and dietetics programs. The research, which involved 430 university students as professional candidates, investigates the impact of program, gender, grade, perceived parental behaviours, and residence on both subjective well-being and communication style. The results indicate a significant association between effective communication, well-being, and family influences, highlighting their crucial role in personal and professional development. It is worth noting that gender differences in subjective well-being and communication skills levels were identified, with females exhibiting higher scores. These findings have important implications for the design of psycho-education programs and support measures. The study provides guidance for tailoring interventions to address gender-specific needs and recognizes the influential role of familial factors in cultivating communication and well-being competencies of students in counseling and nutrition-related disciplines.

The Correlation Of Smartphone Addiction And Interpersonal Communication Ability Of Undergraduate Nursing Students

The existence of smartphones has brought both positive and negative impacts on human life. Unwise use of smartphones can lead to addiction, which affects communication. Establishing good relationships to prevent social alienation in interpersonal communication is important. This study aims to determine the relationship between smartphone addiction and the interpersonal communication skills of undergraduate nursing students and to determine the level of addiction and interpersonal communication skills at each level. The method used is correlational with a cross-sectional approach. The population consists of 464 undergraduate nursing students at the UPI Sumedang Campus with a sample of 215 students, using a stratified random sampling technique. This study uses a questionnaire instrument. Correlation data analysis uses Spearman's rank. The results of the study are that both variables are in the moderate category at each semester level, and the results of the correlation test with a p-value <0.001 (<0.005) have a significant relationship with a correlation coefficient of r -0.224, meaning the strength of the relationship is weak. The negative correlation value means that the higher the smartphone addiction, the lower the interpersonal communication skills. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between smartphone addiction and the interpersonal communication skills of undergraduate nursing students. The level of addiction and interpersonal communication skills of all respondents were in the moderate category. It is recommended for students to use smartphones moderately and more wisely to avoid negative impacts.

Bibliometric Mapping of Trends of Project-Based Learning with Augmented Reality on Communication Ability of Children with Special Needs (Autism)

This study aims to analyze the use of project-based learning with augmented reality (AR) on the communication skills of autistic children through systematic literature review and theoretical bibliometric analysis of research on autistic children's communication skills sourced from Scopus from 2013 to 2022. The research method is a systematic literature review with analysis theory and bibliometric analysis with VOSviewer and RStudio applications. This research was conducted in several stages, namely determining i) research questions; ii) inclusion and exclusion criteria; iii) quality assessment; iv) data collection; and v) bibliometric analysis. The results of this study note that research on the communication skills of autistic children is still a research trend that is of great interest to researchers with an increase in research occurring from 2015 to 2022. Countries from the Americas and Asia have contributed the most to research on the communication skills of autistic children. The subject areas of psychology and social science are the subject areas with the most contributions, namely 22% each of the 165 articles found. There is a relationship between the term project (P), communication skills (CS), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This relationship is shown by the link strength P→CS is 2 and the link strength CS→ASD is 4. The characteristic requirements for autistic children for project-based learning with AR are middle class autistic children. The characteristics possessed by project-based learning can help in training the level of communication skills of autistic children and it would be better if assisted with the use of AR.

Influence of Project Management Skills on Project Sustainability: A Case of Vision 2020 Umurenge Program in Burera District, Rwanda

The main purpose of this study Was to investigate the influence of project management skills on the project sustainability. This research was carried out to achieve the following specific objectives: To determine the influence of leadership skills on the sustainability of VUP in Burera district, To determine the influence of communication skills on the sustainability of VUP in Burera district, To assess the influence of problem-solving skills on the sustainability of VUP in Burera district. The study adopted the mix method research design. In data analysis the study used both descriptive (frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlations and regression analysis). In order to select the sample size, the researcher adopted census sampling technique with 53 respondents. The data was corrected by means of questionnaire then after while analyzing data derived from questionnaire SPSS software was helpful as it helped us to have mean, standard deviation, frequency and other required items that helped us to analyze and interpret information so that the researcher can get reliable findings. The analysis revealed significant correlations between the project management skills and project sustainability outcomes: Leadership Skills: The correlation coefficient between leadership skills and project sustainability was 0.705** (p < 0.01), indicating a strong positive relationship. Higher leadership skills were associated with improved project sustainability outcomes. Communication Skills: The correlation coefficient between communication skills and project sustainability was 0.942** (p < 0.01), indicating a robust positive relationship. Greater communication skills were strongly linked to enhanced project sustainability outcomes. Problem-Solving Skills: The correlation coefficient between problem-solving skills and project sustainability was 0.683** (p < 0.01), affirming a significant positive relationship. Strong problem-solving skills were correlated with better project sustainability outcomes. These findings suggest that project managers possessing higher levels of leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills are better positioned to ensure project sustainability. The study contributes to both academia and practice by shedding light on the critical competencies that drive projects toward lasting positive impacts. Organizational decisions related to project management training and skill development can benefit from these insights, ultimately fostering more sustainable project outcomes. Based on the findings, the study recommends the government of Rwanda to invest in Leadership Development to empower project teams to navigate challenges, inspire motivation, and foster a shared vision, ultimately contributing to the sustainable success of the VUP program.

Health care providers' communication with pediatric patients and carers: a best practice implementation project.

Health care providers need a high level of communication skills in dealing with pediatric patients and their carers. The objective of this project was to evaluate current practice and implement best practices promoting health care provider communication with pediatric patients and carers in a children's hospital in Tabriz, Iran. This project used the JBI Model of Evidence-Based Healthcare, which guided the conceptualization of evidence implementation, context analysis, project implementation, and evaluation of outcomes using evidence-based quality indicators. An audit and feedback strategy was adopted to measure baseline compliance with best practices, develop strategies to address areas of non-compliance, and conduct a final audit to measure any changes in compliance. Four criteria were developed for the baseline and follow-up audits. Criteria 1 and 2 were evaluated using a sample of 30 health care providers, while Criteria 3 and 4 were evaluated using a sample of 80 pediatric patients and carers. All four criteria improved at the end of the project. Criterion 1 (health care staff receive communication skills training) had the highest mean score at baseline and follow-up (63% and 83%, respectively). Criterion 2 (implementation of local strategies by health care organizations) increased from 45% to 55%. However, this rate of improvement was the lowest of all the criteria. Criterion 3 (pediatric patients receive relevant education) improved from low to moderate, rising from 18% to 49%. A more significant improvement was noted for Criterion 4 (parents receive relevant education), which rose from 19% to 56%. The strategies implemented in this project successfully improved health care provider communication with pediatric patients and their carers. To ensure project sustainability, repeat audits will be conducted after 3, 6, and 12 months. http://links.lww.com/IJEBH/A199.

Value-Based Attitude Towards International Humanitarian Law as Part of Personality Development of Military Students

A value system is a complex of value orientations and meanings that have their roots in the outside world. For military students, international humanitarian law is an important part of personal value system. These norms shape the environment for quasi-professional and academic activities of future military lawyers and officers. International humanitarian legal norms regulate certain social relations, thus entering the sphere of subjective activity and acquiring positive significance. As a result, they become part of an officer’s personality. International legal acts are a quintessence of humanistic principles, goals, and ideas. In this respect, they are an objective source of universal human values and meanings. Hence, they characterize an officer as an intellectual. If introduced into military education curriculum, international humanitarian law could facilitate the development of personal values in future officers and military lawyers. To verify this hypothesis, the authors applied standard research methods to legal documents, as well as conducted a psychological and pedagogical experiment. They identified, systematized, and classified the values and meanings concentrated in the international legal acts of humanitarian law. The military students that studied the international humanitarian law respected traditions and valued security; they were more independent and achievement-oriented, as well as demonstrated a much higher level of communicative and organizational skills than the control group. Therefore, international humanitarian law proved to have a great potential for developing personality values in future officers as part of military education.

NETWORKING AS ONE OF THE WAYS TO DEVELOP SOFT SKILLS OF STUDENTS

This article examines the problem of developing soft skills of students, which are important competencies that help a person to communicate better and more effectively and, in the future, to work successfully. It has been established that soft skills, for example in the field of communication, can be learned at university, but this requires modern technologies such as networking and digital networking, the effectiveness of which has been proven in developed countries of the world. The problems and basic networking skills needed by students to carry out soft communication activities are identified. The effectiveness of networking as a way to develop soft skills of students is implemented within the framework of the “Networking” development program to develop the art of communication and soft communication skills in three modules: “Forum Theater”, “Art of Self-Presentation” and “Business Games”. The carried out activities are aimed at increasing students’ levels of communication skills, communicative competence, and sociability. Its effectiveness is confirmed by the results of experimental work using three methods, as the soft communication skills of many students in the experimental group who attended a special networking course received significant development, both in relation to communication skills, as well as communicative competencies and sociability.

Psychological-Pedagogical Interaction and Its Social Importance in the Formation of Teacher’s Empathy Towards the Student

Modern education in Russia, in practical pedagogical activity, becomes a relatively legal complex of ensuring national interests in the conditions of modern Russian statehood, determining the significant needs of not only the individual, but society. It is very characteristic that in this interpretation the need to obtain professional knowledge becomes a significant element not only in substantive activities, but also in the process of social contacts in society. In this context, the relationship between direct and collective communication is relevant, which allows, from the point of view of psychological processes, to organize interpersonal relationships at all levels of interaction. The purpose of our research is to develop the scientific foundations for studying the process of “teacher-student” interaction, when considering pedagogical perception in modern science, classifying it as the interaction of the general and the particular. Such communication between a student and a teacher on the basis of competent and correct perception becomes significant in the process of perception as a condition for success in the formation of a specialist, which in itself is relevant for improving the modern educational process. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of the basic scientific principles related to the psychology of communication when studying the level of communication skills, emotionality and thinking of an individual. The information and empirical base was a psychological and pedagogical analysis of social interaction in the formation of the teacher’s empathy towards the student. The object of the study is mutual relations in the process of communication in modern education. The scientific novelty lies in the formation of the author's conceptual approach to the model of a quality educational process through interpersonal communication between the teacher and the student, taking into account the psychology of the individual.

EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS AND CAREER COMPETENCIES AS PREDICTORS OF WORK ENGAGEMENT AMONG TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL TEACHERS

<p>This study explores the relationship between employability skills, career competencies, and work engagement among Technical Vocational teachers. A descriptive-correlational study using a structured survey method of data collection involved 182 Technical Vocational teachers. Data analysis revealed very high levels of communication skills, personal and professional advancement, adaptability, and other key areas of employability skills. Career competencies, including computer and language skills, and work ethics, also scored very high. Work engagement indicators such as vigor, dedication, and absorption were notably very high. The correlation analysis highlighted significant relationships between specific employability skills and work engagement, with communication skills showing a strong association. Similarly, career competencies like knowledge and skills were significantly correlated with work engagement. Multiple regression analysis indicated that knowledge and skills, teamwork and leadership, and communication skills significantly predict work engagement. The study provides insights into how specific skills and competencies contribute to higher levels of work engagement, emphasizing the importance of these areas in professional development. </p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray untuk memperbaiki Komunikasi Matematika Siswa Kelas XII XII-2 SMAN Model Terpadu Madani

In learning students convey the results of their work is not always easy to accept. This is because their level of mathematical communication is not high. To improve their communication skills, a learning model that emphasizes communication aspects is needed, one of these models is two stay two stray. For this reason, through this study to improve students' mathematical communication skills, the two stay two stray learning model was applied to the limit material of trigonometric functions. This research was conducted on students of class XII-2 of Madani Integrated Model Senior High School in the 2022/2023 school year. This research is a collaborative classroom action research (PTK) which is carried out in 2 learning cycles. The results of the research in cycle 1 get the level of mathematical communication skills of student A is at level 1, student B is at level 2, student C is at level 3. Then revisions were made in cycle 2 learning to get the results of student A at level 2, student B at level 3 and student C at Level 3. From these results it can be concluded that learning mathematics by applying the two stay two stray type cooperative learning model can improve mathematical communication skills for students who have low and medium abilities.Keywords : Two stay two stray, Mathematical Communication

The Relationship between Verbal Ability and Mathematical Communication Ability to Build Non-curved Space

The learning outcomes of low non-curved geometric shapes are directly proportional to the low level of mathematical communication skills of non-curved geometric shapes. Apart from that, verbal ability is low if students are given questions that have different words in sentences from the previous practice questions, so they have difficulty solving the questions research aims to see the relationship between verbal abilities and Mathematical Communication Skills Build non-curved spaces. This Quantitative research method Correlational technique with variables verbal ability (X) and Mathematical Communication Skills Build non-curved spaces (Y). The research population was all students in class VIII SMPN & Kotabumi with a sample of 24 people. The results of the correlation analysis of verbal ability (X) with Mathematical Communication Skills Build non-curved spaces (Y) produced a correlation coefficient of rhitung 0.57 with rtabel = 0.40. Based on the calculation results, the value obtained is rhitung = 0.57 > rtabel = 0.40 so that H0 is rejected. This shows that there is a relationship between verbal ability and Mathematical Communication Skills Build non-curved spaces for class VIII SMP Negeri 7 Kotabumi North Lampung for the 2022/2023 academic year

Psychological and pedagogical conditions for training a future educational psychologist in inclusive education

Relevance. In general education institutions and classrooms, it is often possible to meet children with disabilities who need a special approach to learning. In order to make it easier for such children to adapt, special methods and technologies are needed that will help children study educational material. This is the job of a teacher, who must have a number of properties and qualities to create a comfortable inclusive education.Purpose. The purpose of the article was to determine the qualities and conditions that future teachers should have in the process of inclusive education.Methodology. In this study, questionnaires were used to determine the level of tolerance, psychological stability, empathy, and communication skills to achieve the goal. The first of these questionnaires helped identify the level of pedagogical and psychological readiness for inclusive education, and the findings showed that students of the 1st and 2nd years of the speciality �Psychology� are not ready for such education, especially through low motivation.Results. The study showed that professional qualities in inclusive education are better demonstrated by senior students (3rd-4th year), rather than junior students (1st-2nd year). The characteristics of such personal components as the level of motivation, the level of social adaptation and the level of psychological stability depend on the level of informativeness of students and their experience in inclusive education. In addition, the study highlighted the level of empathy and tolerance that develop students� ability to communicate correctly and competently with children, understand their condition, and contribute to the learning process. As in previous questionnaires, these qualities are at a high level among undergraduates.Conclusions. This study identified the main components of psychological and pedagogical training of students, which will allow them to work with children with special needs, and help them quickly adapt to a different type of learning.

SOME ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF READINESS FOR INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AMONG FUTURE SHIPMASTERS AT MARITIME ENGLISH LESSONS

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the legislation emphasizes the special importance of knowing the English language in relation to safety at sea. Proficiency in the English language is one of the qualification characteristics of specialists in maritime professions and is a professionally important quality. The officer of the watch should be proficient in English, which is determined by international documents (the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978). The national curricula of higher education institutions of the maritime profile include the discipline “Maritime English”. The discipline in the maritime specialist university course, regardless of its formal name in the curricula, is Maritime English. It is all those means of the English language that if used as a communication tool of the international maritime community, ensure the safety of navigation and contribute to the comprehensive development of the maritime industry. An analysis of the standard of higher education in the specialty 271 Maritime and Inland Water Transport was conducted, which showed that the necessary skill is the readiness to communicate in oral and written forms in a foreign language to solve the tasks of professional activity and mastery of the English language in the amount necessary to fulfill one’s professional duties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the main aspects of the formation of readiness for intercultural communication in English among future shipmasters at universities. Active methods of intercultural education are proposed for the formation of readiness for foreign language communication to solve the tasks of professional activity. It was concluded that these forms of training are necessary to increase the level of communication skills of future shipmasters.

Organizational Communication Skills and Its Associated Factors Among Healthcare Providers Working at Wolaita Sodo Health Facilities, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Communication in healthcare organizations is an important factor in quality care, patient safety, and financial function. However, there was a dearth of evidence on the organizational communication skills of healthcare providers in Ethiopia, including the current study area, Wolaita Sodo. This study is aimed at assessing the level of organizational communication skills and their associated factors among healthcare providers working at Wolaita Sodo health facilities, SNNPRS, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A pretested and structured questionnaire was utilized using the self-administration method. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 17.0. Pearson correlation, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with outcome variables. Accordingly, variables that fulfilled p-values <0.25 on the bivariate logistic regression were considered candidates for multivariate logistic regression to control for possible confounders. The odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval were used to present the finding, and statistical significance was reported at a p-value of 0.05. In the current study, about 45.8% (95% CI: 40.9-50.7) of the health professionals experienced good organizational communication skills. Males [AOR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.38, 3.82], who had training in communication skills [AOR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.46, 3.63], and those working at laboratories [AOR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.07, 9.65] were significantly associated with organizational communication skills. Less than half of the participants practiced good organizational communication skills. Sex, training on communication skills, and working units were important factors affecting the communication skills of healthcare providers. Interventions to improve the communication skills of healthcare providers should be instituted targeting females, those who have never taken training on communication skills, and those who are working at the ward.

Development of communicative competence of students studying ecology

In the context of modernisation of national education and the priority of professional competences possession, a high level of communicative skills of future environmental engineers ensures the graduate’s readiness to adapt to practical engineering activities in constantly changing conditions. An important component of the future environmental engineer’s professional readiness is their foreign language professionally oriented communicative competence, which implies the graduate’s communication skills in oral and written forms in a foreign language to solve professionally oriented tasks. The urgent necessity of forming this competence in the structure of engineers’ professional competence is conditioned by the integration of the national technological sector into the world economy, the need to meet modern requirements to the quality of engineers’ training and the level of their foreign-language professionally orientated communicative competence. The article substantiates the necessity of formation of future engineers’ foreign-language professionally orientated communicative competence. The aspects of formation of engineers’ foreign language communicative competence as a necessary component in the structure of integrative characteristic of professional competence of a specialist, which allows communication with representatives of other cultures at the international level, are considered. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the methods of enhancing communicative competence in foreign language classes described in the article can be used in pedagogical activities to improve the educational process in the field of linguistics and in the field of theory and methodology of teaching foreign language to environmental students.

"Postponing it Any Later Would not be so Great": A Cognitive Interview Study of How Physicians Decide to Initiate Goals of Care Discussions in the Hospital.

There are missed opportunities to discuss goals and preferences for care with seriously ill patients in the acute care setting. It is unknown which factors most influence clinician decision-making about communication at the point of care. This study utilized a cognitive-interviewing technique to better understand what leads clinicians to decide to have a goals of care (GOC) discussion in the acute care setting. A convenience sample of 15 oncologists, intensivists and hospitalists were recruited from a single academic medical center in a large urban area. Participants completed a cognitive interview describing their thought process when deciding whether to engage in GOC discussions in clinical vignettes. 6 interconnected factors emerged as important in determining how likely the physician was to consider engaging in GOC at that time; (1) the participants' mental model of GOC, (2) timing of GOC related to stability, acuity and reversibility of the patient's condition, (3) clinical factors such as uncertainty, prognosis and recency of diagnosis, (4) patient factors including age and emotional state, (5) participants' role on the care team, and (6) clinician factors such as emotion and communication skill level. Participants were hesitant to commit to the present moment as the right time for GOC discussions based on variations in clinical presentation. Clinical decision support systems that include more targeted information about risk of clinical deterioration and likelihood of reversal of the acute condition may prompt physicians to discuss GOC, but more support for managing discomfort with uncertainty is also needed.

The level of assertiveness, Self-esteem and Communication Skills among Nursing Students of Helwan University

The level of assertiveness, Self-esteem and Communication Skills among Nursing Students of Helwan University

Comparative Analysis of Commnicative Skills and AQS (Average Quality Score) of Students in Various Conditions of Learning Activities’ Organization

Key words: effectiveness of educational activities, academic progress, student, learning motivation, communication skills This article addresses topics pertaining to students’ academic performance and communicative skills. Educational activity is a purposeful activity, the maintenance of which leads to mastery of action strategies in the area of scientific concepts. The content of educational activities consists of ways to solve relevant epistemological problems. The requirement of educational activity is the desire of students to master theoretical knowledge in a particular subject area. According to D.B. Elkonin, the result of educational activity is a change in the student’s personality, as well as his development. Any educational activity is the conditions for scientific knowledge: it, first of all, presupposes the acquisition of new skills and ways of working with scientific concepts. As a result of the study, we presented the comparability indicators of students’ communicative abilities and their academic performance. The aim of the article is to analyze indicators of the level of communication skills and student performance in various educational conditions. The practical significance of the study is the data obtained and practical analysis that will help specialists using practical work.

Communication strategies used by medical physicians when delivering bad news at the Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPhysicians’ communication with patients and their families is important during both the disease diagnosis and prognosis stages and through the follow-up process. Effective physician communication improves patients’ quality of life and satisfaction with care and helps reduce suffering for those newly diagnosed with advanced progressive illnesses. This study aims to identify the communication strategies physicians use in the transition to palliative care and how these professionals perceive their academic and clinical preparation concerning this task.MethodsA cross-sectional and quantitative study. Physicians providing palliative care at the Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique, were invited to complete a 17-question questionnaire. This questionnaire was based on a Brazilian adaptation of the Setting-Perception-Invitation-Knowledge-Emotions-Strategy (SPIKES) tool, the P-A-C-I-E-N-T-E protocol, with additional questions regarding socio-demographic details and the integration of “communication of bad news” into hospital training.ResultsOf the 121 participants, 62 (51.2%) were male, and 110 (90.9%) were general practitioners, with a median age of 36 years old. They had worked in clinical practice for a median of 8 years and in their current department for three years. The majority of the participants considered that they have an acceptable or good level of bad news communication skills and believed that they do it in a clear and empathic way, paying attention to the patient’s requests and doubts; however, most were not aware of the existing tools to assist them in this task and suggested that delivering bad news ought to be integrated into the undergraduate medical course and included in hospital training.ConclusionsThis study adds to our understanding of physicians’ strategies when communicating bad news in the context of palliative care at one Mozambique hospital. As palliative care is not fully implemented in Mozambique, it is important to use protocols suitable to the country’s healthcare level to improve how doctors deal with patients and their family members.

Communication and empathy of nursing students in patient care through telenursing: A comparative cross-sectional study

BackgroundPhone calls and videoconferences are the most widely used systems to interact with patients in real time. Patient care through phone calls or videoconferences is different from an in-person meeting. Interpersonal communication skills, self-confidence communication skills and empathy with the patient may be affected during phone calls or videoconferences. AimThe objective of this study was to describe the interpersonal communication skills, self-confidence communication skills and empathy of nursing students during patient care through phone calls or videoconferences. DesignA cross-sectional study. ParticipantsA total of 170 nursing students participated from the University of Almeria. The subjects were randomly assigned to the phone call group or videoconference group. MethodsThe students contacted standardised patients through phone calls or videoconferences. Questionnaires were used to assess interpersonal communication skills with patient, empathy, and self-confidence in communication skills. Data collection was carried out between March and May 2022. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between self-confidence in communication skills with the patient and the type of consultation, nor were statistically significant differences found between the empathy of the nursing students and the type of consultation. The students who used videoconference reported higher patient interpersonal communication skills than the students who made phone calls. Finally, the participants who made videoconferences obtained a higher score in dimension therapeutic use of self than those who made phone calls. ConclusionsNursing students have shown a high level of empathy and interpersonal communication skills with patients and a moderate level of self-confidence in communication skills, both when interacting with patients through phone calls and videoconferences. Finally, differences were found in interpersonal communication skills with patient and type of consultation. In particular, interpersonal communication skills with the patient are greater when the nursing students make a videoconference.