Levels Of Anger Research Articles

Expectant Parents’ Emotions Evoked by Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Dyadic Analysis of Couples in the Swedish Pregnancy Panel

Background: Holistic antenatal care requires knowledge of individuals’ emotional response to pregnancy. Little is known about how a pregnant woman and her partner influence each other emotionally during a pregnancy. This study examines six discrete emotions that expectant couples experience during pregnancy, how these emotions change during pregnancy, and whether the partner’s emotional responses influence each other. Methods: A longitudinal dyadic study where pregnant women and their partners (1,432 couples) rated the extent to which the pregnancy evoked joy, strength, security, worry, shame, and anger at pregnancy weeks 12–19, 22–24, and 36. Latent curve models with structured residuals identify levels of and change in these emotions over time, while accounting for between- and within-couple variance. Findings: Pregnancy evoked mainly joy, strength, security and worry, and to the same extent in both groups. Levels of anger and shame were low, but higher for pregnant women than partners. There was little to no mean-level change in all six measured emotions evoked by pregnancy, and no reciprocal effects between the partners. Interpretation: Emotions in early pregnancy are felt also in late pregnancy. Furthermore, the pregnant woman and her partner have individual emotional trajectories. The results can assist healthcare professionals and researchers target interventions to expectant mothers and partners, specifically by understanding emotional response to pregnancy as a stable confound and by not approaching the couple as one emotional unit. Funding Information: This study was funded by The Swedish Research Council (2015-01546), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW2017.0245), and the University of Gothenburg. Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The Swedish Ethical Review Authority approved the SPP on April 15, 2019 (Dnr: 1061-18).

ACT Raising Safe Kids Program improves parenting practices, beliefs about physical punishment, management of anger, and mental health: Initial evidence from a study in Brazil

The exposure to child maltreatment has negative consequences for children’s health and development. These serious consequences demonstrate how important it is to develop and implement effective prevention strategies. The ACT Raising Safe Kids Program was developed to prevent child maltreatment and teach positive parenting skills to parents and caregivers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate initial evidence of effectiveness of the ACT Program in Porto Alegre, capital of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The study is based on an intervention with one-group pretest-protest design. The sample comprised 47 mothers and 5 fathers with a mean age of 38.73 years (SD = 6.81). Parenting meetings were implemented over nine weeks with groups, on average, composed of nine participants. Parenting practices, physical punishment beliefs, anger, and mental health outcomes were assessed through self-report measures before and after participation in the ACT Program. Measures included sociodemographic data, ACT Evaluation Questionnaire, Physical Punishment Beliefs Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2), and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Within-group comparisons were analyzed through paired samples t-test. The results indicated that parenting practices (emotional and behavioral regulation, communication, and positive discipline), physical punishment beliefs, levels of anger (angry temperament, angry reaction, anger expression-out, and anger control-in), and mental health outcomes (depression and stress) improved significantly from pretest to posttest. The findings indicate the messages were enacted by parents. Further evaluation is required to determine the impact on parenting of the ACT Program in this context employing a randomized controlled design.

Changes in Cannabis Consumption During the Global COVID-19 Lockdown: The International COVISTRESS Study.

Introduction: COVID-19 lockdown measures have been sources of both potential stress and possible psychological and addiction complications. A lack of activity and isolation during lockdown are among the factors thought to be behind the growth in the use of psychoactive substances and worsening addictive behaviors. Previous studies on the pandemic have attested to an increase in alcohol consumption during lockdowns. Likewise, data suggest there has also been a rise in the use of cannabis, although it is unclear how this is affected by external factors. Our study used quantitative data collected from an international population to evaluate changes in cannabis consumption during the lockdown period between March and October, 2020. We also compared users and non-users of the drug in relation to: (1) socio-demographic differences, (2) emotional experiences, and (3) the information available and the degree of approval of lockdown measures.Methods: An online self-report questionnaire concerning the lockdown was widely disseminated around the globe. Data was collected on sociodemographics and how the rules imposed had influenced the use of cannabis and concerns about health, the economic impact of the measures and the approach taken by government(s).Results: One hundred eighty two respondents consumed cannabis before the lockdown vs. 199 thereafter. The mean cannabis consumption fell from 13 joints per week pre-lockdown to 9.75 after it (p < 0.001). Forty-nine respondents stopped using cannabis at all and 66 admitted to starting to do so. The cannabis users were: less satisfied with government measures; less worried about their health; more concerned about the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and their career; and more frightened of becoming infected in public areas. The risk factors for cannabis use were: age (OR = 0.96); concern for physical health (OR = 0.98); tobacco (OR = 1.1) and alcohol consumption during lockdown (OR = 1.1); the pre-lockdown anger level (OR = 1.01); and feelings of boredom during the restrictions (OR = 1.1).Conclusion: In a specific sub-population, the COVID-19 lockdown brought about either an end to the consumption of cannabis or new use of the drug. The main risk factors for cannabis use were: a lower age, co-addictions and high levels of emotions.

Mental health and behaviour in children with dystonia: Anxiety, challenging behaviour and the relationship to pain and self-esteem

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Purpose</h3> To ascertain whether young people with dystonia are more likely than the general population to have mental health and/or behavioural difficulties, and to explore factors that may contribute to these difficulties. <h3>Method</h3> Using a quasi-experimental design, 50 young people with dystonia aged 7–17 and their carers were recruited from the Evelina London Children's Hospital. Young people completed the Beck Youth Inventories and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Carers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Parent version and the Paediatric Pain Profile. Important medical factors, such as age of onset, motor severity and manual function were obtained from medical records. <h3>Results</h3> One sample z tests showed young people with dystonia self-reported significantly higher levels of anxiety (<i>p</i> < .001) and prosocial difficulties (<i>p</i> < .01), with 48% experiencing clinically significant anxiety levels. They experienced significantly lower levels of anger, disruptive behaviour and conduct problems (all <i>p</i> ≤ .01). Carers reported significantly higher rates of emotional problems, hyperactivity and peer problems, and significantly lower prosocial behaviours (all <i>p</i> ≤ .01). Pearson's correlation coefficients showed lower levels of self-esteem were related to higher levels of anxiety (p = .015). High levels of pain were related to parent-rated conduct problems (p = .004). Age of dystonia onset and motor severity did not correlate with any of the psychological or behavioural measures. <h3>Interpretation/conclusions</h3> Our study suggests high rates of anxiety and behaviours that challenge in children with dystonia. Screening in movement clinics would be helpful in early identification and signposting for support.

Physical, Verbal, and Relational Aggression: The Role of Anger Management Strategies

ABSTRACT Identifying adaptive and maladaptive anger management strategies is an important component in violence prevention programs. However, little attention has been paid to examining their influence in minimizing physical, verbal, and romantic relational aggression. This study examined the association between anger, anger management strategies, and different forms of aggression, specifically general physical and verbal aggression toward others and romantic relational aggression. Participants (N = 237; 39.4% males), aged between 19 and 78 years (M = 33.74, SD = 12.92), were assessed using self-reports. Results indicated that elevated levels of anger were a risk factor for displaying physical, verbal, and romantic relational aggression but anger management strategies only had an impact on romantic relational aggression, not physical or verbal aggression. Prevention and intervention programs should first identify the form of aggression displayed and tailor the intervention based on the anger management strategies that are effective. For romantic relational aggression-specific anger management strategies (escalating and negative attribution) should be targeted.

Legally Mandated, Formally Pressured, or Voluntary Anger Treatment: Associations With Treatment Recommendations, Refusal, and Completion.

Legally mandated treatment is common in the criminal justice system, for example, for anger management, substance misuse, and intimate partner violence. Past studies have compared voluntary and legally mandated treatment participants but have not distinguished a third, in-between group that is formally pressured to participate in treatment, but not mandated by the criminal justice system. The current study aimed to assess differences on individual characteristics (e.g., sociodemographic and psychiatric) and baseline measures of psychopathology (e.g., anger, aggression, and depression) across three levels of voluntariness and to determine whether voluntariness was associated with treatment recommendation, refusal, and completion at an outpatient anger treatment clinic. Data were retrospectively gathered from the clinical charts of 405 participants. Referrals were classified as voluntary (e.g., self-referred, 61%), formally pressured (e.g., required by work, 14%), or legally mandated (e.g., court order, 25%). Legally mandated participants were younger, more likely to have substance use disorder, less likely to be women, to have a high school education, or to be on psychiatric medications compared to the other two groups. Voluntary participants scored higher on measures of self-reported anger, depression, and stress than the legally mandated participants. Legally mandated participants in particular presented with non-clinical levels of anger and aggression. Level of voluntariness did not affect the decision to recommend individual or group therapy after an intake assessment, but legally mandated participants were significantly more likely (OR = 2.30) than voluntary participants to refuse recommended treatment. Level of voluntariness did not have a significant association with treatment completion. Findings support our distinction between legally mandated and formally pressured participants, but do not support previous research that suggests legally mandated individuals have lower attrition rates in similar treatment programs. The study has implications for the criminal justice system and for anger treatment programs who admit participants with varying levels of voluntariness.

Maternal support and caregiver-child symptom concordance among sexually abused children.

Caregivers and children often diverge in their reports of children's trauma-related symptoms, and this discordance has been linked with children's behavioral difficulties and poorer treatment outcomes. Knowledge regarding what factors may be related to discordance is limited, and maternal support in relation to trauma-related symptom agreement has yet to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between discordance and both maternal emotional support and blame/doubt in caregivers' and children's reports of trauma-related symptoms in sexually abused children. Participants were treatment-seeking, sexually abused children (N=122) aged 8-12 years (M=9.45 years, SD=1.09; 70.5% female, 57.4% White) and their nonoffending caregivers. Low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated the presence of significant discordance across symptom types, with caregivers reporting higher levels of trauma-related difficulties, ICCs=-.21-.22. Older children were more likely to disclose higher levels of anger and sexual concerns than younger children, βs=.18-.33. Children's gender, race, and relationship to their caregiver were not related to symptom discordance. Further, maternal emotional support and blame/doubt were not associated with caregiver-child concordance for any examined difficulties. Assessment of both caregivers' and children's perceptions of trauma-related symptoms is vital given the likelihood of discordance in child and caregiver reports of symptom levels. Although maternal emotional support and blame/doubt may not be linked to concordance with regard to trauma-related difficulties, child age should further be considered as a potentially important factor in understanding caregiver-child symptom concordance.

Determining How Nutritional Status is related to Anger Level and Anxiety Status in Persons

Abstract Background Nutriments affect psychology and psychological state affects nutritional status of people. The present study is, therefore, intended to find out how nutritional status is related to levels of anger and anxiety in people receiving nutritional consultation. Methods This descriptive-type cross-sectional study includes a universe of 180 individuals aged over 18 who received nutrition counseling between August-December 2018. The approval of the ethics committee and of the relevant institution was obtained in order to conduct the study. The questionnaire form used to retrieve the data herein consists of socio-demographic characteristics, Trait Anger and Anger Expression Style Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, food consumption frequency, and food consumption record. Chi-Square test, Student t-test, and One-way ANOVA test were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set as p &amp;lt; 0.05. Results In the study group, those who consumed milk once a month had a subscale score of trait anger (22.83±3.13) that was significantly higher than that of those consumed it 3-5 times a week (18.74±3.93)(p = 0.025). Those who consumed fast food 1-2 times a week and 3-5 times a week had an anger expression score of 16.17±2.81 and 16.43±3.69, respectively; which were significantly higher than that of those consumed fast food once a month(14.07±2.42) and once every 15 days(14.12±3.05) (p = 0.028). The anger control subscale score of those who consume red meat daily is significantly lower than those who consume red meat 1-2 times a week and 3-5 times a week(p = 0.048). The body mass index and anxiety level did not have a significant difference (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions In the study group, it was found that the trait anger score was low in the groups with less consumption of milk, the anger expression score was higher in the groups with increased fast food consumption, and the anger management score was lower in the group with more frequent red meat consumption. Key messages People who consume fast food more frequently have increased anger expression. The level of trait anger increases as the milk consumption diminishes.

What factors explain anger and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? The case of Israeli society.

BACKGROUNDWhat factors affected the levels of anger and emotional distress experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? We hypothesized that (1) sociodemographic factors and resiliency factors would partially explain psychological distress and anger, with stronger resiliency associated with lower levels of distress and anger; (2) women would report more trust in national leadership, as well as more psychological problems; (3) individuals of low socioeconomic status would report less resiliency, less trust in national leadership, and greater distress than individuals of higher socioeconomic status; and (4) hope would mediate the relationships between the other resiliency factors and both anger and distress.AIMTo explore whether community resilience, hope, and trust in leaders were associated with lower levels of anger and emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODSFor this observational study, data were gathered in Israel during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, just before the Jewish New Year (mid-September 2020), as a second lockdown was announced. Data were gathered from 636 Israeli adults, who were recruited by the Midgam research panel. The participants filled out self-reported questionnaires including one on state anger, the Brief Symptom Inventory as a measure of mental-health problems (i.e., somatization, depression, and anxiety), and questionnaires about trust in the state’s leaders, community resilience (CCRAM), and hope as measures of coping resources and resiliency. t-tests were used to explore differences between men and women and between those of lower and higher socioeconomic status. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then used to examine whether and how the sociodemographic and resiliency variables explained state anger and psychological distress. A Sobel test was used to evaluate the possible effects of hope on community resilience and trust in leadership in the context of both distress and anger.RESULTSOur results revealed differences between women and men in terms of anger and mental-health problems, but not in terms of coping resources. Women reported higher levels of both anger and mental-health problems. Participants of lower socioeconomic status reported more mental-health problems, more anger, and greater trust in the state’s leaders; whereas those of higher socioeconomic status reported greater hope. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the sociodemographic factors of gender, age, and socioeconomic status, as well as community resilience, trust in the state’s leaders, and hope explained mental health with a total of 19% of the variance and anger with a total of 33% of the variance. The Sobel tests showed that hope mediated the relationships between community resilience and mental health (z = 3.46, P < 0.001), community resilience and anger (z = 2.90, P < 0.01), and trust in leaders and anger (z = 3.26, P < 0.01), but did not affect the relationship between trust in leaders and mental health (z = 1.53, P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONPersonal and communal factors affect psychological distress. Personal resilience is an important factor that should be strengthened throughout life. Trust in leadership is important for citizens’ mental health.

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&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Low acceptance of evolution remains an obstacle to quality biology instruction. We develop and utilize a novel assessment which measures emotional experience in light of real-world evolution education scenarios. We presented 296 science teachers 4 pro-evolution and 8 anti-evolution scenarios and asked them to rate their levels of joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, shame, and guilt elicited by that scenario on an ordinal 5-point scale. We used exploratory factor analysis to extract the most important dimensions in the teachers’ responses, Rasch analysis to explore the validity of the extracted subscales, and stepwise regression to find the most important factors driving emotional dispositions. We extracted 3 factors: (1) pro-evolution experience (positive emotions on pro-evolution and negative emotions on anti-evolution scenarios), (2) anti-evolution experience (negative emotions on pro-evolution and positive emotions on anti-evolution scenarios), and (2) feelings of regret over anti-evolution scenarios (shame and guilt on anti-evolution scenarios). Acceptance of evolution facts and a non-theistic religious orientation were positively related to pro-evolution experience. Anti-evolution experience was predicted by lack of microevolution acceptance and lack of teacher preparation. Feelings of regret around anti-evolution scenarios were driven by acceptance of evolution facts and lower levels of teacher preparation. This work advances our understanding of how teachers relate affectively to the theory of evolution and offers empirical insight into ways to improve dispositions about evolution.&lt;/p&gt;

Sex Differences in Inmates: Anger, Sensitivity to Provocation and Family History of Imprisonment.

Little research has explored the role of aggression, anger, and family history of incarceration as they relate to female offenders. The current study aimed to address this gap in the literature by investigating these possible risk factors for incarceration among both men and women. The survey involved 123 (61 female and 62 male) prisoners convicted for violent crimes and a comparison group of 118 (60 female and 58 male) adults from the community. We found that women (convicted and non-convicted) were more sensitive to provocation than men, while community adults showed higher levels of trait anger than prisoners. Detainees were more likely than community adults to have a relative in prison. Although male and female inmates were equally likely to have a relative in prison, they differed in their relation to the imprisoned relative. Male and female prisoners showed increased risk for incarceration of same sex, first degree relatives (father and brothers for men, and mothers for women). These results may contribute to improved understanding of incarcerated populations. As such, this represents a critical first step in creating recovery programs that are more gender appropriate.

Sacrificing heroes or suffering victims? Investigating third parties' reactions to divergent social accounts of essential employees in the COVID-19 pandemic.

As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on globally, essential employees are widely recognized as heroes working on the frontlines confronting the virus and serving others. At the same time, stories abound whereby these essential employees are not provided adequate support and protection on their jobs. Nevertheless, they have been portrayed predominantly as heroes rather than as victims, which may inadvertently lead third parties (e.g., the general public) to overlook their suffering. The current research sought to understand the implications of these divergent social accounts of essential employees for third parties. We investigated the effects of third parties being provided with (Study 1) and endorsing (Study 2 and Study 3) heroism and victimization accounts on their cognitions, emotions, and behaviors toward essential employees. Unlike victimization which was associated with higher levels of third parties' injustice perceptions, anger and sympathy toward essential employees' situation, and their intent to take political action to support essential workers, we found that heroism was only significantly related to higher levels of sympathy and had limited effects on other outcomes. Further, victimization was a more important predictor of injustice and anger than heroism. Overall, the sharp contrast between the two accounts points to the caveats of overemphasizing heroism accounts in the COVID-19 pandemic as they may divert third parties' attention away from essential employees' suffering. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Teknik kursi kosong: Terapi Gestalt untuk mengurangi perasaan marah remaja kepada ayah

Individu has problems in life. Inability of the individual to express their feelings can be unfinished business problems. In this case subject have an anger on the father that cause a bad interaction with him and juvenile delinquency. Assessment methods were observation, interview, Clinical Anger Scale, Draw a Person, Baum, House Tree Person and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. It can be said that the subject can not express the feeling to the father, so it becomes an unfinished business. The intervention used in this case was Gestalt Therapy with Empty Chair technique. This therapy was able to facilitate the subject in revealing unfinished business related problem with the father. The results of the intervention showed that the level of anger of the subject decreases.

Depression, Anxiety and Anger Levels in Spouses of Hemodialysis Patients

Aim: Different and changing roles in the lives of the spouses of hemodialysis patients could be perceived as a major stress factor due to their partners' diseases with their emotional burden and certain responsibilities related to the disease. Along with these stressors, people could manifest certain symptoms of depression and anxiety and have difficulty adapting to changing living conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the depression, anxiety and anger levels in spouses of hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 50 spouses whose partners were currently receiving hemodialysis and 50 healthy controls in Istanbul in Turkey. Both groups were matched based on their gender and ages. Participants in the study were asked to complete the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Spielberger Trait Anger and Anger Expression Inventory for collecting data. Results: The findings indicated that the treatment process of hemodialysis patients and the disease itself had negative outcomes on the mental health of their spouses. Anxiety, depression, and anger scores were found to be significantly higher among hemodialysis patients' spouses as compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: As a result of these findings, possible psychosocial needs of patients undergoing hemodialysis and their spouses should be evaluated together and psychological support and interventions should be provided for improvement of their stress-coping skills.

Effect of warm/cool white lights on visual perception and mood in warm/cool color environments.

Color and light are two ambient attributes for interior spaces that can be used in the design and modification of workspaces. The visual and psychological effects of color and light of each have been studied separately and widely. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of warm/cool white light on visual perception and mood in a simulated colored workspace. Thirty-three healthy male participants were recruited. They were asked to judge the visual perception and mood of three types of workspace that were designed by colors of white, red, blue, and lights of a cool and warm white in the random six sessions. The participants have experienced higher levels of tension, anger, depression, anxiety and lower levels of visual comfort, attractiveness, brightness and calmness of environment in the red condition than to white in both state of light. The blue wall reduced brightness and increased attractiveness of environment compared to white wall. Cool white light reduced the warmth of color and increased brightness in all three color environments compared to warm light. The preference for cool or warm light depends on the color of the environment's indoor surface. It seems that the combination of the white color and warm light or the blue color with cool light has a more favorable effect on visual perception and people's mood in workplaces.

Manejo de emociones en deportistas de fútbol amateur: un estudio de caso

This research aimed to review trait anger-anger expression styles of footballers who play in amateur football clubs in Pendik district of Istanbul Province by certain variables. Entirely 100 male footballers who play in 7 different amateur football clubs participated in this research. Trait Anger-Anger Expression Style Scale that was developed by Spielberger et all., (1983) and demographic information form were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistical methods, Pearson Correlation and ANOVA test were used to evaluate the data. According to analyzed results, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0,05) among trait anger, anger-in anger-out, anger management and total anger scores based on footballers’ educational background, age ranges, sporting years and the clubs. On the other hand, there was a positive significant relationship between trait anger and anger-in, between trait anger and anger-out. A negative significant relationship was found between anger management and trait anger. Moreover, a negative significant relationship between anger-out and anger management. In conclusion, it can be said that as the anger level increases, anger-in and anger-out level of footballers’ increase; however, anger management decreases at the same time. As the anger-out increases, anger management of footballers decreases.

Effects of testosterone administration on fMRI responses to executive function, aggressive behavior, and emotion processing tasks during severe exercise- and diet-induced energy deficit

BackgroundClinical administration of testosterone is widely used due to a variety of claimed physical and cognitive benefits. Testosterone administration is associated with enhanced brain and cognitive function, as well as mood, in energy-balanced males, although such relationships are controversial. However, the effects of testosterone administration on the brains of energy-deficient males, whose testosterone concentrations are likely to be well below normal, have not been investigated. MethodsThis study collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 50 non-obese young men before (PRE) and shortly after (POST) 28 days of severe exercise-and-diet-induced energy deficit during which testosterone (200 mg testosterone enanthate per week in sesame oil, TEST) or placebo (sesame seed oil only, PLA) were administered. Scans were also collected after a post-energy-deficit weight regain period (REC). Participants completed five fMRI tasks that assessed aspects of: 1) executive function (Attention Network Task or ANT; Multi-Source Interference Task or MSIT; AXE Continuous Processing Task or AXCPT); 2) aggressive behavior (Provoked Aggression Task or AGG); and 3) latent emotion processing (Emotional Face Processing or EMO). ResultsChanges over time in task-related fMRI activation in a priori defined task-critical brain regions during performance of 2 out of 5 tasks were significantly different between TEST and PLA, with TEST showing greater levels of activation during ANT in the right anterior cingulate gyrus at POST and during MSIT in several brain regions at REC. Changes over time in objective task performance were not statistically significant; testosterone-treated volunteers had greater self-reported anger during AGG at POST. ConclusionsTestosterone administration can alter some aspects of brain function during severe energy deficit and increase levels of anger.

Efektivitas intervensi teen anger management and education dalam mengatasi masalah kemarahan dan agresivitas pada remaja perempuan

Anger management based on the cognitive-behavioral approach is considered an effective intervention to treat anger and aggressivity in adolescence. This study investigates the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral intervention on anger in female middle-high school students in Depok. Eight female adolescents (age 12-14) were recruited to participate in this intervention using the purposive sampling method. Anger level was measured during the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases using a self-report questionnaire and a program evaluation sheet. Wilcoxon-Sign Rank test showed no significant difference in the participants’ anger level between the three measurement phases. However, according to the program evaluation, the result shows that the participants applied new strategiesto deal with their anger and aggressive behavior. Statistically, the cognitive-behavioral intervention was not effective for treating anger in female adolescents. However, participants were reported to use more adaptive strategies in managing their anger. This intervention could be applied for overcoming aggression and anger in female adolescents in the future.

The impact of clinical and psychological characteristics on alexithymia in type 1 diabetes

Background: Alexithymia is a psychological construct characterized by inability to express emotions, poor imagination and operational thinking. It is well known its association with several chronic disease such as Diabetes type 2, little is known about diabetes type 1. We examined the association of alexithymia with clinical and psychological outcomes in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The study was conducted in a single diabetes center. The patients fully completed a protocol composed of the following instruments: the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-Y), and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). TAS-20 scores were subdivided into tertiles, Correlations and two linear regression analyses, adjusted for only clinical and clinical plus psychological characteristics, were performed. Overall, 75 patients were enrolled (mean age 41.0±11.4 years, diabetes duration 19.9±11.9 years, 49.3% males, 30.7% treated with CSII). Results: People with diabetes of the upper TAS-20 tertile had the greatest rate of depression (with the highest degree of severity) and the higher levels of anger and anxiety. There was a significant correlation between TAS-20 scores with BMI (r=0.26; p=0.03), HAMD (r=0.38; p=0.001), STAXI-2 (r=0.34; p=0.003) and STAI-Y (r=0.48; p<0.0001). Further regression analysis showed TAS-20 scores were associated with BMI (beta=0.29; p=0.02). The association with BMI was confirmed (beta=0.28; p=0.007) when psychological variables are considered; furthermore, a strong association with STAI-2 (beta=0.48; p<0.0001) was detected, while the analysis did reveal any significant correlation between alexithymia and HbA1c levels. Conclusions: Alexithymia is strongly associated both with clinical and psychological characteristics, notably with BMI and anxiety traits. People with diabetes type 1 should be assessed for alexithymia. Future studies on the current topic are therefore required in order to elucidate the role of alexithymia in diabetes type 1. We believe that patients with diabetes and alexithymia could take advantage of psychological counseling.

Effects of the Anger Management Program for Nurses

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an anger management program on anger, job stress, psychological well-being, and heart rate variability in clinical nurses. A quasi-experimental study was conducted using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design with repeated measures. The participants included 43 nurses assigned to the experimental and control groups. Anger, job stress, psychological well-being, and heart rate variability were evaluated before the intervention, immediately after the completion of the intervention, and four weeks after the end of the intervention. Chi-square test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, and GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations) were used to analyze the data. There were significant differences in the level of anger, state anger, job stress, and psychological well-being between the two groups. The rate of change in the total power (TP) and the high-frequency band (HF) of the experimental group increased immediately after the intervention completion, but that of the control group decreased at the same time. The above results demonstrate that an anger management program for nurses effectively attenuated anger and job stress, improved psychological well-being, and regulated heart rate variability.