Levels Of Water Loss Research Articles

Pilot Study on the Effects of a Cosmetic Serum Containing Niacinamide, Postbiotics and Peptides on Facial Skin in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The literature describes niacinamide, but also postbiotics and peptides, as ingredients that improve skin barrier function, but also affect melanin and sebum levels in individuals. However, the combined effects of these ingredients in a single cosmetic serum have not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, the aim of this randomized controlled study, conducted at the University of Split School of Medicine (Croatia), was to evaluate the effects of cosmetic products containing these active ingredients. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06189105) and has been completed. Primary outcomes were the levels of trans epidermal water loss, skin hydration, erythema, melanin, and sebum, all measured in 25 healthy Caucasian participants. Significant differences between hydration levels were observed at week 4 (61.0 ± 11.2 vs. 68.6 ± 13.3 AU, control and intervention). Moreover, a significant decrease in erythema values from the first to last measurement in the intervention group was observed, (379.9 ± 106.8 vs. 333.6 ± 73.5 AU, baseline values and week 4, intervention group). Interestingly, both the increase in skin hydration levels and the decrease in skin erythema after niacinamide serum application were significant in study participants who did not use sun protection products. It is well known that ultraviolet radiation has detrimental effects on human skin, and our results suggest that niacinamide could help counteract these effects.

Combined Stromal Vascular Fraction and Fractional CO2 Laser Therapy for Hypertrophic Scar Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hypertrophic scars (HTSs) result from aberrant wound healing processes, leading to raised, thickened tissue with functional discomfort and cosmetic concerns. Current treatments, including corticosteroid injections and laser therapy, have limitations. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) therapy and CO2 laser treatment offer promising avenues, with SVF therapy showing regenerative potential and CO2 laser therapy promoting precise tissue removal and wound healing. This study aims to investigate the combined application of SVF therapy and CO2 laser treatment for HTS, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy, tissue remodeling, and aesthetic outcomes, ultimately improving patient satisfaction in HTS management. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases have been searched for relevant studies. The "R" software (version 4.3.1) along with the "tidyverse" and "meta" statistical packages utilized to analyze data related to the efficiency of this combined method. A random-effects model was fitted to the data. For each study, continuous outcomes were pooled by calculating the standardized mean difference, along with their 95% confidence intervals. The assessment of heterogeneity utilized the I2 and chi-squared tests, applying the random effect model. Six articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Results from the pooled analysis of Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) scores across three included studies indicated a significant impact of the SVF+CO2 method on VSS scores post-treatment (SMD=-3.0144; 95% CI:-4.3706 to -1.6583, p<0.0001). However, analysis of transepidermal water loss levels before and after treatment showed no significant difference (SMD=-2.7603; 95% CI: -6.8729 to 1.3522; p=0.1883). Comparatively, in a pooled analysis of two studies, the combined SVF+CO2 method demonstrated superior efficacy in VSS scores compared to other methods (SMD= -1.3573; 95% CI: -2.2475 to -0.4672, p = 0.0028), with moderate heterogeneity across studies (I^2=23.0%, p = 0.2545). The combined application of SVF and CO2 laser treatment shows significant promise in improving hypertrophic scars' appearance and texture. The SVF+CO2 method demonstrates superior efficacy compared to other modalities, suggesting its potential as a valuable therapeutic approach for hypertrophic scar management. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The Effect of Topical 100% Sunflower Seed Oil (SSO) Extract on Trans Epidermal Water Loss (Tewl) and Skin PH Levels in a History of Atopic Dermatitis

The skin barrier function can be disturbed in various conditions, one of which is atopic dermatitis (AD). Efforts to improve the skin barrier can be done by using various types of moisturizers. Natural oil from sunflower seed oil (SSO) can be used as "skin barrier therapy" by reducing trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH levels. A randomized single blind clinical trial with a two parallel group pre and post design was conducted on subjects with a history of AD who were treated at the Skin and Venereology Polyclinic at Sunan Kalijaga Hospital, Demak. Samples were randomized into 2 groups to receive 100% SSO or petrolatum as a control. TEWL and pH assessments were carried out at the beginning of the study and at week 4. Bathing habits and complaints about using moisturizers were also assessed. TEWL values ​​decreased in the SSO and petrolatum groups (-5.8±1.93 vs -6.1±9.08, p = 0.9). The pH value in AD patients also decreased after administration of SSO extract and petrolatum (-0.4±0.10 vs -0.2±0.75, p = 0.2). The decrease in TEWL and pH in both groups was not statistically significant. This may be related to differences in bathing habits and moisturizer use in the two groups. Most of the samples in the SSO group stated that they had no complaints regarding usage. The entire sample completed the study without any reports of allergic reactions or hypersensitivity. Administration of SSO extract was effective in reducing TEWL and pH in DA with the majority of samples stating that they had no complaints about use.

Perbandingan Algoritma Deep Q-Network dan Local Outlier Factor Untuk Deteksi Anomali Konsumsi Air Minum Pelanggan PUDAM Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Adequate provision of drinking water in quantity, quality, and continuity is needed to realize a healthy and productive society. A well-managed Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) is essential to meet this need. Based on Government Regulation Number 122 of 2015, the implementation of SPAM involves the development and management of drinking water which is the responsibility of the local government and PUDAM as the implementer. The main challenges faced by PUDAM include the high level of water loss or Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which reaches 40% in Indonesia. One of the efforts to reduce the NRW level at PUDAM Banyuwangi Regency in the Kalipuro District area is to detect abnormal consumption in customer drinking water consumption. This study uses the Deep Q Network and Local Outlier Factor algorithms to detect anomalies in drinking water consumption, with the aim of comparing the performance of the two algorithms in identifying abnormal consumption patterns at PUDAM Banyuwangi Regency. The results of the study indicate that the Local Outlier Factor algorithm is more suitable for anomaly detection as evidenced by the absence of detection errors and an F1-Score value of 36%.

Epidermal Barrier Parameters in Psoriasis: Implications in Assessing Disease Severity.

Psoriasis is characterized by an aberrant immune response due to myeloid dendritic cells and T helper cells intertwining with keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Skin integrity alterations may predispose patients to physiological imbalances, such as xerosis, reduced elasticity, and increased friability. This study aims to assess the epidermal barrier dysfunction in chronic plaque psoriasis and gain a comprehensive view of the dynamic changes in the epidermal barrier during various topical therapies. Adult patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were enrolled in this observational study. For each patient, skin barrier parameters, stratum corneum hydration (SCH), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), elasticity, erythema, and melanin levels were measured in lesional and non-lesional skin. Two extensions of the initial study design, with subsequent epidermal barrier determinations, were made as follows: one in which patients with moderate psoriasis were treated with clobetasol propionate 0.5% and the second one in which mild psoriasis was treated with either clobetasol propionate 0.5% or clobetasol propionate 0.5% with 10% urea. TEWL and erythema were found to be higher in the sites affected by psoriatic lesions than the unaffected sites, while SCH and elasticity were decreased. Severe psoriasis presented with higher TEWL (p = 0.032), erythema (p = 0.002), and lower SCH (p < 0.001) compared with the mild and moderate forms. SCH significantly improved during clobetasol propionate 0.5% treatment (p = 0.015). Clobetasol propionate 0.5% with 10% urea was found to be superior to clobetasol propionate 0.5% in improving TEWL and SCH in psoriasis.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Service Achievement in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan

The issues with drinking water services in Tanah Bumbu Regency include the fact that service levels have not yet reached 100% adequacy and 15% safety as outlined in the RPJMN 2024, and the level of water loss remains high. The research aims to evaluate the achievement of drinking water services in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The study was conducted in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Sampling for community respondents utilized purposive sampling methods. Sampling for PTAM respondents employed purposive sampling methods, with 11 employees selected from the organizational structure of the office (head of general affairs and personnel; head of technical affairs; and head of each IKK unit). The evaluation results regarding the management of drinking water services in Tanah Bumbu Regency in terms of the 4K aspects (Quality, Quantity, Continuity, and Affordability) indicate that the quality aspect is still suboptimal due to limited funding for health department inspections, resulting in limited water sample collection at household connections. Regarding Quantity, the provision of drinking water services is prioritized in urban areas, while in rural areas, the operator (PTAM Tanah Bumbu) has not been able to meet the needs of the entire population of Tanah Bumbu Regency, both urban and rural, due to production capacity constraints. Keywords: Evaluation, Drinking water, Tanah Bumbu

Ameliorative effects of Wikstroemia trichotoma 95% EtOH extract on a mouse model of DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe genus Wikstroemia has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the management of conditions such as coughs, edema, arthritis, and bronchitis. Studies have indicated that the crude extracts of Wikstroemia exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-aging, skin psoriasis, anti-cancer, and antiviral properties. In addition, these extracts are known to contain bioactive substances, including flavonoids, coumarins, and lignans. However, few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory or anti-allergic activities of Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino against atopic dermatitis (AD). Aim of the studyThe study aimed to explore the potential of a 95% ethanol extract of W. trichotoma (WTE) on the dysfunction of skin barrier and immune system, which are primary symptoms of AD, in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced SKH-1 hairless mice and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin or immunoglobulin E (IgE) + 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-2H3). Furthermore, we sought to identify the chemical contents of WTE using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Materials and methodsAn in vitro study was conducted using RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with PMA/ionomycin or IgE + DNP-BSA to assess the inhibitory effects of WTE on mast cell degranulation and interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA expression levels. For the in vivo study, AD was induced in SKH-1 hairless mice by applying 1% DNCB to the dorsal skin daily for 7 days. Subsequently, 0.1% DNCB solution was applied on alternate days, and mice were orally administered WTE (at 30 or 100 mg/kg/day) dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) daily for 2 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin pH, and total serum IgE levels were measured. ResultsIn DNCB-stimulated SKH-1 hairless mice, WTE administration significantly improved AD symptoms and ameliorated dorsal skin inflammation. Oral administration of WTE led to a significant decrease in skin thickness, infiltration of mast cells, and level of total serum IgE, thus restoring skin barrier function in the DNCB-induced skin lesions. In addition, WTE inhibited β-hexosaminidase release and reduced IL-4 mRNA levels in RBL-2H3 cells. Chemical profile analysis of WTE confirmed the presence of three phenolic compounds, viz. chlorogenic acid, miconioside B, and matteucinol-7-O-β-apiofuranosyl (1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside. ConclusionsWTE ameliorates AD symptoms by modulating in the skin barrier and immune system dysfunction. This suggests that W. trichotoma extract may offer therapeutic benefits for managing AD.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles exacerbate skin epithelial cell damage by upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and exosome secretion in M1 macrophages following UVB irradiation-induced skin injury

BackgroundZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are common materials used in skin-related cosmetics and sunscreen products due to their whitening and strong UV light absorption properties. Although the protective effects of ZnONPs against UV light in intact skin have been well demonstrated, the effects of using ZnONPs on damaged or sunburned skin are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the detailed underlying mechanisms related to keratinocytes and macrophages exposed to UVB and ZnONPs.ResultsWe demonstrated that ZnONPs exacerbated mouse skin damage after UVB exposure, followed by increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) levels, cell death and epithelial thickness. In addition, ZnONPs could penetrate through the damaged epithelium, gain access to the dermis cells, and lead to severe inflammation by activation of M1 macrophage. Mechanistic studies indicated that co-exposure of keratinocytes to UVB and ZnONPs lysosomal impairment and autophagy dysfunction, which increased cell exosome release. However, these exosomes could be taken up by macrophages, which accelerated M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, ZnONPs also induced a lasting inflammatory response in M1 macrophages and affected epithelial cell repair by regulating the autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion.ConclusionsOur findings propose a new concept for ZnONP-induced skin toxicity mechanisms and the safety issue of ZnONPs application on vulnerable skin. The process involved an interplay of lysosomal impairment, autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion. The current finding is valuable for evaluating the effects of ZnONPs for cosmetics applications.

Prediction of Food Sensitization in Children with Atopic Dermatitis Based on Disease Severity and Epidermal Layer Impairment

Plain Language SummaryThe study has revealed notable associations between food sensitizations (FSs) and the disease severity as well as epidermal barrier impairment in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). Specifically, the findings indicate that children with AD who were sensitized to higher numbers of food allergens (FAs) had higher SCORAD scores and greater epidermal barrier impairment. In addition, SCORAD score and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) levels at lesional skin could be predictive factors for FS in children with AD. The findings of this study suggest that clinicians should consider screening for food sensitization in children with moderate-severe AD and/or low SCH levels at lesional skins.

EVALUASI PENURUNAN TINGKAT KEHILANGAN AIR KOTA LIMBOTO PADA PERUSAHAAN DAERAH AIR MINUM (PDAM) KABUPATEN GORONTALO

The aim of this research is to determine the estimated magnitude of the increase in clean water demand and the service level of the Limboto Unit PDAM until 2020, as well as to evaluate the distribution of water loss levels in the Limboto City SPAM clean water network. The research method used is a case study by analyzing and evaluating the required data, including data on the number of residents, number of customers and data on the production and distribution of PDAM Limboto Unit water for the last 5 years. This research is divided into several activity stages, namely: projection of the number of consumers and amount of clean water usage, analysis of needs and level of clean water services until 2020 and evaluation of the distribution of water loss levels in PDAM Limboto City. The research results show that PDAM's water distribution capacity in 2020 to serve customer needs according to the estimated population is 229.55 lt/s out of a total number of consumers of 88,146 people. Service coverage in 2011 in Limboto City has reached 78.01%. The level of water loss that occurs in the Limboto City SPAM clean water supply system is estimated for the distribution network on average at 9.80% and for the transmission network on average at 25.94%. According to the results of the analysis and evaluation, activities are needed to increase the capacity of the transmission network and production system in stages of 40-80 liters/second, adding reservoirs, adding and replacing pipes and meters in line with the increasing number of customers and the need for clean water until 2020.

Relationship Between Degree of Neonatal Physiologic Desquamation and Skin Barrier Function.

This study examined the relationship between degree of neonatal physiologic desquamation and skin barrier functionality. In addition, we identified factors associated with neonatal desquamation. This cross-sectional study assessed 4-day-old newborns. The desquamation level was evaluated and placed in one of the following categories based on the severity of the desquamation: no desquamation, a small amount, and severe (including cracked or bleeding). Skin barrier function was assessed by evaluating transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin pH, and sebum secretion. Among study participants, 67 (39.9%) showed no desquamation, 82 (48.8%) displayed a small amount, and 19 (11.3%) had severe desquamation. The group with severe desquamation had significantly elevated facial transepidermal water loss levels and reduced levels of stratum corneum hydration throughout the body, indicating skin barrier dysfunction, than other groups. In addition, the group with severe desquamation had a significantly longer gestational age, lower temperature and humidity level, smaller vernix caseosa, and tended to be born during winter. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that infants with severe desquamation had worsened skin barrier function versus those with moderate and no desquamation. Future research should consider what kind of care should be provided to newborns with severe desquamation.

Case Study of Drinking Water Distribution Network System PERUMDA Delta Tirta Water Treatment Plant (IPA) Tawangsari Service Zone Taman District and Waru District

The water loss rate according to the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27/PRT/M/2016 at the maximum limit is 20%, but at the PERUMDA Delta Tirta water loss rate in the Taman Subistrict service zone is 27.48, the Waru Subdistrict service zone I the water loss rate is 32.28% and the service zone of Waru II District the water loss rate is 20.52%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of water loss in the service zone of the Taman District and the Waru District service zone. The evaluation method for the Tawangsari IPA distribution network is using the Epanet 2.0 software simulation with water pressure in the pipes and water velocity in the pipes compared to the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27/PRT/M/2016. The water pressure in the pipe in the Taman Subdistrict service zone is 55.18 m, the water velocity in the pipe is 0.1 m/s and the water pressure in the pipe in the Waru District service zone is 59.57 m, the water velocity in the pipe is 1.58 m/s. Optimization of the Tawangsari WTP distribution network system in the Taman Subistrict service zone and the Waru Subdistrict service zone, namely by changing the pump head. Replacing the pump head is one of the solutions to eliminate excessive pressure and reduce damage to the pipe.

İçme Suyu Şebekelerinde Kayıp Kaçak Seviyesinin Belirlenmesi: Merzifon İlçesi Örneği

Bu çalışmada içme suyu şebekelerinde meydana gelen fiziki su kayıplarının su kaynağının korunmasında önemli hususlardan biri olduğu gözler önüne serilmiştir. İçme suyu talebi nüfus artışıyla birlikte her geçen gün artmaktadır. Buna karşın içilebilir su miktarı azalmakta ve içme suyu şebekelerinde suyun etkin kullanımı önemli hale gelmektedir. Su şebekesine verilen ancak kullanıcılara ulaşmayan su kayıp kaçak olarak bilinmektedir. Kayıp kaçaklar fiziki ve görünür kayıplar olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Araştırmada su kayıp kaçak seviyesinin belirlenmesi için 2020 yılına ait sisteme verilen su miktarları, boru arıza sayıları, kullanım alanlarına göre su tüketim miktarları, minimum gece debi bilgileri belediyeden temin edilmiştir. Merzifon örneğinde su kayıp kaçak seviyesinin tespiti için su dengesi oluşturularak, altyapı sızıntı indeksi tespit edilmiştir. Merzifon örneğinde 2020 yılına ait fiziki su kayıp miktarının % 44.12 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Altyapı sızıntı indeksi (ILI) 13.6 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Su kaynağının korunması için içme suyu şebekesindeki basınç yönetimi, şebeke yenileme, aktif sızıntı kontrolü, onarım hız ve kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi çalışmaları yapılmalıdır.

Influence of Paraprobiotics-Containing Moisturizer on Skin Hydration and Microbiome: A Preliminary Study

The skin is a physical barrier to protect the human body and is rich in microbial niches. Skin is damaged due to several factors, including poor nutrition and exposure to harsh environments resulting in dryness, acidic skin, and infections. Studies have shown that probiotics and their derivatives could protect the skin. Skin care products with probiotic components are the latest approach to developing cosmetic products with health benefits. The current study aimed to examine the moisturizing effect of paraprobiotics (moist heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum))-containing moisturizer (APM) and its influences on the skin microbiome of healthy subjects. Fifty healthy subjects were randomly divided into treatment (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups. The APM or placebo (without paraprobiotics; PM) was applied on the skin of the right forehand of subjects, and the changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum moisture (SCM) levels every 1 h for 4 h and after 4 weeks of treatment were observed. Skin swab samples were collected before and after the treatments (4 weeks) and subjected to microbiome analysis through next-generation sequencing technology. The results indicated that the APM treatment significantly reduced the TEWL and increased the SCM values compared to the respective baseline values and controls. The sequencing study showed significant changes in Cutibacterium (p = 0.0431), Corynebacterium (p = 0.0431), and Acinetobacter (p = 0.0431) in the treatment group. The changes in phylum were not statistically significant. Still, based on the relative frequency, the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and Cyanobacterial was decreased, and the abundance of Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, and Gemmatimonadetes was increased after treatment. Additionally, the APM treatment suppressed C. tuberculostearicum in healthy subjects. The results suggested that APM could improve skin hydration and skin-beneficial microbial composition. The study has limitations such as a small sample size and treatment period, so further extensive studies are required to confirm the findings of the current study, which could aid in developing paraprobiotics-based skin care formulations.

Effect of 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid Peel on Skin Microbiota and Inflammation in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris.

Thirty-percent supramolecular salicylic acid (SSA), a modified salicylic acid preparation, is a safe and effective treatment for moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris (AV). However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. We aimed to analyze the role of 30% SSA peels on skin microbiota and inflammation in patients with moderate-to-severe AV. A total of 28 patients were enrolled and received 30% SSA peels biweekly for 2months. The Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) score, skin water content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pH, and sebum levels were assessed. Skin microbial samples and perilesional skin biopsies were obtained at the onset and 2weeks after treatment completion. Samples were characterized using a high-throughput sequencing approach targeting a portion of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. After treatment, patients showed a significant improvement in their GAGS score and skin barrier indicators (P < 0.05). The GAGS score was positively associated with both the sebum concentration (R = 0.3, P = 0.027) and pH (R = 0.39, P = 0.003). Increased expression of caveolin-1 and decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor beta, and toll-like receptor 2 were observed in the skin tissue after treatment. The richness and evenness of the cutaneous microbiome decreased after treatment and the Staphylococcus proportion decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the Propionibacterium proportion tended to decrease (P = 0.066). On the basis of analyses of the skin barrier and microbiota, we speculate that the 30% SSA peel may have a therapeutic effect in patients with moderate-to-severe AV by improving the skin microenvironment and modulating the skin microbiome, thus reducing local inflammation.

EVALUASI KEHILANGAN AIR PADA SISTEM DISTRIBUSI PERUMDA AIR MINUM TIRTA MANGUTAMA WILAYAH PELAYANAN KUTA DENGAN METODE STEPTEST

The percentage of water loss (Non-Revenue Water) in the drinking water supply system of Public Company for Drinking Water Tirta Mangutama is currently still above the national standard. In addition to exceeding the standard, this also causes losses to Public Company for Drinking Water Tirta Mangutama . To increase the level of service and losses due to NRW, it is necessary to evaluate the network so that it can be used as the basis for efforts to reduce the level of water loss in the Kuta and Tuban Village Service Areas. Active loss search is one of the measures in order to control water loss. In June 2020 there was a peak of water loss with water loss reaching 1,588,931 m3/month or (48.96%). To reduce the water loss that occurs, tissue evaluation is carried out using the steptest method. And based on the step-test simulation, it was found that there were leaks at several points in the distribution system of Perumda Water Drinking Tirta Mangutama, Kuta Service Area. For this reason, it is necessary to repair pipes and manage pressure so that it can reduce water losses that occur.

Analyzing the economic water loss level with a discrete stochastic optimization algorithm by considering budget constraints

Abstract Water losses in water distribution systems (WDSs) cause inefficiency of water resources and increase operating costs. Water loss management (WLM) methods generally have high initial investment and operating costs. However, the budget planned within the scope of WLM in administrations is generally limited. Therefore, the most appropriate method should be determined by considering the budget conditions and cost–benefit analysis. The aim of this study is to propose a new economic water loss level (EWLL) model in WDSs with the different budget constraints of 5, 15 and 20% of the annual income. This EWLL model was developed by the discrete stochastic optimization algorithm. The EWLL and economically recoverable leakage volumes were determined by considering the budget constraints. Moreover, the most appropriate methods were determined to reach the EWLL values defined according to the budget constraints. The EWLL was calculated as 8.62% by the optimization model without budget constraints. Moreover, the EWLL values with budget constraints of 5, 15 and 20% of the annual income were determined as 56.82, 21.14 and 18.02%, respectively. This EWLL model will make a significant contribution to the annual planning in WLM depending on the budget constraints of the administrations.

Water Loss Detection System of Malang Water Supply System

The implementation of the Drinking Water Supply System by PDAM is responsible for providing drinking water services to the community. Losses incurred due to water loss include being unable to meet drinking water needs, reduced revenues, increased operational costs and worsening infrastructure. One of the concrete efforts of PDAM management is to control the level of water loss. Water loss is defined as the difference between production volume and collectible water volume based on customer meter. Data analysis for water loss control is done by identifying the existing PDAM conditions related to Non Revenue Water (NRW) level issues and efforts that have been made to address them. Identification of PDAM existing conditions begins with identifying the service area as a whole through an existing network map. Then the identification of existing conditions of PDAM through existing water balance data. Water balance data is available for each component of the water balance so that existing conditions are obtained for each existing component for both commercial water loss, physical water loss, and NRW level. Asset management and technology can also play a role in water loss control analysis. Currently the use of SCADA technology in water loss control is able to monitor, control, and acquire data on a particular process continuously.

Untapped potential: leak reduction is the most cost-effective urban water management tool

Providing sufficient, safe, and reliable drinking water is a growing challenge as water supplies become more scarce and uncertain. Meanwhile, water utilities in the United States lose approximately 17% of their delivered water to leaks each year. Using data from over 800 utilities across four U.S. states, California, Georgia, Tennessee, and Texas, we characterize the heterogeneity in water losses across the U.S., develop a model to assess the economically efficient level of losses, and use this model to compare the net benefits of several proposed water loss regulations and modeling approaches. Combining economic and engineering principles, our model shows that for the median utility, it is economically efficient to reduce water losses by 34.7%, or 100 acre-feet (AF) per year. The median cost of water savings from leak management is $277/AF, which falls well below the cost of traditional water management tools. However, the optimal level of water losses strongly depends on utility-specific characteristics, leading to large differences in the potential for cost-effective leak reduction across utilities. We show that water loss management can lead to water savings that generate net economic benefits, but only if management approaches incorporate economic and engineering principles.

Analysis of the water–energy–greenhouse gas nexus in a water supply system in the Northeast of Brazil

In recent years, water utilities have been under pressure to increase the efficiency of their processes, mainly due to the decrease in water availability and the need to increase environmental sustainability in their processes. Leak reduction is clearly an important part of sustainable management in the water industry, and its impacts should be assessed with a broader environmental protection objective. This study aimed to present an environmental and energy assessment of the water supply system (WSS) in Caruaru City, northeast of Brazil, for different levels of water loss. This research is one of the first to assess the environmental impacts of a WSS in Latin America. Primary data adopted for preparing the inventory were provided by the water utility, and modeling and analysis were performed with the SimaPro 8.0® program. Cumulative energy demand (CED) was used to track the energy consumption of the system’s life cycle. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated through the IPCC GWP 100a method with emissions expressed as CO2-Eq. The data sets from life-cycle inventories were used from the Ecoinvent 3.1 database. Four scenarios with different levels of water loss were analyzed. Scenario S0 was represented with the real conditions of the system, whereas the others considered hypothetical indices. The percentages proposed for Scenarios S1, S2, and S3 were based on indices that indicate good loss rate in the distribution network for the Brazilian reality (25%), reduction by half of loss rates, and excellent loss rates for the water pipeline system (5%) and distribution network (10%). The analysis of the processes’ contributions showed that the electricity consumption of the pumping systems of water mains represented the greatest environmental impact in all scenarios. The most efficient scenario would result in a 52% reduction in the emission of GHGs, demonstrating that the increase in the hydraulic efficiency of the distribution networks represents a significant opportunity to reduce the environmental impacts of the processes.