Cadaverine Levels Research Articles

Combined effect of high hydrostatic pressure and ultraviolet radiation on quality parameters of refrigerated vacuum-packed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets

This study investigated the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and ultraviolet radiation (UV-C), individually and combined, on the physical, chemical and bacterial parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets stored at 4 °C for 14 days. Tilapia fillets were divided into four groups: control (untreated samples), UV-C, HHP, and UV-C combined with HHP (UV-C+HHP); UV-C was applied at dose of 0.103 ± 0.002 J/cm2, and HHP at a pressure of 220 MPa for 10 min at 25 °C. All samples were analyzed for total aerobic mesophilic count (TAMC), total aerobic psychrotrophic count (TAPC), Enterobacteriaceae count, pH, lipid oxidation, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), ammonia (NH3), and biogenic amines. Although UV-C accelerated (P ≤ 0.05) the formation of cadaverine, both UV-C and HHP, alone or together, retarded bacterial growth and delayed the increase (P ≤ 0.05) in pH, TVB-N, NH3 and biogenic amines during refrigerated storage, extending the shelf life of refrigerated tilapia fillets at least 2.5 times considering the TAMC counts. Lipid oxidation was unaffected (P > 0.05) by UV-C radiation, and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by HHP and UV-C+HHP. HHP alone or combined with UV-C showed higher potential benefits for tilapia fillets preservation considering the positive influence on cadaverine levels and lipid oxidation.

Electromembrane extraction of biogenic amines in food samples by a microfluidic-chip system followed by dabsyl derivatization prior to high performance liquid chromatography analysis

In the present research, an on-chip electromembrane extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography was developed for monitoring the trace levels of biogenic amines (BAs), including histamine, tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine in food samples. A porous polypropylene sheet membrane impregnated with an organic solvent was placed between the two parts of the chip device to separate the channels. Two platinum electrodes were mounted at the bottom of these channels, which were connected to a power supply, providing the electrical driving force for migration of ionized analytes from the sample solution through the porous sheet membrane into the acceptor phase.BAs were extracted from 2 mL aqueous sample solutions at neutral pH into 50 μL of acidified (HCl 90 mM) acceptor solution. Supported liquid membrane including NPOE containing 10% DEHP was used to ensure efficient extraction. Low voltage of 40 V was applied over the SLMs during extraction time. The influences of fundamental parameters affecting the transport of BAs were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the relative standard deviations based on four replicate measurements were less than 8.0% and limit of detections were in range of 3.0–8.0 μg L−1. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determinate BAs in the food samples and satisfactory results (recovery > 95.6) were obtained.

Metabolic Changes in Polyamines, Phenylethylamine, And Arginine During Bud Break in Apple Flower Buds Under Foliar-Applied Dormancy-Breaking Agents

The Environmental and climatic conditions affect the flower bud growth, flowering and yield performance of fruit species. Temperature appears to be important factors for temperate fruit trees in mild climates. The relationships between breaking bud dormancy and climatic influences on flowering, growth and metabolic changes in contents of biogenic amines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine and phenylethylamine), arginine and anthocyanin before and after bud break were evaluated for "Ain Shemer" apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees under exogenously applied hydrogen cyanamide (dormex), calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 and thiourea. The studies have shown that breaking bud dormancy (as early date of bud break and percentage of bud break) by the above dormancy breaking agents were correlated with the high content of biogenic amines and arginine in buds. Seasonal variations in biogenic amines, arginine and anthocyanin level were present in buds during the research period (dormancy and dormancy release period). Levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, phenylethylamine, arginine and anthocyanin have simultaneously risen with bud burst and new growth. The most abundant polyamines in buds were cadaverine followed by spermine. The best results were obtained with Dormex after exposure the trees to about 274 natural chilling hours ? +7.2oC; therefore, we recommend using this compound to achieve bud break as early as possible in "Ain Shemer" apple variety by regulating the contents of biogenic amines and arginine in buds and subsequently the high percentages of bud break and maximum yield.

Effects of grape seed extract on lipid oxidation, biogenic amine formation and microbiological quality in Chinese traditional smoke‐cured bacon during storage

AbstractGrape seed extract (GSE) as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial was applied in Chinese traditional smoke‐cured bacon during 2 months storage in a natural ventilating room to improve its food quality and safety. Effects of GSE on color, texture, pH, humidity, microbiological quality, lipid oxidation, and biogenic amine formation in smoke‐cured bacon were investigated. These results revealed that the growth of food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, was completely inhibited during storage. The uses of GSE advanced the redness and lightness of Chinese traditional smoke‐cured bacon. GSE application significantly retarded (p < .05) lipid oxidation valuated by formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test (TBARS) and the TBARS value was reduced by 69.8% in GSE‐treated bacon compared to the control after 2 months storage. The levels of tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine in GSE‐treated samples were significantly lower than that of the control (p < .05), showing a reduction of 30.7, 37.1 and 29.4%, respectively. Moreover, the levels of histamine were 11.4 and 43.2 mg/kg in GSE‐treated bacon and the control sample, respectively, showing that the GSE application contributed to histamine reduction in smoke‐cured bacon. These findings suggested that GSE could be applied in Chinese traditional smoke‐cured bacon during storage to improve its quality and safety.Practical applicationsHigh levels of biogenic amine, lipid oxidation, and microbiological quality have been described in Chinese traditional smoke‐cured bacon during storage at room temperature 0–15 °C, which are major problems for public health and food safety. Thus, it is worthwhile to select favorable conditions to strict control biogenic amine accumulation, lipid oxidation, and microbiological quality in smoke‐cured bacon. In this study, in order to improve the food quality and safety of smoke‐cured bacon during storage, grape seed extract (GSE) as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial was used to extend the shelf life of traditional Chinese smoke‐cured bacon during storage at room temperature for 2 months and effects of GSE on lipid oxidation, biogenic amine formation, and microbiological quality on smoke‐cured bacon were investigated. The GSE as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial applied into smoke‐cured bacon during storage appears to be beneficial for food safety and quality improvement.

Polyamine patterns in plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and fever.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with various clinical manifestations and serologic markers. In this study, we analyzed nine polyamine (PA) profiles of plasma from patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs), and the relationship between the PA profiles and disease activity. PA alterations in plasma of 44 patients with SLE and fever were investigated using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode using N-ethoxycarbonyl/ N-pentafluoropropionyl derivatives, and compared with those of 43 HCs. Patients with SLE and HCs showed differences in five of nine PA profiles. Among five changed PA levels, four PAs, namely N1-acetylcadaverine, spermidine, N1-acetylspermidine, and spermine, were dramatically decreased. However, the level of cadaverine was increased in patients with SLE. In the partial correlation with PA profiles and disease activity markers of SLE, several disease activity markers and nutritional markers were correlated with cadaverine, spermidine, and N 8-acetylspermidine. Thus, our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between PA metabolomics and disease activity markers in patients with SLE.

Plasma N-acetylputrescine, cadaverine and 1,3-diaminopropane: potential biomarkers of lung cancer used to evaluate the efficacy of anticancer drugs.

Polyamines have been widely investigated as potential biomarkers for various types of cancers, including lung cancer, which is one of the most common causes of death from cancer worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the value of polyamines that serve as early diagnostic and cancer progression markers as well as drug evaluation for lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma of lung, SCCL). SCCL was induced in Wistar rats by intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene and treated with three different anti-cancer drugs, Aidi injections, fluorouracil, and a combination of them. After carcinogenesis for 28, 70 and 98 days and therapy for 28 and 56 days, the polyamine levels in plasma of SCCL, healthy and treated rats were determined using a UHPLC-MS/MS assay base on the means of targeted metabolomics. Results showed that increased N-acetylputrescine, cadaverine and 1,3-diaminopropane levels were associated with progression of SCCL. The levels of cadaverine and 1,3-diaminopropane returned to normal after administration of the three different kinds of anticancer drug. In addition, the suitability of using N-acetylputrescine, cadaverine and 1,3-diaminopropane as biomarkers was confirmed by PLS-DA and ROC analysis. It can provide an innovative and effective way for the clinical diagnosis, prevention and treatment of lung cancer, and stimulate a theoretical basis for the design and development of new anticancer drugs. At the same time, this increased the clinical options for polyamines as cancer biomarkers.

Screening chemical hazards of dry fermented sausages from distinct origins: Biogenic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy elements

This work aims to evaluate the presence of chemical hazards on commercially-available dry fermented sausages (DFS) from different origins and provide preventive recommendations to warrant products safety. Samples (n=20) were purchased at retail level in different markets of Lisbon (Portugal) and Novi Sad (Serbia). Biogenic amines (BAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy elements were determined. Portuguese and Serbian DFS showed low levels of cadaverine (0.6–202mg/kg and 1.6–291mg/kg, respectively), putrescine (3.5–401mg/kg and 1.4–291mg/kg, respectively) and tyramine (32.6–206mg/kg and 5.0–246mg/kg, respectively). Histamine never reached considerable levels in both DFS. Low molecular weight PAHs were the most abundant, comprising more than 90% of total PAHs. Serbian and the majority of Portuguese DFS well meet the EU legislation for the PAHs content. The most prevalent heavy element in DFS from both origins was lead (0.01–0.34mg/kg). Contents of heavy elements in DFS from Portuguese and Serbian markets indicated that these potential hazards were present but at low risk for consumers. Additional investigation still has to be done regarding selection of autochthonous starters not producers of BAs and smoking step optimization to minimize the contents of BAs and potential toxic PAHs in DFS.

Effect of Some Essential Oils on Biogenic Amines in Fishes at Kalyobia Governorate

A grand total of 21 samples of fresh fish fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected randomly from different fish markets in Benha, Kalyobia governorate to determine the effect of some essential oilsclove oil(1%), thyme oil (1%) and lemon oil(1%) at4C for 2and 4 days on their contents of various biogenic amines histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine. The results indicated that histamine levels in the examined fish fillets were reduced by 5.5% - 14.75% by addition of clove oil (1%), 7.25 - 20.0% by addition of thyme oil (1%) and 15.8% - 29.3% by addition of lemon oil (1%) after 2 and 4 days, respectively. While, addition of clove oil (1%), thyme oil (1%) and lemon oil (1%) cause reduction toputrescine by 9.6 - 11.9%, 12.5 - 16.4% and 19.35% - 34.1% after 2 and 4 days, respectively. Concerning to cadaverine levels, the reduction occurred by 7.7 – 9.3%, 10.4 – 22.9% and 15.8% - 29.8% after 2 and 4 days, respectively. Finally, addition of clove oil (1%), thyme oil (1%) and lemon oil (1%) cause reduction totyramine by 5.2 – 10.6%, 16.5 - 16.3% and 22.4% - 25.1% after 2 and 4 days, respectively. The obtained results it allow concluding that the addition of essential oils lead to reduction of biogenic amines in fish fillets eliminating the hazard effect of biogenic amines on human

Residual nitrite and biogenic amines of traditional northeast sauerkraut in China

ABSTRACTThe safety of northeast sauerkraut (NS) has always been a concern in China. In the present study, the nitrite and biogenic amine (BA) contents in 378 NS, collected or purchased from Chinese families and markets (including morning markets and local supermarkets), were measured. The results showed that the nitrite and BA contents of samples from Chinese families and some morning markets were higher than those from local supermarkets. The highest level of nitrites was 38.5 ± 5.2 mg/kg in unpackaged NS from Chinese families, and the lowest was 17.2 ± 2.1 mg/kg in packaged NS from local supermarkets. The highest levels of tyramine and tryptamine were 203 ± 3 and 28.1 ± 4 mg/kg in unpackaged NS from Chinese families, respectively. The highest levels of histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine were mainly found in Chinese families and morning markets, and the lowest level of BAs was from local supermarkets. The results suggest that improving the safety of NS by controlling environmental sanitation and strengthening standardised production is a top priority at present in China.

Effect of cinnamon essential oil on bacterial diversity and shelf-life in vacuum-packaged common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during refrigerated storage

The present study investigated the effect of cinnamon essential oil on the quality of vacuum-packaged common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets stored at 4±1°C in terms of sensory scores, physicochemical characteristics (total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), biogenic amines, and color), and presence of spoilage microbiota. A total of 290,753 bacterial sequences and 162 different genera belonging to 14 phyla were observed by a high-throughput sequencing technique targeting the V3–V4 region of 16S rDNA, which showed a more comprehensive estimate of microbial diversity in carp samples compared with microbial enumeration. Before storage, Macrococcus and Aeromonas were the prevalent populations in the control samples, but cinnamon essential oil decreased the relative abundance of Macrococcus in the treated samples. Variability in the predominant microbiota in different samples during chilled storage was observed. Aeromonas followed by Lactococcus were the major contaminants in the spoiled control samples. Microbial enumeration also observed relatively higher counts of Aeromonas than other spoilage microorganisms. Compared with the control samples, cinnamon essential oil inhibited the growth of Aeromonas and Lactococcus were the predominant components in the treated samples on day 10; plate counts also revealed a relatively high level of lactic acid bacteria during refrigerated storage. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the composition of dominant microbiota between these two treatments at the end of the shelf-life. Furthermore, cinnamon essential oil treatment was more effective in inhibiting the increase of TVB-N and the accumulation of biogenic amines (especially for putrescine and cadaverine levels). Based primarily on sensory analysis, the use of cinnamon essential oil extended the shelf-life of vacuum-packaged common carp fillets by about 2days.

SCREENING OF SOME FERMENTED MILK FOR DECARBOXYLASE AND BIOGENIC AMINES PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE

The objectives of this study were based on screening for presence of decarboxylase producing microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci and Lactobacilli) in sour milk, yoghurt and labenh, collected from supermarkets in Ismailia City. The isolated strains were tested for decarboxylase activity and the levels of histamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were determined in the examined samples. The results revealed that all the examined samples were contaminated with EnterobacteriaceaeandEnterococci at variable counts. All the isolated strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci and Lactobacillus spp. have the potential to release decarboxylase enzymes with biogenic amines formation. The examined samples were found to contain the estimated amines with variable levels, expect yoghurt that didn't contain tyramine. In conclusion, there was a positive correlation between the type of microorganisms present in fermented milk and the type of biogenic amines formed. The prevention of biogenic amines formation in fermented milks could be achieved by following good hygienic measures and careful screening of lactic acid bacteria for amino acid decarboxylase activity before selecting as starter or probiotic strains in dairy industry.

Effect of UV-C Radiation on Shelf life of Vacuum Package Colossoma Macropomum x Piaractus Mesopotamicus Fillets

Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus (CP) is a freshwater fish with greatest commercial importance in Brazil. Fillets of CP are highly perishable food and preservation technology with UV-C could improve food safety and extend shelf life. Fillet samples were submitted at UV-C (55.83mJ/cm2) and examined for mesophilic and psychrotrophic count and biogenic amines over 6 days. UV-C reduced the bacterial growth and number of colonies in the stationary phase; also increase the levels of cadaverine, putrescine and histamine. The results suggest that UV-C enhanced the shelf-life of CP fillets by at least 50%.

Effects of temperature, pH and NaCl content on in vitro putrescine and cadaverine production through the growth of Serratia marcescens CCM 303

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of temperature (10, 20 and 37°C), pH (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), and NaCl content (0, 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6% w/v) on the growth and putrescine and cadaverine production of Serratia marcescens CCM 303 under model conditions. The decarboxylase activity of S. marcescens was monitored in broth after cultivation. The cultivation medium was enriched with selected amino acids (ornithine, arginine and lysine; 0.2% w/v each) serving as precursors of biogenic amines. Levels of putrescine and cadaverine in broth were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography after pre-column derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde reagent. S. marcescens produced higher amounts of putrescine (up to 2096.8 mg L−1) compared to cadaverine content (up to 343.3 mg L−1) in all cultivation media. The highest putrescine and cadaverine concentrations were reached during cultivation at 10–20°C, pH 5–7 and NaCl content 1–3% w/v. On the other hand, the highest BAs production of individual cell (recalculated based on a cell; so called “yield factor”) was observed at 10°C, pH 4 and salt concentration 3–5% w/v as a response to environmental stress.

Characterization of the Production of Biogenic Amines and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in the Soybean Pastes Fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus brevis.

The production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using GABA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been considered to be an attractive strategy. However, some LAB may produce biogenic amines (BA), which may be of concern from the safety viewpoint. The aim of the present study was to characterize the production of GABA and BA in the soybean pastes fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) FMB S46471 and GABA-producing Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis) GABA 100. After a ripening period of 90 days, the levels of BA (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine) and GABA in the fermented soybean were assessed by highperformance liquid chromatography. The soybean pastes fermented by A. oryzae and L. brevis showed a range of 7,130-11,592 mg/kg for GABA, 178-305 mg/kg for tyramine, 139-163 mg/kg for putrescine, 7.4-10.8 mg/kg for histamine, and 7.1-7.9 mg/kg for cadaverine, whereas the soybean pastes fermented by A. oryzae only showed a range of 30-1,671 mg/kg for GABA, 0.8-189 mg/kg for tyramine, 1.3-85 mg/kg for putrescine, up to 3.6 mg/kg for histamine, and 0.2-2.4 mg/kg for cadaverine. The results showed that the production of GABA was accompanied by the increase in the production of BA, even though the production levels of histamine and cadaverine were very low. This is the first study to simultaneously characterize the production of BA and GABA in GABA-enriched fermented soybean pastes, and warrants further study to minimize the production of BA while optimizing the production of GABA.

Determination of trans- and cis-urocanic acid in relation to histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine contents in tuna (Auxis Thazard) at different storage temperatures.

Scombroid fish poisoning is usually associated with consumption of fish containing high levels of histamine. However, reports indicate that some cases have responded to antihistamine therapy while ingested histamine levels in these cases were low. Potentiation of histamine toxicity by some biogenic amines, and release of endogenous histamine by other compounds such as cis-urocanic acid (UCA) are some hypotheses that have been put forth to explain this anomaly. Very little is known about the effects of storage conditions on the production of both UCA isomers and biogenic amines in tuna. Thus, the production of trans- and cis-UCA, histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine in tuna during 15 d of storage at 0, 3, and 10°C and 2 d storage at ambient temperature were monitored. The initial trans- and cis-UCA contents in fresh tuna were 2.90 and 1.47 mg/kg, respectively, whereas the levels of putrescine and cadaverine were less than 2 mg/kg, and histamine was not detected. The highest levels of trans- and cis-UCA were obtained during 15 d storage at 3°C (23.74 and 21.79 mg/kg, respectively) while the highest concentrations of histamine (2796 mg/kg), putrescine (220.32 mg/kg) and cadaverine (1045.20 mg/kg) were obtained during storage at room temperature, 10 and 10°C, respectively. Histamine content increased considerably during storage at 10°C whereas trans- and cis-UCA contents changed slightly. The initial trans-UCA content decreased during storage at ambient temperature. Thus, unlike histamine, concentrations of trans- and cis-UCA did not result in elevated levels during storage of tuna.

Cellular target recognition of perfluoroalkyl acids: In vitro evaluation of inhibitory effects on lysine decarboxylase

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been shown to bind with hepatic peroxisome proliferator receptor α, estrogen receptors and human serum albumin and subsequently cause some toxic effects. Lysine decarboxylase (LDC) plays an important role in cell growth and developmental processes. In this study, the inhibitory effect of 16 PFAAs, including 13 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 3 perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs), on lysine decarboxylase (LDC) activity was investigated. The inhibition constants obtained in fluorescence enzyme assays fall in the range of 2.960μM to 290.8μM for targeted PFCAs, and 41.22μM to 67.44μM for targeted PFSAs. The inhibitory effect of PFCAs increased significantly with carbon chain (7–18 carbons), whereas the short chain PFCAs (less than 7 carbons) did not show any effect. Circular dichroism results showed that PFAA binding induced significant protein secondary structural changes. Molecular docking revealed that the inhibitory effect could be rationalized well by the cleft binding mode as well as the size, substituent group and hydrophobic characteristics of the PFAAs. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, three selected PFAAs inhibited LDC activity in HepG2 cells, and subsequently resulted in the decreased cadaverine level in the exposed cells, suggesting that LDC may be a possible target of PFAAs for their in vivo toxic effects.

The impact of enterocin AS-48 on the shelf-life and safety of sardines (Sardina pilchardus) under different storage conditions

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of enterocin AS-48, packaged under normal atmosphere (NA), vacuum (VP) or modified atmosphere (MAP) on the shelf life and safety of fresh sardines (Sardina pilchardus) stored at 5 °C. We studied the effect of these hurdles, alone or combined, on the relevant autochthonous bacterial populations. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content was used as indicative of freshness. Levels of biogenic amines cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, and histamine were also determined. The application of AS-48 did not reduce the mesophilic, psychrotrophic, or Gram negative bacteria viable cell counts under any of the storage conditions tested. AS-48 did cause significant reductions in viable staphylococci counts, especially under VP. In sardines under NA treated with AS-48, the populations of histamine- and tyramine-forming total and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) showed no significant reductions. MAP or VP with AS-48 allowed reductions (significant at some storage times) in histamine- and tyramine-forming LAB. The TVB-N content was also reduced under normal atmosphere and, especially, in sardines stored under MAP. The most interesting results are those concerning the decrease (by several fold) in the levels of the biogenic amines cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, and histamine determined after treatment with AS-48.

Bioactive amines and microbiological quality in pasteurized and refrigerated liquid whole egg

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the levels of bioactive amines and the microbiological quality of liquid pasteurized egg stored under refrigeration. Pasteurized whole egg liquid was obtained from 2 types of different raw materials, fresh eggs, and commercial fertile eggs. They were stored under refrigeration over a period of 21 d. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized split plot, with the plots being the 2 types of liquid pasteurized egg, and the subplots being the 4 storage periods (1, 7, 14, and 21 d). The storage period did not contribute to the increase (P > 0.05) of contamination by mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and total coliforms in commercial liquid pasteurized egg. However, for fertile eggs, the storage period led to an increase (P < 0.05) in the numbers of microorganisms. Levels of the amines putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were detected only in fertile liquid pasteurized egg, and the storage period contributed to the increase (P < 0.05) in the levels of these amines. There was a high correlation between total coliform most probable number and cadaverine levels, and a moderate correlation between the numbers of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and tyramine levels. It was concluded that the most contaminated liquid pasteurized eggs were the fertile liquid pasteurized eggs and this caused the highest levels of bioactive amines in them compared with all the eggs that had been subjected to pasteurization and refrigerated storage.

Ozone Decontamination of Poultry Meat and Biogenic Amines as Quality Index

To assure food safety in poultry meat the European Regulation does not authorize any decontamination treatment. Ozone has a strong oxidizing nature that makes it a useful tool for the inactivation of microorganisms. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an experimental ozone gaseous treatment and production of the biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine, as freshness index, during the storage of chilled poultry carcasses. Amines were extracted with perchloric acid, derivative with dansyl chloride, separated using a reversed- phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method, and detected by fluorescence. The results showed a reduction of microbial contamination as effect of the experimental ozone treatment of carcasses. In simply chilled poultry meat (Lot C control) a significant increases of putrescine and cadaverine at 15th days of storage. At 20t day higher levels of putrescine (53,63 mg/kg) and cadaverine (175,20 mg/kg) occurred in Lot C than in treated poultry meat of Lot A. Ozone decontamination resulted in lower levels of putrescine (32,37 mg/kg) and cadaverine (132,30 mg/kg), and in Lot A the shelf life was 6 days longer than in Lot C. If authorized, an ozone treatment during the storage of chilled poultry meat can induce a reduction of microbial contamination. Putrescine and cadaverine levels appeared to be useful to control the effectiveness of the ozone treatment on meat quality, and may be useful as quality index to highlight the loss of poultry meat freshness, before sensorial meat changes during storage of chilled poultry meat.

Metastatic Melanoma Induced Metabolic Changes in C57BL/6J Mouse Stomach Measured by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes with high capability of invasion and rapid metastasis to other organs. Malignant melanoma is the most common metastatic malignancy found in Gastrointestinal Tract (GI). In this work, the 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach is used to investigate the metabolite profile differences of stomach tissue extracts of metastatic B16-F10 melanoma and control groups in C57BL/6J mouse and to search for specific metabolite biomarker candidates. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), an unsupervised multivariate data analysis method, is used to detect possible outliers, while Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure (OPLS), a supervised multivariate data analysis method, is employed to evaluate important metabolites responsible for discriminating the control and the melanoma groups. Both PCA and OPLS results reveal that the melanoma group can be well separated from its control group. Among the 50 identified metabolites, it is found that the concentrations of 19 metabolites are significantly changed with the levels of O-phosphocholine and hypoxanthine down-regulated while the levels of isoleucine, leucine, valine, isobutyrate, threonine, cadaverine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, methionine, citrate, asparagine, tryptophan, glycine, serine, uracil, and formate up-regulated in the melanoma group. These significantly changed metabolites are associated with multiple biological pathways and may be potential biomarkers for metastatic melanoma in stomach.