Levels Of Allicin Research Articles

The Relationship of Adding Allicin Powder to Diet on Concentration of Glutathione Enzyme and Histological of Thymus Gland of Broiler

This study was conducted at the field of poultry - Abu Gharib/department of Animal Production/college ofagricultural engineering Sciences - university of Baghdad, during the period from 12/10/2019 to 24/11/2019duration (42 days), to demonstrate the effect of adding different levels of Allicin to broiler diet on Glutathionelevel in blood and histological of thymus gland, total of 225 Ross 308 chicks was used. Birds were randomlydistributed into five treatment groups which were : First treatment T1: without additives to diet (control),other treatments T2, T3, T4, T5 was added Allicin at a rate of (800,600,400,200 mg/Kg diet) respectively,and Allicin was added from first day until the end of the experiment for all addition treatments, results of thisexperiment showed: High significant (P<0.01) in all additive treatments compared to control for glutathioneenzyme in plasma at 21, 42 days for broiler age. With respect to the histological examination of thymusgland showed that adrenocortical hyper function and degeneration and depletion in lymphoid tissue in T2,T3 and T5 treatments compared to control treatment, while cortex and Pulp with a lymphatic interstitial inthe stage of degeneration for T4 and control treatments.

Dietary Allicin Improved the Survival and Growth of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) Larvae via Promoting Intestinal Development, Alleviating Inflammation and Enhancing Appetite.

A 30-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate effects of dietary allicin on survival, growth, antioxidant capacity, innate immunity and expression of inflammatory and appetite related genes in large yellow croaker larvae. Four iso-nitrogenous (53% crude protein) and iso-lipidic (19% crude lipid) diets were formulated via supplementing graded levels of allicin (0.0 (the control), 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02% dry diet, respectively). Results showed that, among dietary treatments, larvae fed the diet with 0.005% allicin had the highest survival rate (SR) (P < 0.05), while larvae fed the diet with 0.01% allicin had the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (P < 0.05). Activities of α-amylase in both pancreatic (PS) and intestine segments (IS) of larvae fed the diet with 0.01% allicin were significantly lower than that in the control (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the supplementation of 0.01% allicin in diets significantly increased activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) of larvae than the control (P < 0.05), indicating the promoting roles of allicin on fish larval intestinal development. Moreover, compared to the control, both the nitric oxide (NO) content and the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were significantly up-regulated in larvae fed the diet with 0.005% allicin, and catalase (CAT) were significantly upregulated in larvae fed the diet with 0.02% allicin (P < 0.05). Transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory genes including cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), interleukin-1β (il-1β) and interleukin-6 (il-6) significantly decreased with increasing allicin, compared to the control. The expression of appetite genes including npy, ghrelin and leptin significantly increased with the prolonged fasting period, and dietary allicin supplementation significantly increased the transcriptional level of neuropeptide Y (npy) at 0.01%, while increased the transcriptional level of leptin in larvae at 0.02% dosages (P < 0.05). These results showed that the supplementation of 0.005% – 0.01% allicin in diets could improve the survival and growth of large yellow croaker larvae probably by promoting intestinal development, alleviating inflammation and enhancing appetite.

Allicin causes fragmentation of the peptidoglycan coat in Staphylococcus aureus by effecting synthesis and aiding hydrolysis: a determination by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on whole cells.

To determine the effect of allicin on Staphylococcus aureus cell wall peptidoglycans by the application of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on whole cells and to relate this to current knowledge of wall-processing enzymes. Two different S. aureus strains were grown for 48 h after which period each culture was split into two, one part was then treated with sub-inhibitory levels of allicin while the other part left untreated as a control. After a further 24 h whole cells were recovered and analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Changes in the mass spectra between the treated and untreated cells revealed fragmented peptidoglycans identified by mass calculation only in the treated cells. These peptidoglycan fragments where identified as the products of specific peptidoglycan hydrolases. Allicin is known to target cysteine thiol groups. These are absent in peptidoglycan hydrolases and we might have expected identical results in both of the treated and untreated cells. Peptidoglycan synthesis enzymes such as the Fem family of enzymes do contain cysteines. Fem enzymes A, B and X all have a conserved conformation of 99 % for over 100 S. aureus strains and are therefore potential targets for allicin. Examination of FemA structure showed that cysteine102 is accessible from the surface. We propose that allicin has an inhibitory mechanism alongside others of targeting FemA and possibly other Fem enzymes by curtailing glycine bridging and leading to fragmentation. This study provided an insight into yet another antimicrobial mechanism of allicin.

Effects of Allicin and Lycopene on Performance, Carcass, Hematological Profile and Antioxidant Status of Growing Rabbits Through Summer Season

Forty-five growing V-line rabbits of both sexes, 5 weeks old, were used for the study through summer season from July to September. The rabbits were randomly allocated to five treatments groups of 9 rabbits each. Each treatment was further sub-divided into 3 replicate of 3 rabbits. Group one fed control diet free of feed additives and served as a control. Group 2 and 3 supplemented with 100 and 200 mg allicin / kg diet. Group 4 and 5 supplemented with 100 and 200 mg lycopene / kg diet, respectively. Results showed that the groups fed allicin 200 mg/kg and lycopene100 mg/kg in their diets recorded the best (P ≤ 0.05) significant average daily weight gain as compared with the control group. The other experimental groups were numerically best in comparison with the control group. Significant improvement in feed conversion ratio was recorded in all experimental groups in comparison with control. Carcass traits and hematological parameters were insignificantly affected by different treatments. All feed additives used in the present study significantly increased antibody titters against SRBCs compared with control group at 7, 14 and 21 days after vaccination. Serum total lipids was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased due to addition of different feed additives, except with 200 mg allicin in the diet serum total lipids was equal to the control group. Blood serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced by feeding diets containing different levels of allicin or lycopene in comparison with the control group. The results showed that low density lipoprotein was numerically decreased, however, high density lipoprotein and HDL/LDL ratio were numerically increased due to inclusion different feed additives in the diets. Exposing growing rabbits to high temperature conditions during summer season resulted in elevated (P ≤ 0.05) serum MDA, while serum total antioxidant capacity was decreased as presented in the control group, however, supplementation of allicin and lycopene appeared to antagonize the effect of high temperature. In conclusion, rabbit dietary supplementation with allicin or lycopene could have beneficial effects on performance under summer environment without any side effects.

The Response of Broiler Chickens to Dietary Inclusion of Allicin: Effects on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits

A fifty-six (56) day feeding trial was conducted to assess the response of broiler chickens to dietary supplementation of allicin. Three hundred (300) unsexed Cobb-500 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five experimental treatment groups, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications of 20 birds in each treatment. A basal diet was formulated for starter (0-21 days) and grower (22-56 days) periods. The five treatments were represented by T0 (the control, without any antibiotics or allicin), T1 (supplemented with antibiotics), whereas T2, T3 and T4, were supplemented with varying levels of allicin (25 % garlic oil) 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g/kg in the diet respectively. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Results of this study showed that the lowest inclusion level of allicin (0.10 g/kg) was better (p 0.05) different from the other treatment groups. Carcass parameters measured were poor (p>0.05) with the exception of live weight and liver weight which were statistically (p<0.05) significant. The significant (p<0.05) difference in the liver weight was recorded in the lowest level of inclusion of allicin (0.10 g/kg) whilst that of the live weight was observed between the control (T0) and T2 (at 0.10 g/kg inclusion level of allicin). Allicin supplementation at 0.10 g/kg had relative higher (p<0.05) carcass yield. In conclusion, the supplementation of allicin in the diets of broiler chickens may improve growth performance and carcass yield.

Effects of Dietary Allicin on Health and Blood Profile of Broiler Chickens

A fifty-six (56) day feeding trial was conducted to assess the health and blood profile of broiler chickens supplemented with dietary allicin. Three hundred (300) unsexed Cobb-500 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five experimental treatment groups, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications of 20 birds in each treatment. A basal diet was formulated for starter (0-21 days) and grower (22-56 days) periods. The five treatments were represented by T0 (the control, without any antibiotics or allicin), T1 (supplemented with antibiotics), whereas T2, T3 and T4, were supplemented with varying levels of allicin (25 % garlic oil) 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g/kg in the diet respectively. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Results of this study indicated that the incidence of diarrhoea was significantly (p<0.05) reduced on the sixth week. Significant (p<0.05) difference were observed in globulin and HDL levels among the parameters measured for blood biochemistry. In addition, there were significant (p<0.05) differences in all haematological indices except for MCH and MCV. In conclusion, the supplementation of allicin in the diets of broiler chickens may decrease the incidence of diarrhoea (by improving gut balance) and more so, can improve some of the components of blood profile (globulin, RBC, HDL and MCHC) of broiler chicken and possibly improve the health status of the chicken.

Some Biochemical and Immunological Changes Associated with Use of Garlic Extract (Allicin) in Combating Some Fish Pathogens

We studied the effects of garlic (allicin) which used as immunostimulant on some physiological, biochemical parameters, survival rate, histopathological studies and bacteriological characteristics of sea bream. Fish (50 ± 5 g/fish) were assigned to 3 treatments, with three replicates each. Treatment groups had a different level of allicin (Garlen®), (1 and 2 gm. /kg feed) added to their diets; the control group diet was free from garlic. Diets also contained 25% crude protein (CP) and were administered at a rate of 3% live body weight twice daily for 8 weeks. At the end of 7th week ten fish from each treatment group and from the control were artificially infected by intra peritoneal injection with 0.2 ml of culture suspension of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus previously adjusted to 104.Results showed that the differential leucocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, serum lysozomal and bactericidal activity increased significantly with increasing levels of allicin. Plasma Cortisol level decreased significantly with increasing levels of allicin. Total protein and globulin were also increased significantly in the treated groups than the control group. All bacterial counts decreased significantly in treated groups than the control in all weeks. Treated groups had lower mortality rate than the control group during the challenge test. Histopathological studies of control group revealed congestion in blood vessel of gills, liver, spleen and kidney with, hyperplasia of epithelial cells between secondary lamellae led to fusion, edema and lifting of the lamellar epithelium of secondary lamellae in gills, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, with infiltration by monocytes in liver, dilation of blood vessel, severe depletion of white bulb ,edema, and hyperactivation of melanomacrophage center in spleen ,necrosis of renal tubules epithelium, and inter renal haemopoietic tissues with atrophied glomerular tuft and widening of bowman capsules in kidney. Moderate to minimal histopathological changes appeared in all organs in groups received (Garlen®) according to its dose.

Compostos funcionais presentes em bulbilhos de alhos armazenados sob refrigeração, provenientes de cultivos no Brasil e na China

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o teor de compostos funcionais presentes em bulbilhos de alho das cultivares 'Caçador' e 'Peruano', originárias do Brasil, e da cultivar 'Jinxiang', proveniente da China, durante o armazenamento pós-colheita até sessenta dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (três cultivares de alho x 5 períodos de armazenagem), com três repetições, sendo a unidade experimental composta por 10 bulbos de alho. Os bulbos foram armazenados à temperatura de 22±1°C e umidade relativa de 70±2% e analisados quinzenalmente para teores de alicina, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante pelo sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléio. De maneira geral, verificou-se que as propriedades funcionais das cultivares de alho estudadas foram alteradas durante o armazenamento. O perfil dos teores de alicina não foi alterado no período de armazenamento para a cultivar 'Caçador'. Entretanto, o perfil foi de degradação do bioativo aos 45 e 15 dias de armazenamento para as cultivares 'Peruano' e 'Jinxiang', respectivamente. O potencial antioxidante, medido pelo sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico para as cultivares 'Caçador' e 'Jinxiang', foi superior em relação à cultivar 'Peruano', no início da avaliação. O perfil para todas as cultivares foi de redução do potencial, sendo que, a partir dos 30 dias de avaliação, deixou-se de observar essas diferenças. Quanto ao conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, observaram-se maiores teores para a cultivar 'Jinxiang' em relação às cultivares 'Caçador' e 'Peruano' no início da avaliação. Todas as cultivares apresentaram aumento significativo a partir dos 15 dias de avaliação. Portanto, as cultivares de alho avaliadas possuem atividade antioxidante, proveniente dos compostos organossulfurados e compostos fenólicos, a qual foi alterada com o armazenamento refrigerado.

Conjugates of daidzein-alliinase as a targeted pro-drug enzyme system against ovarian carcinoma

Human ovarian cancer cells specifically bind the isoflavone daidzein. A chemical conjugate between daidzein and the garlic enzyme alliinase was prepared. The conjugate specifically bound to ovarian cancer cells and upon addition of the prodrug alliin, it effectively produced cytotoxic allicin molecules which killed the cancer cells. In vivo targeting and antitumor effect was confirmed by NIR and bioluminescence imaging using daidzein-alliinase-CyTE-777 conjugates and luciferase-expressing ovarian cancer cells. Co-localization of the fluorescent conjugate with bioluminescence was observed for intraperitoneal tumors while nonconjugated alliinase did not accumulate. Biodistribution studies with Europium-labeled conjugate revealed a five fold higher uptake in tumors as compared to other tissues. Treatment of tumor bearing mice with daidzein-alliinase and alliin effectively attenuated tumor progression during the first 12 days while a 5-fold increase in bioluminescence was detected in placebo-treated animals. Autopsy revealed only small individual foci of luminescence at the site of tumor cells inoculation. Histological examination of organs and tissues did not reveal any additional foci of carcinoma or signs of toxicity. These results suggest that the targeted alliinase conjugates in the presence of alliin, generated therapeutically effective levels of allicin which were capable of suppressing tumor progression of intraperitoneal ovarian cancer in an animal model.

Garlic natural health products exhibit variable constituent levels and antimicrobial activity againstNeisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus andEnterococcus faecalis

The composition of 19 garlic natural health products (NHPs) and fresh garlic extracts were determined, as was their antibacterial activity. The 19 NHPs and 5 fresh garlic extract standards were analysed for their principal active constituents. They were also extracted for 5, 10 or 15 min in water to fresh garlic equivalents of 200 mg/mL. The extract's minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against three indicator microorganisms (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) were determined by the broth microdilution method. While 47% of the aqueous garlic NHP extracts exhibited activity against N. gonorrhoeae, only 16% of the aqueous extracts inhibited S. aureus or E. faecalis at all three timepoints. Generally, products with high antimicrobial activity contained higher levels of garlic constituents with comparable activity to fresh garlic extracts, while products with marginal antibacterial activity often contained lower concentrations of constituents than their product labels indicated. Different extraction times affected antibacterial activity only against N. gonorrhoeae and tended to be correlated with levels of allicin. Thus, many extracts showed discrepancies in both composition, allicin:alliin ratio and antimicrobial activity, raising concerns as to standards of preparation and quality control for these products.

In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds.

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to have antiviral activity, but the compounds responsible have not been identified. Using direct pre-infection incubation assays, we determined the in vitro virucidal effects of fresh garlic extract, its polar fraction, and the following garlic associated compounds: diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin), allyl methyl thiosulfinate, methyl allyl thiosulfinate, ajoene, alliin, deoxyalliin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide. Activity was determined against selected viruses including, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human rhinovirus type 2. The order for virucidal activity generally was: ajoene > allicin > allyl methyl thiosulfinate > methyl allyl thiosulfinate. Ajoene was found in oil-macerates of garlic but not in fresh garlic extracts. No activity was found for the garlic polar fraction, alliin, deoxyalliin, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide. Fresh garlic extract, in which thiosulfinates appeared to be the active components, was virucidal to each virus tested. The predominant thiosulfinate in fresh garlic extract was allicin. Lack of reduction in yields of infectious virus indicated undetectable levels of intracellular antiviral activity for either allicin or fresh garlic extract. Furthermore, concentrations that were virucidal were also toxic to HeLa and Vero cells. Virucidal assay results were not influenced by cytotoxicity since the compounds were diluted below toxic levels prior to assaying for infectious virus. These results indicate that virucidal activity and cytotoxicity may have depended upon the viral envelope and cell membrane, respectively. However, activity against non-enveloped virus may have been due to inhibition of viral adsorption or penetration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)