River Level Research Articles

Endeavours of Scatterometer Satellite (SCATSAT-1) in earth exploration: An overview of products, applications and emerging trends

The SCATSAT-1 (Scatterometer Satellite) was launched by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) on September 26, 2016 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, India. With nearly five years of its journey, the Ku-band (13.5 GHz) based SCATSAT-1 made a profound impact on many scientific domains such as ocean-atmosphere dynamics, soil moisture and vegetation dynamics, climate change, hydrology and polar sea-ice and snowmelt studies. As a successor of the Oceansat-2 Scatterometer (OSCAT), the SCATSAT-1 supports the long-term analysis in climate studies, crop yield prediction, and forecasting analysis. In addition, the SCATSAT-1 provides the four different levels of data products at an enhanced resolution to improve the scope of the scatterometer in different applications. Recently the SCATSAT-1 has been explored in many emerging applications apart from oceanography e.g., crop growth, snow cover analysis, jute crop detection and river level estimation with advanced algorithms i.e., machine learning-based classification, information fusion, and super-resolution mapping. Therefore, it is desired to summarise all operational SCATSAT-1 products, applications, and their emerging trends at the global level in the various scientific domains. This paper has summarized the progress made by SCATSAT-1 in different scientific domains since its launch. A meta-analysis has also been conducted in this paper (using the SCOPUS database) to analyse the current research status of SCATSAT-1 in terms of study area targets. This study highlights the features, challenges, and future directions for the scatterometer improvements.

Surface and groundwater flow exchanges and lateral hydrological connectivity in environments of the Matusagaratí Wetland, Panama

The Matusagaratí wetland in the Panamanian Darien is one of the largest wetlands in Central America. These types of riverine wetlands, associated with large drainage basins, are complex hydrological environments where variations in water flows and exchanges condition the existence of different wetland habitats. The work aimed to establish the hydrological functioning of the Matusagaratí wetland in different sectors of the Balsas River, emphasizing the exchanges of surface and groundwater flows and the hydrological connectivity that exists between the different laterally linked wetland environments. For this purpose, a monitoring network for surface water and groundwater was established along transects intersecting various wetland environments in the middle and lower basin of the Balsas River. This network is complemented by measurement points for surface water located in streams and in the upper basin of the river. Data collected in sensors installed in boreholes were compared to river level and precipitation data. Continuous water level recording sensors were installed at the monitoring points, and samples were collected for the determination of major ions and stable isotopes. The results indicate that in the mangroves of the lower basin and in the cativo forests of the middle basin levee there is a strong exchange of water between the river and the shallow groundwater. This water exchange is strongly influenced by the tide which spreads from the estuary to the continent through the river. Meanwhile, in the middle basin, mixed forests and orey forests developed on the alluvial plain exhibit a hydrological functioning that depends primarily on precipitation inputs. This study provides data that could serve as a basis for the management of this large tropical wetland that, despite having protection initiatives, could be hydrologically impacted by unsustainable socio-economic practices.

A novel approach to identify priority areas for optimal nutrient management in mixed land-use watersheds through nutrient budget assessment

Excessive nutrient supply in agricultural regions has led to various environmental issues, thereby requiring concentrated management owing to its persistent upward trend. Nutrient budgets (NBs), a vital agricultural environmental indicator, are employed for nutrient management in agricultural areas, using data surveyed by administrative agencies. However, the spatial extent of nutrient data for nutrient budgeting is limited by administrative boundaries according to the surveying organization, posing challenges in interpreting spatial patterns at the watershed level. In this study, a novel approach was developed to identify priority nutrient management areas by applying hot spot spatial analysis to watershed-level NBs, considering hydrological characteristics. This method was applied to approximately 850 subwatersheds across the Republic of Korea, where land cover characteristics are complex. Reassessing nutrient budgets at the watershed scale, accounting for overlapping administrative boundary areas and crop cultivation ratios, indicated similar levels between the two methods. Hot spot analysis revealed that watersheds with elevated NBs mirrored the spatial patterns of livestock excreta and cropland. The spatial distribution characteristics of watersheds with high nutrient levels in rivers corresponded with the concentration characteristics of industrial and commercial areas. Therefore, applying watershed-level NBs based on land cover ratios that consider nutrient input characteristics in agricultural regions is deemed appropriate for selecting priority nutrient management areas. Collectively, this study presents a method for selecting nutrient management priority areas by simultaneously considering the spatial characteristics of various environmental factors, such as land cover, livestock excreta, river water quality, and land area-based watershed-specific NBs. The proposed approach, considering mixed land cover characteristics, is anticipated to be valuable for selecting priority management areas in watersheds with diverse pollution sources. Future research is needed to explore nutrient budgets within watersheds, the influence of land use on pollution sources, and their correlation with water quality.

Modeling of some hydrodynamics characteristics of Orashi River in the Southern Region of Nigeria

The dynamic nature of rivers and its effect on the inhabitants and its surroundings is of fundamental concern to Hydro Scientists, Coastal Engineers, and Surveyors. These changes have remained unpredicted and hence the focus of this study. The aim of this study is to develop a geo-model of the dynamics of Orashi River in Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State. The objectives are to determine the river dynamics parameters, to develop a functional multiple regression model of Orashi River dynamics and to determine the percentage contributions of each of the independent variables. This study was carried out using classical survey methods such as river current measurement, river cross-sectional area determination, river water discharge rate determination, bathymetric operation, runoff water computation, water gauge reading and conventional ground surveying. A multiple regression analysis was carried out using data obtained in 2013, 2015 and 2017 used as the independent variables while the river level changes is used as the dependent variable. The result of this study show changes in the river current and river discharge. The data analysis show the contribution of the independent variable to the dynamics of Orashi River for 2013 to be 24.83%, 30.63%, 20.24%, 0.33% and 24.97% for river current, runoff peak discharge, rainfall intensity, temperature and humidity respectively. The analysis was also carried out in 2015 & 2017and different results were obtained. A functional model of the dynamics of the changes in Orashi River was developed for 2013, 2015 and 2017 which can be used in monitoring the changes in Orashi River.

Pre- and post-failure behaviour of a dike after rapid drawdown of river level based on material point method

The rapid drawdown of river level is very detrimental to the stability of dikes. In this paper, the entire slope failure process of a real dike with sandy soil interlayer after rapid river drawdown is accurately reproduced using the material point method (MPM). The analysis of pre-failure behaviour, in combination with field test results, reveals the triggering mechanism of such dike slope failure, demonstrating that the presence of sandy soil interlayer is the leading cause of dike instability. By tracking the response of the dike slope from failure initiation to runout termination, the failure mode of the dike slope with sandy soil interlayer is identified as a progressive and retrogressive failure mode, with shallow and deep-seated slip surfaces appearing successively. Parametric studies indicate the friction angle, cohesion, dilatancy, and permeability of the sandy soil play significant roles in dike slope stability. A relationship between the permeability of sandy soil and the maximum sliding displacement is also found. In the face of rapid river drawdown, river-facing slope surface protection is the most effective protection measure for such dike slopes with sandy soil interlayer, while traditional riprap protection at the slope toe has a limited protecting effect.

Assessment of Waterbird Habitat Importance and Identification of Conservation Gaps in Anhui Province.

Wetlands are among the most important habitats of highly wetland-dependent waterbirds but are subject to ongoing habitat loss and degradation owing to intensified anthropogenic activities. The scarcity of human and natural resources makes effective habitat protection an important concern. Here, we aimed to investigate waterbird habitat protection methods for Anhui Province, China, a critical stopover and wintering area on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway that features rich wetland resources subject to significant habitat loss and degradation. We evaluated the status and importance of 306 wintering waterbird habitats and identified the key environmental influences and current protection gaps using the entropy weights method and generalized additive modeling. We found 73 important habitats for waterbirds in Anhui Province, which were classified into levels of importance (descending from I to V) according to the natural discontinuity method. Level I and Level II habitats were mainly located in the Yangtze River floodplain and Level IV habitats in the Huaihe River floodplain. The gap analysis showed that 42 important waterbird habitats had protection gaps, accounting for 57.53% of the total area. Waterbird habitat importance was significantly correlated with elevation, normalized vegetation index, lake area, and lake circumference but not with distance from roads or population density. The results of this study provide scientific information for waterbird habitat conservation planning, which is crucial for maintaining wetland ecosystem functions.

Batch electrocoagulation system for the treatment of Borneo urban river in relation to the industrial zone

Urbanization activities on Borneo Island have degraded the water quality of some urban rivers due to increased anthropogenic activities which leading to elevated levels of total organic carbon (TOC) and reduced access to clean water sources. As such, this study aims to develop a batch electrocoagulation treatment system to reduce the TOC levels in Borneo urban river for domestic consumption. Correspondingly, this study analyses the effect of electric current and residence time on TOC reduction efficiency. Subsequent, this study has found that the TOC levels in treated urban river water met domestic consumption safety standard by utilizing a batch electrocoagulation treatment system at 5 A of electric current and 25 minutes of residence time. The treatment system achieves 82.83% of maximum TOC reduction efficiency by decreasing the initial TOC levels from 5.65 mg/L to 0.97 mg/L. The energy operating cost analysis done in this study has reported that electrocoagulation treatment system could generate 116.51 g Al(OH)3 per meter cubic of urban river water at a cost of United States Dollars (USD) 0.32 per m3. Additionally, the reduction of TOC levels in urban river by using in-situ aluminium hydroxide coagulants follows Freundlich isotherm model with a regression coefficient of 0.99, thus, exhibiting a multilayer adsorption. The aluminium hydroxide coagulants could reduce TOC from urban river at 1.40 min−1 of adsorption rate and 0.20 mg/g of maximum adsorption capacity. From the energy dispersive X-ray analysis conducted, this study has observed the presence of electrocoagulation flocs that are constituted with aluminium hydroxide coagulants and carbon element which indicated the occurrence of adsorption process. Overall, this study demonstrates that the batch electrocoagulation treatment system could be utilized to reduce the TOC level from Borneo urban river with an adsorption process which is deemed suitable for domestic consumption at a reasonable cost.

Emigration of post-spawned twaite shad Alosa fallax, an anadromous and iteroparous fish, in a highly fragmented river.

Anthropogenic barriers are widely known to negatively impact the spawning migrations of anadromous fishes, by delaying or preventing passage upstream. Although the impacts of barriers on emigrating post-spawned adults are less well studied, they could potentially impact the fitness and subsequent return rates of iteroparous species. In this study, passive acoustic telemetry was used to track the emigrations of 53 twaite shad Alosa fallax in the River Severn basin in their first spawning migration a year after being tagged, giving insights into their emigration movements and the impacts of anthropogenic weirs on these movements. A. fallax began their emigrations after spending varying amounts of time and migrating various distances within the river, with late-emigrating individuals moving fastest and most directly. Emigrations became faster and more direct the further downstream individuals were from their furthest upstream extent. Downstream passage delays at weirs increased emigration times by a median of 61%, with environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, flow, and tidal influence on river level) having little influence on downstream passage at weirs with no modifications to facilitate fish passage. As weir-induced emigration delays are suggested to deplete energy reserves (when energy levels are already depleted post-spawning), limit spawning opportunities (by preventing access to downstream spawning habitat), and expose individuals to increased predation risk and suboptimal conditions (e.g., high temperatures), these delays can potentially diminish the benefits of iteroparity. The evidence presented here suggests that more consideration should be given to the potential impacts of anthropogenic barriers on the emigrations of iteroparous species when assessing river connectivity or undertaking barrier mitigation.

Влияние весенних паводков на состояние почв Акмолинской области

Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена тем, что проблема паводков в Акмолинской области является серьезной. Последствия паводков наносят ущерб не только социально-экономического характера, но и экологического. Сезонное повышение уровня воды в реках и дальнейшее затопление прилегающей местности влияют на агрохимическое состояние почвы, изменяются её структура, рельеф местности и биоценоз. Проблема заключается в том, что на сегодняшний день не уделяется внимания изучению именно экологических последствий паводков, а только дается оценка социально-экономическому ущербу, хотя ущерб экологический в долгосрочной перспективе нельзя недооценивать тоже. Одной из задач данного исследования ставится изучение влияния периодических паводков на состояние почвы, которые подверглись затоплению в поймах рек. Проводится оценка таких почв для принятия управленческих решений о дальнейшем использовании этих территорий. Объектом исследования данной статьи выступают земли в пойме р. Жабай, которая является правым притоком реки Ишим в Акмолинской области. Предметом исследования является изменение почвы под воздействием паводков. Цель научной статьи — оценить характер влияния паводков на состояние почвы и выработать рекомендации дальнейшему использованию почв, подвергшихся затоплению. Был проведен анализ почв осенью, летом и весной в течение нескольких лет, и приведены результаты анализа химического и морфологического состояния почв в динамике. Показано, как изменялось состояние почв в пойме р. Жабай в результате паводков.

Comparison of water levels of the Angrapa river in the middle of the 20th and early 21st century

The results of a comparative analysis of the characteristic water levels in the Angrapa River (Berestovo gauging station, Kaliningrad region) in the middle of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century are presented. A number of average annual discharges of the Angrapa river (Berestovo gauging station) have been restored for analogue rivers. It has been established that the average long-term levels of the Angrapa river have decreased over the period under review. At the beginning of the 20th century, intra-annual changes in water levels with a spring flood peak, summer-autumn low water and rises during rain floods on the Angrape River were noted in less than half of the cases. In the 21st century, such a change occurs only in some years, in other years there are several rises in the water level, from December to March-April. The highest level in the Angrapa river (Berestovo gauging station) was recorded during a rain flood. The hydrological regime of a water body has a significant impact on the conditions for the existence of ecosystems, the level regime of a river significantly affects the floodplain ecosystem. The data obtained can be used in the development of environmental measures.

Water quality assessment of river based on phytoplankton biological integrity index in rural areas of the upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Pratiwi D, Oktavia D, Sumiarsa D, Sunardi S. 2024. Water quality assessment of river based on phytoplankton biological integrity index in rural areas of the upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 881-889. The deterioration of water quality in the upstream Citarum River is one of the consequences of agricultural practices characterized by fertilizer and pesticide runoff that disrupts the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. The research area was on agricultural land use in the Cihawuk segment, Kertasari, Bandung District. The present study attempts to community structure and assess the water quality using the biological indexes of rural areas in upstream Citarum River through phytoplankton studies. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data on physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton community structure from stations selected on the basis of agricultural land use. Furthermore, biological indexes such as pollution levels based on the Shannon Wienner diversity index (H'), Palmer algae index, and Diatomeae index are examined using the data community structure of phytoplankton. The findings show that the abundance of phytoplankton in rural areas is 4,105 cells/L. The community structure of phytoplankton was dominated by Coelastrum sp. and Trachellomonas sp. The Palmer algae index ranges from 23-26, indicating that the water was a highly organic pollutant. The pollution level of upstream Citarum River based on the diversity index shows moderately polluted water. Meanwhile, the diatomeae index showed less than 0.2, which sites water bodies were mesotrophic. Phytoplankton and their indexes serve as valuable tools for evaluating the quality of the water environment.

Drought‐Induced Vertical Displacements and Water Loss in the Po River Basin (Northern Italy) From GNSS Measurements

AbstractWe study vertical ground displacement time series from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations to measure deformation associated with hydrological drought in the Po river basin. Focusing on interannual trend changes, rather than seasonal (annual) components, we found a clear spatially correlated deformation signal that is temporally (anti)correlated with changes in the Po river level and the SPEI‐12 drought index, with stations moving upward during periods of river/index level decrease and vice versa. In the 2021–2022 time span, which culminated in the most severe drought of the last two centuries, we estimate the amount and spatial distribution of water loss in the basin and its surroundings. Excluding the seasonal signals, between January 2021 and August 2022, the GNSS stations underwent uplift, up to 7 mm, which corresponds to ∼70 Gtons of water loss. Compared to Global Land Data Assimilation System and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment estimates, GNSS results show a similar temporal evolution of water content but a more heterogeneous distribution of values. We show that continuous GNSS networks provide an effective way to monitor multiannual trend changes in water storage even in small water basins and serve as a reliable indicator of drought severity.

Links between seasonal suprapermafrost groundwater, the hydrothermal change of the active layer, and river runoff in alpine permafrost watersheds

Abstract. The seasonal dynamic of the suprapermafrost groundwater significantly affects the runoff generation and confluence in permafrost basins and is a leading issue that must urgently be addressed in hydrological research in cold and alpine regions. In this study, the seasonal dynamic process of the suprapermafrost groundwater level (SGL), vertical gradient changes of soil temperature (ST), moisture content in the active layer (AL), and river level changes were analyzed at four permafrost watersheds in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using comparative analysis and the nonlinear correlation evaluation method. The impact of freeze–thaw processes on seasonal SGL and the links between SGL and surface runoff were also investigated. The SGL process in a hydrological year can be divided into four periods: (A) a rapid falling period (October to mid-November), (B) a stable low-water period (late November to May), (C) a rapid rising period (approximately June), and (D) a stable high-water period (July to September), which synchronously respond to seasonal variations in soil moisture and temperature in the AL. The characteristics and causes of SGL changes significantly varied during these four periods. The freeze–thaw process of the AL regulated SGL and surface runoff in permafrost watersheds. During period A, with rapid AL freezing, the ST had a dominant impact on the SGL. In period B, the AL was entirely frozen due to the stably low ST, while the SGL dropped to the lowest level with small changes. During period C, ST in the deep soil layers of AL (below 50 cm depth) significantly impacted the SGL (nonlinear correlation coefficient R2 > 0.74, P < 0.05), whereas the SGL change in the shallow soil layer (0–50 cm depth) showed a closer association with soil moisture content. Rainfall was the major cause for the stable high SGL during period D. In addition, the SGLs in periods C and D were closely linked to the retreat and flood processes of river runoff. The SGL contributed approximately 57.0 %–65.8 % of the river runoff changes in the period D. These findings will help to facilitate future hydrological research in the permafrost basins and the development and utilization of water resources in cold and alpine regions.

From District to City Scale: The Potential of Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

The summer of 2022 was one of the hottest and driest summers that Germany experienced in the 21st century. Water levels in rivers sank dramatically with many dams and reservoirs running dry; as a result, fields could not be irrigated sufficiently, and even power generation and supply were affected. The impact of abnormally high temperatures for extended periods (heatwaves) is not restricted to nature and the economy but is also a considerable public health burden. Experts worldwide agree that these extreme weather events are being driven by climate change and will increase in intensity and frequency in the future. The adverse impact of these extreme weather events multiplies among dense urban environments, e.g., through heat islands. This calls for cities to take action to heat-proof and water-secure their urban developments. Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is one such approach to mitigate the aforementioned challenges by leveraging the urban water ecosystem with special attention to the subject of water reclamation, retention, treatment and distribution. This paper introduces and builds upon a prototype of WSUD that centers around an artificial lake as an integrated water resource management system (IWRMS) fed by treated grey water and storm water obtained from two housing blocks flanking the water reservoir. Based on the specifications of this prototype, indicators of site suitability are derived and applied to identify potential locations for replicable projects in the city of Darmstadt. The results confirm the impact WSUD can have: a total of 22 sites with 2527 apartments are found suitable for prototype implementation in Darmstadt. Savings in town water consumption from these 22 sites would add up to 147 million liters. Further benefits include the provision of 24 million liters of irrigation water, storm water retention, adiabatic cooling during heatwave, increased biodiversity and the improvement in livability of the sites and the city.

Nowcast flood predictions in the Amazon watershed based on the remotely sensed rainfall product PDIRnow and artificial neural networks.

The aim of this study was to develop artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict floods in the Branco River, Amazon basin. The input data for the models included the river levels and the average rainfall within the drainage area of the basin, which was estimated from the remotely sensed rainfall product PDIRnow. The hourly water level data used in the study were recorded by fluviometric telemetric stations belonging to the National Agency of Water. The multilayer perceptron was used as the neural framework of the ANNs, and the number of neurons in each layer of the model was determined via optimization with the SCE-UA algorithm. Most of the fitted ANN models showed Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index values greater than 0.9. It is possible to conclude that the ANNs are effective for predicting the flood levels of the Branco River, with horizons of 6, 12 and 24h; thus, constituting a viable option for use in river-flood warning systems in the Amazon basin. For the forecast with a 24-h horizon, it is essential to include the average rainfall of the basin that accumulated over the last 48h as input data into the ANNs, along with the levels measured by the streamflow stations. The indirect rainfall estimates provided by PDIRnow are an excellent alternative as input data for ANN models used to predict floods and constitute a viable solution for regions where the density of rain gauge stations is low, as is the case in the Amazon basin.

Applying geographic information systems (GIS) techniques to estimate surface area of Al-Razzaza Lake, Karbala province, Iraq

Countries with dry and semi-arid climates, like Iraq, employ manmade or natural water bodies to regulate river levels and store water during flood seasons, preserving the ecosystem’s equilibrium. The goal of the current study was to determine the surface area of Lake Al-Razzaza, which is situated in the Karbala Governorate of Iraq, using an integrated approach based on geographic information systems and remote sensing. Landsat satellite images taken in October 2015, 2019 and 2023 were used as a source of data to monitor the changing area covered by the lake. The results showed that the surface area of the Al-Razzaza Lake was 363 km2, 316 km2, and 221 km2 for the years 2015, 2019, and 2023, respectively. It was observed that there was a slight difference in the surface water area of Al-Razzaza Lake between 2015 and 2023, estimated at 47 km2, while there was a decrease in the area of the lake in 2019, estimated at 142 km2. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS technology and Landsat satellite images in topographical analysis of water bodies and monitoring water bodies over large areas in a short time and at a low cost.

A Review of Energy Demands and its’ Implication on Climate Change in Africa

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Communities around the world are already feeling its effects, and the situation is only expected to get worse in the future. One of the sectors particularly vulnerable to climate change's effects is the energy sector. In many African countries, the energy sector is heavily reliant on fossil fuels. This makes African countries particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, as the availability of fossil fuels is expected to decrease in the future because of climate change. This could lead to higher energy prices and a decrease in the availability of energy. In addition, climate change is expected to have a significant impact on hydropower, which is another important source of energy in many African countries. Changes in rainfall patterns could lead to lower river levels and reduced hydroelectric power generation. This could have a severe impact on the availability of energy in African countries. The effects of climate change on the energy sector are likely to have a knock-on effect on the wider economy. Higher energy prices could lead to inflation and a decrease in the availability of energy which could lead to blackouts and a decrease in production. This could have a devastating impact on the economies of African countries. The effects of climate change on the energy sector are likely to be very damaging for African countries. These countries need to take action to mitigate the effects of climate change and to adapt their energy systems to cope with the changes that are expected to occur. This review outlines the climate change impacts on the energy sector in African countries and recommendations to mitigate the effects of climate change impacts.

IMPLEMENTING IOT AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR DISASTER MITIGATION

This prototype output research has the aim of creating a dashboard that is used to monitor river water levels. The dashboard created will display data in real-time and prediction results. The use of the dashboard is to minimize the risk in the event of flooding caused by river overflow. The way this prototype works is to take data from sensors that have been installed at several points. The recorded data will be stored in a database using the working principles of the Internet of Things. For predictions, machine learning is used to produce future river water level figures. The machine learning used is using time series regression with rainfall input and river water level output. Long-term output data is needed, therefore to forecast future rainfall the Hybrid method is used. Data generated from sensors as well as from prediction results are stored in one database. From the database, data visualization is displayed along with important figures used for river overflow intelligence. Therefore, the dashboard is very useful for people living around the river flow.

Utilization of Tamarind Seed Biocoagulant as Learning Material for Water Purification Practicum in Colloidal System

Discharging wastewater directly into the environment can harm nearby organisms. Efforts to increase environmental awareness, especially about sewage, can be started with educational activities. The study investigates the correlation between chemistry material and water purification using tamarind seed bio coagulant, assessing its feasibility for chemistry experiment design in schools. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. This study described data from observations of water purification using tamarind seedcoagulant, literature studies on chemistry practicum, and interviews with two chemistry teachers and two high school students.The results showed that the relationship between colloidal material and the experiment was to determine the types of products that contain colloidal systems in daily life and the properties of colloids. The results of the chemical parameter test revealed significant changes in the pH levels of river, laundry, and batik wastewater samples, with batik coloring waste showing the most significant changes. The organoleptic test results revealed significant changes in the color, odor, and sediment of batik dyeing wastewater. The protein in tamarind seeds can destabilize substances that cause turbidity. Based on literature studies and interviews, tamarind seed bio coagulant is feasible as a teaching material for chemistry practicum on colloidal system.

Flash floods in Mediterranean catchments: a meta-model decision support system based on Bayesian networks

Natural disasters, especially those related to water—like storms and floods—have increased over the last decades both in number and intensity. Under the current Climate Change framework, several reports predict an increase in the intensity and duration of these extreme climatic events, where the Mediterranean area would be one of the most affected. This paper develops a decision support system based on Bayesian inference able to predict a flood alert in Andalusian Mediterranean catchments. The key point is that, using simple weather forecasts and live measurements of river level, we can get a flood-alert several hours before it happens. A set of models based on Bayesian networks was learnt for each of the catchments included in the study area, and joined together into a more complex model based on a rule system. This final meta-model was validated using data from both non-extreme and extreme storm events. Results show that the methodology proposed provides an accurate forecast of the flood situation of the greatest catchment areas of Andalusia.