Levels In Muscle Tissue Research Articles

Yunpi Heluo decoction attenuates insulin resistance by regulating SIRT1-FoxO1 autophagy pathway in skeletal muscle of Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDiabetes is a serious chronic metabolic disorder, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases. Insulin resistance (IR) is an early symptom, typical feature and main pathogenesis of T2DM due to the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. Current evidence shows that IR is mainly caused by nutrient overload, systemic fatty acid excess, fatty tissue inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and abnormal autophagy. Autophagy plays an important role in the development of IR and decreased autophagy activity can cause IR through various ways. Aim of the studyYunpiheluo (YPHL) decoction is a Chinese herbal formula with unique advantages for the treatment of T2DM. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of YPHL on the autophagy pathway in the skeletal muscle of IR Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. MethodsT2DM ZDF rats were treated with YPHL or transfected with SIRT1 adeno-associated virus. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), insulin resistance index (IRI) and skeletal muscle TG levels were detected in a T2DM ZDF rat model. The skeletal muscle morphology was observed by histological analysis and Oil Red O Staining. Autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The skeletal muscle morphology and fat deposition were observed by histological examination and Oil Red O Staining. A rat skeletal muscle IR cell model was established and transfected with SIRT1 overexpression plasmids. Cell apoptosis was observed by DAPI staining. SIRT1 levels in skeletal muscle tissues and cells were detected by qRT-PCR. The protein expressions of SIRT1, FOXo1, LC3B and P62 were detected by Western blotting. ResultsLarge numbers of lipid droplets and swollen mitochondria were observed in the skeletal muscle in both model group and negative control (NC) group receiving blank plasmid. Autophagosomes were seen in the skeletal muscle of YPHL and SIRT1 groups, with no significant structural abnormality. In addition, the protein expression of LC3B was decreased and the protein expression of p62 was increased significantly in the model group as compared with the NC group. After intervention with YPHL and SIRT1 overexpression, the protein expression of LC3B was significantly increased and p62 was significantly decreased. However, there was no significant difference in cell apoptosis between the two groups. ConclusionThe SIRT1-FoxO1 autophagy pathway may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of IR. YPHL could increase the autophagy level by regulating the SIRT1-FoxO1 signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle and improving the lipid metabolism, thereby attenuating IR.

An Evaluation of Zinc Sulphate Toxicity on Protein, Amino Acid and Transaminase Levels in Freshwater Fish, Channa striata (bloch)

Background: Heavy metals may adversely affect the aquatic flora and fauna. Industrial effluents contributing heavy metals on entering into aquatic environment causes biochemical alterations in the fish. Heavy metals are natural components of the aquatic environment, but heavy metal levels have increased due to anthropogenic sources like industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and wastes of mining activities. All the pollutants affect the physicochemical characteristics of the water bodies, sediment and biological components and thus the quality and quantity of fish stocks. Methods: The present study was to assess the protein, amino acid, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels in muscle and liver tissues of Channa striata, exposure to sublethal (15, 20 and 30 mg/L) concentrations of zinc sulphate for the period of 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. Protein levels were estimated by Lowry et al. (1951). Method free amino acids were estimated by Moore and Stein (1954). Method the enzymes ALT and AST were estimated by the strategy of Rietman and Frankel (1957) as described by Bergmeyer (1965).Result: The fish exposed to zinc sulphate showed a decrease in the protein levels and increase in the amino acid, AST and ALT levels for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days in muscle and liver tissues. The observed mean data were statistically significant at P less than 0.05 of Student's ‘t’ test. The present study indicated alterations in biochemical parameters of Channa striata due to intoxication of zinc sulphate.

Polyglucosan body myopathy 1 may cause cognitive impairment: a case report from China

BackgroundPolyglucosan body myopathy 1 (PGBM1) is a type of glycogen storage disease that can cause skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy with or without immunodeficiency due to a pathogenic mutation in the RBCK1 gene. PGBM1 has been reported in only 14 European and American families, and no cognitive impairment phenotype was reported. Its prevalence in Asia is unknown.Case presentation:We report a Chinese boy with teenage onset of skeletal muscle myopathy and mild cognitive impairment. Whole-exome sequencing analysis identified a homozygous missense mutation in RBCK1 (c.1411G > A:p.Glu471Lys). A muscle biopsy indicated the accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material, which could be ubiquitinated by immunohistochemistry with an anti-ubiquitin antibody. In skeletal muscle tissue, HOIL-1 and HOIP protein levels were lower than those in the control, confirming the phenotype of an RBCK1 mutation. MRI revealed abnormal cerebral white matter signals. Immune system and cardiac examination found no abnormalities. The patient was diagnosed with PGBM1 with no effective treatment.ConclusionsThis case from China with a novel homozygous missense mutation in RBCK1 extends the phenotypic spectrum and geographical distribution of PGBM 1, which may cause cerebral white matter changes and cognitive impairment.

Transplantation of Enterovirus 71 Virion Protein Particle Vaccine Protects Against Enterovirus 71 Infection in a Neonatal Mouse Model.

BackgroundEnterovirus 71 (EV71) is the pathogen most likely to cause HFMD in young children (1–5 years old). A small number of virion protein (VP) vaccine candidates are considered as the protective molecules in EV71 models. This study aimed to observe comprehensive immunogenicity for a promising EV71 vaccine depending on VP1 in neonatal mouse EV71 models.Material/MethodsVP1 was isolated from patients and associated peptides were synthesized. EV71 particles were inactivated and mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant to prepare peptide vaccines. An EV71 vaccine was administered to establish the mouse model and the mice were infected with EV71. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine inflammatory response in EV71-infected neonatal mice. A semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was performed to evaluate the levels of EV71 virus in skeletal muscle, small intestines, and brain tissues.ResultsThree peptides were selected from 20 VP1 peptides due to their exhibition of the highest immunogenicity. The peptide injection improved inflammation and decreased EV71 particle levels in muscle, small intestines, and brain tissues. The injection also decreased lesions in the small intestines of EV71-infected mice and protected brain tissues from the EV71 infection.ConclusionsThe present study confirmed the immuno-protective effects of VP1 vaccine transplantation in mice infected with EV71 virus. Our results provide valuable information that can be used in further studies investigating the specific mechanism of the anti-EV71 vaccine.

Macrophages Fuel Skeletal Muscle Regeneration.

In this commentary we discuss new findings presented by Shang et al. regarding the role of macrophage-derived glutamine in skeletal muscle repair. Loss-of-function of glutamate dehydrogenase in macrophages led to an upregulation of glutamine synthesis which sustained glutamine levels in muscle tissue and facilitated satellite cell proliferation and differentiation.

High-Intensity Interval Aerobic Work for Strength Athletes with Arterial Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hypertension is often diagnosed in strength athletes of heavyweight categories. A study was made to assess how high-intensity aerobic work affects the body composition, blood pressure (BP), oxidative capacity, and working muscle hypertrophy and strength in strength athletes with arterial hypertension. Examination and physical rehabilitation were performed in 55 hypertensive heavyweight strength athletes comparable in age, gender, and main clinical manifestations. The athletes were randomized into two groups, a test group (n = 35) and a control group (n = 20). The test-group athletes trained on a bicycle ergometer according to a high-intensity interval protocol 3 times a week for 120 days, and the control-group athletes trained according to their conventional power protocol 3 times a week for 120 days. The study methods included interrogation, physical examination, triplicate BP measurement, bioimpedance analysis with calculation of body composition indices, ergospirometry, measurement of the oxygenation level of muscle tissue, ultrasonographic measurements of the anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris, evaluation of the maximal voluntary contraction strength of the quadriceps femoris, and methods of mathematical statistics. After 120 days of training, the athletes of the test group displayed a 72% decrease in oxygenation, an increase in power and working time at the level of maximum oxygen consumption, and an increase in quadriceps femoris CSA. BP decreased significantly in the group: systolic BP (SBP), by 4.7% and diastolic BP (DBP), by 5.6%. The physical rehabilitation protocol developed for strength athletes makes it possible to effectively and safely affect the body composition, hypertrophy, oxidative capacity of working muscles, and BP.

Investigation of Some Heavy Metal Levels in Muscle Tissue of Pseudophoxinus antalyae BOGUTSKAYA, 1992 (Flower Fish ) Inhabiting Between Kırkgoz Springs and Çırnık Bridge

Araştırma, 2016-2017 yıllarında mevsimsel olarak Antalya ili Döşemealtı ilçesi sınırları içinde doğan Kırkgöz Kaynaklarında yaşayan ve endemik bir tür olan Pseudophoxinus antalyae Bogutskaya,1992 (Çiçek balığı)’nda ağır metal düzeylerini belirlemek amacı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kırkgöz Kaynağı Döşemealtı’dan Lara’ya kadar 30 km’nin üzerindeki bir akış güzergâhını yerleşim yerleri ve en önemlisi Antalya Organize Sanayii Bölgesi Arıtma Suyu Deşarjını alarak Akdeniz’e dökülmektedir. Bu nedenle söz konusu yerleşim yerleri ve özellikle arıtma deşarj suyunun sebep olduğu muhtemel metal kirliliğini tespit etmek için anılan türde mevsimsel olarak Kırkgöz Kaynağı, Kepez Yükleme Göleti (OSB arıtma suyunun deşarjını alan istasyon) ve Çırnık Köprüsü istasyonlarından balık örneklemeleri yapılmıştır. Balıkların kas dokularında Kadmiyum (Cd) 1,48- 4,24 µg/g, Kobalt (Co) 0,73- 3,12 µg/g, Krom (Cr) 0,90- 8,14 µg/g, Bakır (Cu) 1,21- 4,22 µg/g, Mangan (Mn) 3,94- 32,39 µg/g, Nikel (Ni) 0,24- 0,78 µg/g, Kurşun (Pb) 20,03-58,15 µg/g ve Çinko (Zn) 223,07- 464,39 µg/g minimum- maksimum düzeyleri saptanmıştır. Buna göre: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb ve Zn düzeyleri genel anlamda TGK, DSÖ, AB, EPA ve FAO kriterlerinin üzerinde belirlenmiştir

Effects of differing withdrawal times from ractopamine hydrochloride on residue concentrations of beef muscle, adipose tissue, rendered tallow, and large intestine.

Ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) is a beta-agonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medicated feed ingredient for cattle during the final days of finishing to improve feed efficiency and growth. Maximum residue limits and U.S. FDA residue tolerances for target tissues have defined management practices around RAC usage in the U.S. However, many countries have adopted zero tolerance policies and testing of off-target tissues, presenting a major challenge for international export. Therefore, the objective this study was to determine the necessary withdrawal time among cattle group-fed RAC to achieve residue concentrations below tolerance levels in muscle and off-target tissues. Specifically, both total and parent RAC residues were quantified in muscle, adipose tissue, rendered tallow, and large intestines from animals group-fed RAC and subjected to withdrawal 2, 4, or 7 days before harvest. Ractopamine (parent and total) residues were below the assay limit of detection (< 0.12 ng/g) in all muscle and adipose tissue samples from animals in control groups (no RAC). However, RAC residues were detectable, but below the limit of quantitation, in 40% of tallow and 17% of large intestine samples from control animals. As expected, mean RAC residue concentrations in muscle, adipose tissue, and large intestine samples decreased (P < 0.05) as the RAC withdrawal duration (days) was extended. Irrespective of RAC withdrawal duration, mean parent RAC residue concentrations in muscle, adipose tissue, and large intestine ranged from 0.33 to 0.76 ng/g, 0.16 to 0.26 ng/g, 3.97 to 7.44 ng/g, respectively and all tallow samples were > 0.14 ng/g (detectable but below the limit of quantitation). Results of this study provide a baseline for the development of management protocol recommendations associated with withdrawal following group-feeding of RAC to beef cattle in countries that allow RAC use and intend to export to global markets which may be subject to zero tolerance policies and off-target tissue testing.

Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia) on Glucose Intake to Diabetes Mellitus White Rat Muscle Tissue

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) is one of the most common plants inIndonesia. This plant is often found in various regions in Indonesia, where theseplants are often in the form of shrubs or wild plants that grow in yards orplantations. This study aims to assess the effect of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruitextract on blood sugar levels and the expression of GLUT4 protein in muscletissue which shows the potential of the test extract's ability to improve bloodglucose intake to cells so that it can maintain blood sugar regulation. Thisresearch was an experimental study that used white rats as research subject.Induction of diabetes was done by injecting alloxan at a dose of 110 mg/kg BWintraperitoneally; then the white rats were given 10% glucose to drink. Alloxan-induced white rats showed a very significant increase in blood sugar levels,where the use of the drug metformin was able to reduce blood sugar levelssignificantly. In white rats induced with diabetes mellitus, there was a decreasein GLUT4 levels in muscle tissue. The administration of metformin drugs or nonifruit extracts shows the ability to increase levels of GLUT4 protein. In conclusion,noni fruit extract affects lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus whiterats by increasing glucose intake to cells and tissues.

Efficacy of a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent on concurrent exposure to zearalenone and T-2 mycotoxin in weaned pigs

The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent, as mineral premix consisting of modified zeolite, Bacillus spp., yeast cell wall and silymarin (MMDA; Patent Co, Misicevo, Serbia), in-feed to adsorb mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2, administered through feed in weaned pigs. In total, 112 post-weaning barrows and gilts (Danbred x Piétrain) from the 25th day of age (day 0 of the trial) until 66th day of age (end of trial) were allocated in four trial groups. Each group consisted of 28 pigs placed in seven pens (replicates) with four animals in each pen. Group G1 served as control group that received feed without any mycotoxins or MMDA; Group G2 received feed with spiked corn and wheat reaching contamination levels of 0.35 mg ZEN/kg and 0.5 mg T2/kg feed. Group G3 received contaminated feed (similar contamination levels with G2 group) with the additions of 1 g MMDA/kg, whereas G4 group received also contaminated feed (similar contamination levels with G2 group) with the addition of 3 g MMDA/kg. Growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio), as well as hematological and serum biochemical parameters, fecal scoring, gross pathology, and mycotoxins residue levels in liver, spleen, kidneys and muscle tissue were assessed. Results suggested that inclusion of MMDA in trial diets induced dose-dependent reduction of genital organs (sum of ovaries, cornu uteri and vagina-vestibule) relative weight and vulva size, which had been increased due to ZEN ingestion in G2 group. Additionally, in both groups that received MMDA, significantly reduced residue levels of ZEN in liver and kidney samples were observed, in comparison with G2 group. Significant residue levels reduction of T-2/HT-2 toxins was also observed in kidney samples of MMDA-fed groups when compared with G2 group. Taken together MMDA added to diets containing ZEN and T-2 toxin has a dose dependent affinity for ZEN and to a lower extend for T2 toxin, whereas such effect seems greater at inclusion level of 3 g MMDA/kg feed.

Evaluation of the Adverse Effects of Chronic Exposure to Donepezil (An Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor) in Adult Zebrafish by Behavioral and Biochemical Assessments.

Donepezil (DPZ) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for the clinical treatment of mild cognitive impairment. However, DPZ has been reported to have adverse effects, including causing abnormal cardiac rhythm, insomnia, vomiting, and muscle cramps. However, the existence of these effects in subjects without Dementia is unknown. In this study, we use zebrafish to conduct a deeper analysis of the potential adverse effects of DPZ on the short-term memory and behaviors of normal zebrafish by performing multiple behavioral and biochemical assays. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 1 ppm and 2.5 ppm of DPZ. From the results, DPZ caused a slight improvement in the short-term memory of zebrafish and induced significant elevation in aggressiveness, while the novel tank and shoaling tests revealed anxiolytic-like behavior to be caused by DPZ. Furthermore, zebrafish circadian locomotor activity displayed a higher reduction of locomotion and abnormal movement orientation in both low- and high-dose groups, compared to the control group. Biomarker assays revealed that these alterations were associated with an elevation of oxytocin and a reduction of cortisol levels in the brain. Moreover, the significant increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle tissue suggest DPZ exposure induced muscle tissue oxidative stress and muscle weakness, which may underlie the locomotor activity impairment. In conclusion, we show, for the first time, that chronic waterborne exposure to DPZ can severely induce adverse effects on normal zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner. These unexpected adverse effects on behavioral alteration should be carefully addressed in future studies considering DPZ conducted on zebrafish or other animals.

Pilosocereus gounellei (Cactaceae) stem extract decreases insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardio-metabolic risk in diet-induced obese mice

Ethnopharmacological relevancePilosocereus gounellei (xique-xique) is a popular cactus from Caatinga, traditionally used to counter inflammatory processes and indicated as a hypoglycemic agent. Previous studies have shown that mice treated orally with saline extract of P. gounellei stem (containing flavonoids and sugars) showed decreased serum lipid levels. Aim of the studyIn this work, we evaluated whether this extract would have beneficial effects against hyperglycemia and inflammatory status related to obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). MethodsObese animals were treated daily per os with the extract (EXT; 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg), metformin (MET; 400 mg/kg), or saline solution (diet-induced obese, DIO) for 21 days. A group of non-obese animals served as the control. We evaluated lipid profile, glucose and insulin tolerance, atherogenic indices, histological alterations, cytokine levels, and oxidative stress in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. ResultsAt the end of the experiment, mice from EXT groups showed lower body weight and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides compared with the DIO group; in addition, HDL-cholesterol levels and glucose and insulin tolerance were similar to those of the control group. When compared with the DIO group, the extract-treated mice showed reduction in cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient, atherogenic index of plasma, and Castelli's Risk Index II; decrease in epididymal fat; reduction in steatosis, collagen deposition, and liver inflammation; lower serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1); inhibited lipid peroxidation; and increased superoxide dismutase levels in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. ConclusionThe P. gounellei saline extract was able to improve physiological parameters of obese mice, which highlight the potential of this plant as source of compounds with biotechnological relevance for pharmaceutical industry.

Quercetin attenuates cisplatin-induced fat loss.

The major aim of the present study was to determine the effects of quercetin, a well-known flavonoid, on attenuating cisplatin (CDDP)-induced fat loss and the possible mechanisms. Tumor-bearing nude mice and tumor-free BALB/c mice were administrated with CDDP alone or in combination with quercetin by a diet containing 0.1% or 1% quercetin (LQ or HQ) or by intraperitoneal injection (IQ) to determine the effects of quercetin on the anticancer effect of CDDP or CDDP-induced fat loss. The effects of quercetin on fat accumulation in CDDP-exposed 3T3-L1 cells were also determined. We first showed that HQ and IQ significantly enhanced the anticancer effect of CDDP by upregulating p53- and p21-associated pathways, while tended to attenuate CDDP-induced fat loss in tumor-bearing nude mice. The study in 3T3-L1 cells showed that CDDP decreased the fat accumulation accompanied by strong upregulation of the expression of six genes which are associated with fat metabolism, while quercetin completely suppressed such an effect. The tumor-free BALB/c mice study consistently showed a protective effect of HQ on CDDP-induced body weight and epididymal fat loss. HQ also increased the fat levels in liver and muscle tissues. In epididymal fat tissues, HQ consistently attenuated CDDP-induced changes in fat metabolism-associated gene expression. However, CDDP alone or in combination with HQ did not affect the food intake. This study demonstrates that quercetin possesses the potential to suppress CDDP-induced fat loss may partly through the regulation of the fat metabolism-associated gene expression.

The effect of isotretinoin therapy on oxidative damage in rats.

Isotretinoin is prescribed in many dermatologic disorders, but mostly in acne. There is limited research about oxidative stress induced by isotretinoin and its effects on the liver tissue, muscle tissue, and blood. In this study, oxidative damage of isotretinoin on the liver, muscles, and blood in rats at the therapeutic dosage for humans, is evaluated. Thirty, 2-months-old Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups. Isotretinoin was administered at the human equivalent low dose of 7.5 mg/kg by gavage. Blood, liver, and skeletal muscle samples were taken from the animals under anesthesia. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Protein carbonyl (PC), 8-OHDG (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine), SOD (Superoxide dismutase), GSH(Glutathione), GPX (glutathione peroxidase), NO (Nitric Oxide) levels, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) levels were measured. There were significant differences between the ALT values of the control group and the third month of isotretinoin treatment group. Oxidative stress markers such as 8-OHDG, PC, GSH, GPX, and NO values significantly differed in month 3. SOD was significantly lower in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Our study supports that the levels of oxidative markers are increasing with the isotretinoin treatment so this may flare acne. GPX levels increased at the muscle tissue level, and may be responsible for the myopathy that is seen in acne patients. Addition of antioxidants to isotretinoin treatment may be beneficial in reducing oxidative damage.

Effect of sleeve gastrectomy on the expression of meteorin-like (METRNL) and Irisin (FNDC5) in muscle and brown adipose tissue and its impact on uncoupling proteins in diet-induced obesity rats.

Bariatric surgery is well established as a treatment for obesity and associated complications. This procedure improves metabolic homeostasis through changes in energy expenditure. We hypothesized that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) improves metabolic homeostasis by modulating energy expenditure and enhancing thermogenesis through increasing the expression level of meteorin-like protein (METRNL) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5/Irisin) through uncoupling proteins 1/2/3 (UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3). To study the effect of SG on the levels of proteins involved in thermogenesis process. Laboratory rats at Kuwait University. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 4 to 5 weeks, were divided into 2 groups, control (n = 11) and diet-induced obesity (DIO) (n = 22). The control group was fed regular rat chow ad libitum, whereas the DIO group was fed cafeteria diet "high-fat/carbohydrate diet" ad libitum. At 21 weeks, rats in the DIO group that weighed 20% more than the control group animals underwent surgery. These rats were randomly subdivided into Sham and SG operation groups. Gene expression was evaluated, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to assess the changes in gene and protein levels in tissue and circulation. The protein expression data revealed an increase in METRNL levels in the muscles and white adipose tissue of SG animals. METRNL level in circulation in SG animals was reduced compared with control and Sham rats. The level of Irisin increased in the muscle of SG animals compared with the control and Sham group animals; however, a decrease in Irisin level was observed in the white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue of SG animals compared with controls. Gene expression analysis revealed decreased METRNL levels in muscle tissues in the SG group compared with the control group animals. Increased expression of FNDC5 (Irisin), UCP2, and UCP3 in the muscle tissue of SG animals was also observed. Furthermore, the levels of UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, and METRNL in the brown adipose tissue of SG animals were upregulated. No significant alteration in the gene expression of Irisin was observed in brown adipose tissue. Sleeve gastrectomy induces weight loss through complex mechanisms that may include browning of fat.

Meta-Transcriptomic Analysis of RNAseq Data Reveals Pacu and Loach Fish with Unusually High Levels of Myoglobin Expression in Skeletal Muscles.

Simple SummaryOxygen-binding proteins that mediate oxygen-binding for storage and consumption, to reduce energy, are very diverse in fish, depending on their habitats. In the present study, oxygen-binding protein gene expression in the skeletal muscle of 25 diverse fish species was examined by a meta-transcriptomic approach. By using RNAseq data, this is the first study to examine the high level of myoglobin, one of the oxygen-binding proteins, transcripts in pacu and loach fish that might be related to their high tolerance for the oxygen-deficient environment. In addition, this study presents the power of the current method to compare the fish oxygen-binding protein expression and its putative gene expansion event.Oxygen-binding proteins, such as myoglobin, hemoglobin, neuroglobin, and cytoglobin, play a role in oxygen binding and delivery to tissues. In icefish, the loss of myoglobin and hemoglobin genes has been reported to be an adaptive evolution event. This interesting finding prompted us to exam oxygen-binding protein expression in diverse fish species. Taking advantage of substantial RNAseq data deposited in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database, we adopted a meta-transcriptomic approach to explore and compare four oxygen-binding protein gene expression levels in the skeletal muscle of 25 diverse fish species for the first time. RNAseq data were downloaded from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database, and de novo assembly was performed to generate transcript contigs. The genes encoding oxygen-binding proteins were then identified by the BLAST search, and the relative expression level of oxygen-binding protein genes was normalized by the RPKM (Reads per Kilobase Million) method. By performing expression profiling, hierarchy clustering, and principal component analysis, pacu and loach fish were noticed by their high myoglobin expression levels in skeletal muscle tissues among 25 diverse fish species. In conclusion, we demonstrated that meta-transcriptomic analysis of RNAseq data is an informative approach to compare the oxygen-binding protein expression and putative gene expansion event in fish.

Effect of Three Therapeutic Methods of Exercise, Ozone, and Stem Cells on the MEF2C Expression and Myostatin Levels in Femoral Muscle Tissue of the Osteoarthritis Rats

Aims: Myostatin and Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C (MEF2C) are involved in muscle changes associated with bone problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of three therapeutic methods of exercise, ozone, and stem cells on MEF-2C gene expression and myostatin levels of femoral muscle tissue in osteoarthritis rats. Methods &amp; Materials: This experimental study was done on 63 male rats (mean age of 8-12 weeks and weight of 250-300 g). They were randomly divided into nine groups: the healthy control and osteoarthritis group and seven intervention groups of osteoarthritis rats, including , saline, exercise, ozone therapy, MSCs, MSCs+ozone therapy, exercise+ozone therapy, and exercise+MSCs. Osteoarthritis was induced in rats by surgery. The training program consisted of 30 min of running on a non-slip treadmill at a speed of 16 m/min. Rats in the MSCs group received 1×106 cells/kg. The ozone was injected into the articular line of the knee tibiofemoral at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. Tissue levels of myostatin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and MEF2C gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Findings: Cell+exercise, exercise+ozone, and cell+ozone groups showed a significant increase in MEF2C gene expression and a significant decrease in myostatin levels compared with the cell, exercise, and ozone groups (P&lt;0.05). In the exercise+cell group, these changes were greater. Conclusion: The results showed that the combination of exercise and MSCs with an increase in MEF2C gene expression and a decrease in myostatin levels, can possibly have beneficial effects on the stimulatory and inhibitory factors of interactions between muscle and bone in the osteoarthritis rats, and ultimately reduce the risks of muscle weakness due to osteoarthritis complications.

Potential mechanisms of uremic muscle wasting and the protective role of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO.

Muscle wasting is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many studies report that mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are involved in the development of muscle wasting. However, treatment approaches to protect against muscle wasting are limited. In this study, we investigated the benefits and potential mechanism of Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant on uremic-induced muscle wasting. Mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control group, CKD group, CKD + Mito-TEMPO group, and Mito-TEMPO group. Renal injury was assessed by measurement of serum creatinine and BUN along with PAS and Masson's staining. Bodyweight, gastrocnemius muscle mass, grip strength, and myofiber cross-sectional areas were investigated to evaluate muscle atrophy. Muscle protein synthesis and proteolysis were evaluated by Western blot and real-time PCR. Inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1 were measured by ELISA kits. Oxidative stress markers such as SOD2 activity and MDA level in gastrocnemius muscle tissue were measured by colorimetric assay. Mitochondrial dysfunction was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and real-time PCR. ER stress was evaluated by Western blot. Impaired renal function was significantly restored by Mito-TEMPO treatment. Severe muscle atrophy was observed in muscle tissues of CKD mice along with increased inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress. However, these effects were significantly attenuated with Mito-TEMPO treatment. Mito-TEMPO improved muscle wasting in CKD mice possibly through alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, providing a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease.

Changes in antioxidant enzymes in postmortem muscle and effects on meat quality from three duck breeds during cold storage

This study was conducted to evaluate changes to antioxidant systems in the postmortem muscle of three duck breeds and to analyze their relationship with meat quality. Pekin ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Mulard ducks were euthanized at the age of 70 d. The antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expressions as well as meat quality in muscle tissues were examined. The breed of the duck had a significant effect on the antioxidant capacity of muscle tissues (P &lt; 0.05), with the exceptions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at 96 h as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) at 120 h. The SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx/GSH-Px), and T-AOC activities from highest to lowest were Muscovy duck &gt; Mulard duck &gt; Pekin duck, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration followed the opposite pattern. During cold storage (0–120 h), a decrease in the GPx, SOD, and T-AOC activities was noted, although MDA concentration increased gradually. The GPx1 and Cu/Zn-SOD gene expression levels in Muscovy duck muscle tissues were significantly higher than those in other breeds at both 0 and 24 h. Correlation analysis showed that higher antioxidant enzyme activity in duck muscle tissues was associated with higher water-holding capacity (WHC) and more stable meat color. Higher antioxidant enzyme activity in duck meat similarly resulted in higher pH values, higher WHC, and more stable meat color. These data indicate that antioxidant enzymes may inhibit lipid oxidation and participate in the regulation of meat quality.

DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF BOVINE MEAT IN SARCOCYSTOSIS

Sarcocystosis is recorded in 85 to 100% of cattle and sheep, 5 to 30% of pigs, and 35 to 55% of horses in the Russian Federation. However, the rules for veterinary and sanitary examination of animal carcasses do not prescribe to assess infection intensity of muscle tissue with sarcocysts. In this regard, it is necessary to assess the quality of bovine meat with different intensity of infection with cysts Sarcocystis spp. In order to perform biochemical studies, samples were taken from the cattle diaphragm with different indicators of the intensity of sarcocyst infection. The pH level of muscle tissue was determined, and a qualitative reaction to peroxidase and a sample with neutral formalin was applied. In 26 animals of different age, according to the results of the compressor research of muscle tissue, a high intensity of infection (II) with cysts Sarcocystis spp. was established for the diaphragm (24 to 905 micro- and macroscopic cysts), heart and esophageal muscle layer (24 to 258, and 22 to 907 cysts, respectively). The biochemical tests found that the meat product quality decreased with an increase in the intensity of Sarcocystis spp. infestation: when II was 1–17 cysts, the main quality indicators were within acceptable limits (pH 5.8–6.2, a formalin test negative, and a peroxidase test positive); when II was 171–907 cysts, the meat quality was poor (pH 6.3–7.2, a formalin test positive, a peroxidase test negative).