Level Sensor Research Articles

A Smart Farm Monitoring and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network

Agriculture is one of the most important sector that accounts for economic growth in the developing countries of the world. Many developing countries are now focusing on agricultural development, yet the sector is not without challenges including climate changes, drought, flooding to mention but a few. These result in poor yield of agricultural products. In this work, we l developed a robust smart system to enhance both irrigation and flooding monitoring and control, leveraging on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to boost agricultural production. In the system’s implementation, Arduino based instrumentation, integrated with temperature, soil moisture and water level sensor shall be adopted to monitor the agricultural environment, while reporting the status wirelessly through the Radio Frequency (RF) modules to the base station. The base station will evaluate the received data and either activates or deactivates the irrigation or drainage pump using specified threshold values. The remote reporting the state of farm shall be done by deploying a 900Mhz transmitter interfaced with the system’s controller. This work shall be validated using an experimental test bed, which shall be used for field experiments, data collection and evaluation. The result of the work shall highlight the potentials of WSN technology in monitoring and control technology of both irrigation and flooding within the farm and in turn boost productivity

Design and construction of wireless water level control system with motor protector

This research work presents the design and construction of a micro-controller-based wireless water level control system. The need to bring a solution to the problem of water shortage in various places by eliminating one of the culprit; waste of water during pumping and dispensing into overhead thanks, calls for an automated control system which puts into consideration, means of avoiding mechanical tears and wears that arises with the use of robes as water level sensor, through the incorporation of wireless water level sensor in place of robes in sensing the water level in the modeled tank. To solve this problem, circuit analysis and design, of the five main sub-circuitry units, this includes: power supply unit, logic and switching circuitry unit, relay unit, LCD display unit was carried out using ultrasonic water level sensor, AT89S51 microcontroller, LCD module relay circuitry system and a few discrete components. The design of the controller in this scenario is not just cost effective but helps in avoiding mechanical tears and wears that arises with the use of robes as water level sensor, by providing an improvement on existing water level control system through the incorporation of wireless water level sensor in place of robes in sensing the water level in the modeled tank.

Design of Automatic Flood Control System in Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The construction of Yogyakarta International Airport has resulted in land use changes and increased the topography in the area by up to 9 m, which has led to potential flooding. A spatial analysis was conducted on the flow direction after the airport's construction, specifically in the West Carik watershed. It was discovered that the flow direction was uncertain and trapped upstream of the airport. A polder system with automation is proposed as a solution to the drainage problem. An automation system is designed for pump operation with the objective of improving efficiency. The system is expected to reduce the volume of water in the polder by reducing human involvement and providing ease in monitoring. The results of hydrological analysis with a 50-year return period flood resulted in a design flood discharge of 11.73 m3/s. The polder has a storage capacity of 63,312 m3, a depth of 4 m, and a surface area of 1.58 ha. It requires a total pump capacity of 8.4 m3/s, consisting of three pump units, with one unit having a capacity of 1.8 m3/s and two units with 3.3 m3/s. One additional pump with a capacity of 3.3 m3/s is also planned as a backup pump. The pump automation system simulation employs an Arduino UNO as the controller, water level sensor, and relay. This system successfully fulfills the desired operational system for the pump. In the actual implementation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is required as the controller, with water level sensors, relays, and contactors as inputs and outputs.

IoT-Driven Infusion Monitoring & Management System

This research investigates the monitoring and management of an intravenous drip infusion system using the Internet of Things (IoT) and non- contact liquid level sensors, an Arduino circuit board, a GSM interface, and a cloud storage facility. The three sensors in the system are able to detect the presence of fluid without coming into contact with it. They can also send the data they collect to the cloud facility, where it can be used to access drip conditions and monitor fluid levels as well as control infusion flow when needed. This system can be considered an improvement over several systems on the market that are similarly intended to use optical sensors, TDR (Time domain reflectometry), and other types of sensors to monitor the IV drip flow. While it is true that each type of sensor has a combination of benefits and drawbacks, none of the other systems on the market can further regulate the drip flow like this one does. Since the sensors we've employed don't respond to fluids, the patients don't suffer any damage at all. This is now a crucial necessity in the biomedical industry since human reliance on IV drip infusions has led to a number of incidents, the most serious of which involved the patient suffering severe injuries from back blood flow in the nozzle. This system is made to guarantee that all safety precautions are taken and that the patient and attendant are in the best possible circumstances in order to minimize such incidents, accurately monitor and control fluid flow from drip to patients' veins, and prevent back blood flow. Keywords: Internet of Things, Intravenous drip infusion, Non‐contact Liquid Level Sensor, Thing speak, Esp-32, GSM.

Enhancing IoT Data Analysis with Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Overview

Machine learning techniques are essential for processing the vast volume of IoT data efficiently, improving performance, and managing IoT applications effectively. Machine learning algorithms play a crucial role in detecting malicious attacks and anomalies in real-time IoT data analysis, thereby enhancing the security of IoT devices. The integration of big data analytics methods with machine learning techniques can further enhance IoT data analysis, improving the performance of IoT applications and overcoming related challenges. Real-time data collection using sensors like DHT11 and Gas level sensors, coupled with machine learning algorithms, enables efficient analysis of IoT data, aiding in the identification of anomalies and attacks. The comprehensive overview of enhancing IoT data analysis with machine learning provides insights for future research, including exploring advanced machine learning algorithms and optimizing data preprocessing techniques to enhance IoT data analysis capabilities.

Automated flood water level sensor and alarm system using Arduino Uno

Automated flood water level sensor and alarm system using Arduino Uno

Implementation Of Temperature, Humidity And Ammonia Measuring Equipment And Adding Notifications To Sibebe (Case Study: Berkah Bersama)

Broiler chickens are a rapidly growing breed, and their growth is influenced by environmental conditions. The poultry house is one of the most crucial aspects of broiler chicken management, particularly the conditions inside the house, such as air temperature, humidity, and ammonia levels. Therefore, it is essential to regularly check the poultry house conditions. In this research, the author developed an embedded system capable of detecting temperature, humidity, and ammonia levels inside the poultry house. The system periodically sends temperature, humidity, and ammonia gas information to the Berkah Bersama information system, and this information is displayed in the form of graphs. Temperature, humidity, and ammonia gas information will be sent via email if the environmental conditions exceed or fall below the threshold. The embedded system was created using a microcontroller, temperature and humidity sensors (DHT11), and an ammonia level sensor (MQ-135). Arduino serves as the microcontroller, and NodeMCU ESP8266 is used as the communication tool to send poultry house environmental conditions to the Berkah Bersama information system (SIBEBE) and the manager via email. Testing was conducted in two stages: functionality and connectivity. Functionality testing demonstrated that the sensors can produce air temperature, humidity, andammonia level information by comparing them with conventional tools. Connectivity testing proved that the NodeMCU ESP8266 module can send monitoring data every day and under specific conditions.

A Closed Loop Automated Drip Irrigation System Based on Arduino Uno

In recent years, the limited availability of irrigation water has made the optimal use of water a necessity. Successful irrigation practices in agriculture reduce excessive water usage and increase water use efficiency. Economical use of water can be made possible through modern irrigation systems. Nowadays, automatic control systems in agriculture have made significant progress and offer important advantages. In this study, a mini evaporation pan consisting of nested two cylinders was used (outer cylinder diameter 32 cm, inner cylinder diameter 27 cm, and both with a height of 20 cm) and the water remained at a constant level in both cylinders due to the notch beneath the inner cylinder. A water level sensor was placed inside the inner cylinder, and irrigation was activated based on the signal received from the sensor. The data from the sensor was processed by the microcontroller on the Arduino Uno, and three different irrigation applications were implemented by activating pumps connected to relays at 07:00, 14:00, and 21:00 o’clock, and then the mini-evaporation pan was refilled, and the system waited for the next irrigation period. The automation drip irrigation system maintained irrigation as a closed loop throughout the entire growth period of the lettuce plants using this approach. The addition of a fertilization unit to this system could make it more effective in plant production. The performance of the system will be significantly enhanced by enabling hardware that provides irrigation and fertilization to the plant according to its specific needs in terms of timing and quantity, along with appropriate software integration.

Post Study Design of Wireless Network for the Water Dilemma in the city of Rujban

Providing water for daily life usage is one of the biggest obstacles facing the growth and development of cities not only in Libya but in many countries of the world. The city of Rujban faces this crisis despite the passage of more than five decades in trying to resolve this issue. We did some deep research and study on the water system operation problem which we divided into three parts: Karthoom Automated Control System (KACS), Idref Automated Control System 1(IACS1), Idref Automated Control System 2 (IACS2) because water is pumped on 3 different stages. The IACS1 consists of two main parts: transmitter/collector tank on one side and receiver / pumps on the other side. The transmitter end consists of a microcontroller, three stage level sensor, two water flow sensors and an RF transmitter. The other end consists of two water pumping pump and an RF receiver. The system will be automated by the use of a microcontroller in which each level of the collector tank will be designed to turn on just one or both pumps of in the case there is certain amount of water, which can be determined by water level sensor, in Karthom collection tank. A crucial part of this coordination is the flow meter which will indicate if the pump is operational or not and detect whether or not there is water leakage, all of which will be demonstrated on an LCD screen. In this paper, we will design a wireless communication network for IACS1.

Research on the online monitoring technique for transformer oil level based on ultrasonic sensors

AbstractIn order to solve the problem of remote oil level measurement for unmanned transformers, this paper proposes an online monitoring technology for transformer oil level based on ultrasonic sensors. Subsequently, a finite element model and experimental testing platform were constructed to analyse and verify the influencing factors of the transformer oil level sensors. The results indicated that there is a lower measurement error at 140 kHz in the ultrasonic frequency range of 20–320 kHz, which can be selected as the recommended frequency. The impurities in the oil and the thickness of the tank wall have a slight impact on the accuracy of oil level measurement, and can lead to a decrease in the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the echo. Furthermore, as the speed of sound increases by about 4 m/s, for every 1°C increase in oil temperature, it is necessary to calibrate the measurement results based on the oil temperature. The test results of actual experimental transformers showed that the designed online monitoring device can achieve high‐precision monitoring of transformer oil level, with a relative error generally less than 3%.

Research on design technology of fiber optic fuel level sensor with novel structure

Traditional aircraft fuel level sensors, represented by capacitive fuel level sensors, have inherent shortcomings, making it difficult to meet the increasing aviation needs in terms of intrinsic safety and electromagnetic interference resistance. Therefore, this article studies the design technology of fiber optic fuel level sensors. By analyzing various optical fiber liquid level measurement methods, the fiber Bragg grating method that best meets practical needs is selected, and a novel and reasonable sensor structure design is achieved. Specifically, in order to improve the measurement accuracy, a lever-type sensitivity enhancing structure based on flexure hinge is studied in this paper. Combined with the metal diaphragm, it can generate higher axial strain on the fiber grating under a given liquid pressure. In order to ensure the practicality of the sensor, this paper analyzes the interference factors that may cause the measurement error in the actual fuel tank. Correspondingly, this paper proposes a design of fixed distance double measuring points to compensate the influence of posture, uses the reference fiber grating method to compensate the influence of temperature, and designs a reasonable assembly and sealing scheme. To verify the rationality of the design, the sensor test platform is built and the sensor function is tested comprehensively. The results show that the sensor has good precision and can achieve expected compensation effect.

Monitoring and management of green information in water ecological environment based on sensors and big data

With the continuous development of industrial production, the pollution of water resources is becoming more and more serious, and the damage to aquatic organisms is also increasing. Therefore, strengthening water environment monitoring has become a key measure to prevent and solve this problem. Aiming at the limitation of traditional water environment monitoring methods, a water ecological environment monitoring scheme is proposed. This study uses advanced sensor technology, including water quality sensor, water level sensor, weather sensor, etc., to monitor the indicators of water in real time. Through data acquisition and storage technology, the data obtained by the sensor is integrated and analyzed. At the same time, big data analysis method is used to predict and simulate the change trend of water ecological environment. This scheme designs and develops a sensor network monitoring system, which can collect water temperature data in real time at the monitoring point, transmit the sampled information to the aggregation node through the sensor network, and finally transmit to the information intelligent monitoring equipment through GPRS, so as to realize timely display and early warning. At the same time, combined with the water quality monitoring instrument, it can realize the remote query and processing of monitoring data. The experimental results show that the water ecological environment monitoring and management system based on sensor and big data technology can efficiently and accurately monitor the indicators of water. Through the comprehensive monitoring of the water ecological environment, abnormal situations can be found in time, and corresponding measures can be taken to protect and repair. The results of big data analysis provided by the system can provide scientific basis and guidance for decision makers.

Fully Printed PTC Based Heat Transfer Sensor Array as Liquid Level Sensor

AbstractLiquid levels must be monitored in almost any process involving liquids. Most level sensors are mounted inside the vessel containing the liquid. Herein, a fully screen‐printed level sensor is demonstrated for external use. It consists of a vertical array of 16 pixels, each comprising a voltage divider of a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element and a shunt resistor. The self‐regulating PTC elements are heated with constant voltage. Heat flow out of the PTCs dictate their resistances and enables inference about their thermal surrounding. Water in a polypropylene container changes voltage levels by (33 ± 2) % compared to air. Applications with a glass container and household oil instead of water are also successfully tested. Both liquids yield a distinctive difference in signal and the sensor determines the height of the oil/water interface as well as the surfaces of the liquid. To further demonstrate the capabilities of the sensor, segregation of a water‐oil mixture, slowed by a mixing agent, is observed in real time. This work offers an adaptable and simple alternative for external level sensing.

Diesel Level Monitoring System

Abstract: The ultimate objective of this project is to create a wireless diesel tank monitoring system that employs WebSocket protocol to connect fuel sensors and a mobile app in remote areas in real time. Through the use of Wi-Fi networks, customers can obtain consumption information, monitor the current diesel levels in various tanks, and log in to the mobile app, which has a straightforward interface. Diesel levels are shown as a percentage, translated from voltage readings, and alerts are delivered by the system when levels drop below preset limits. The goal of this effective and user-friendly technology is to maximize the use of diesel and make timely refills in distant places easier. A reliable and smooth solution for diesel level monitoring is made possible by the integration of the ESP32 microcontroller, WebSocket connection, and capacitive fuel level sensor. Accurate mapping of sensor readings to ESP32 values is made possible by the use of a 20k ohm potentiometer, which guarantees accurate and dependable data transfer. This work advances the area of remote monitoring systems by providing a workable and expandable method for monitoring diesel level in a variety of applications.

Numerical and experimental investigation on NbTi superconducting liquid helium level sensor based on a resistance heating

A resistance-heated NbTi superconducting liquid helium level sensor based on the principle of thermal conduction is proposed. A heat transfer model for the sensor was established, and its mathematical model was characterized. The effects of temperature, current, heating resistance value, and superconducting wire diameter on the sensor performance were investigated. It indicates that the temperature of the sensor in the vapor phase is decreased linearly from high to low, and the voltage is decreased with the increase of the liquid level. And the 45 μm diameter superconducting wire has a minimum propagation current, a minimal heat input to the system, and a small measurement error. The variation of the sensor output voltage with a level height was studied experimentally. The linear correlation coefficients R2 of the 1 Ω, 5.1 Ω, and 10 Ω sensors are all greater than 0.999, which are almost identical to the simulation results. The sensor’s response time is all less than 1 s, the sensitivity is 8.7070 mV/mm, 8.0110 mV/mm, and 6.9660 mV/mm, respectively, and the accuracy is 0.8226%, 0.8611%, and 0.9030%.

IoT Based Monitoring and Maintenance of Highway Bridges using WSN

This paper presents a WSN-based IOT-based bridge monitoring system. The automated real-time bridge health monitoring system has been made possible by sophisticated modifications to sensor technology; this system will aid in disaster management. The technology used in this development is a wireless sensor network (WSN). This system uses a variety of sensors to continually monitor the state of the bridge. These sensors include an accelerometer to identify jerks in the bridge, a vibration sensor to identify vibrations occurring on the bridge, a flex sensor to identify bends in the bridge, and a water level sensor to identify the water level. To determine the weight on the bridge, use the load sensor. The barrier is detected by an IR sensor. Only the buzzer will activate when these are high. Additionally, a microcontroller processes the data from many sensors and transmits it to a server and management system so that real-time bridge condition monitoring via a mobile device using the GSM model is possible

Flood early warning system at Jakarta dam using internet of things (IoT)-based real-time fishbone method to support industrial revolution 4.0

This research aims to develop an effective flood early warning system to provide timely information to the public and support the government in disaster management. The Raspberry Pi mini-computer functions as the central control, collecting data from the Water Level Sensor to measure water height, the Ultrasonic Sensor for further monitoring, the DHT11 Sensor to monitor temperature and humidity, and a Buzzer as an audible warning device. The research method involves review of the literature and data acquisition from related journals. These data are utilized to design an Internet of Things (IoT)-based flood detection tool with the Raspberry Pi minicomputer as the main controller. The system can be implemented in vulnerable locations such as reservoirs, sluice gates, and rivers, as part of the Smart City and Smart Environment concepts. The test results indicate that the developed early warning system, integrating the Raspberry Pi minicomputer, the Water Level Sensor, the the Ultrasonic Sensor DHT11 Sensor, and Buzzer, approaches perfection. Real-time information is transmitted through the Twitter social media platform, which is shown to be more effective than manual notifications. The system can provide accurate early warnings, reduce flood-related damages, and positively contribute to flood prevention and disaster management efforts. This research is expected to make a significant contribution to improving the community and government preparedness for future flood disasters.

Wavy-attention network for real-time cyber-attack detection in a small modular pressurized water reactor digital control system

Global interest in advanced reactors has been reignited by recent investments in small modular reactors and micro-reactor design. The use of digital devices is essential for meeting the size and modularity requirements of small modular reactor controls. By fully digitizing the small modular reactor control systems, critical information can be obtained to optimize control, reduce costs, and extend the reactor’s lifetime. However, the potential for cyber-attacks on digital devices leaves digital control systems vulnerable. To address this risk, this study presents a novel wavy-attention network for sensor attack detection in nuclear plants. The wavy-attention network comprises stacks of batch-normalized, dilated, one-dimensional convolution neural networks, and sequential self-attention modules, superior to conventional single-layer networks on sequence classification tasks. To evaluate the proposed wavy-attention network architecture, the International Atomic Energy Agency’s Asherah Nuclear Simulator and a false data injection toolbox found in the literature, both implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK, are utilized. This approach leverages changes in process measurements to identify and classify cyber-attacks on priority signals using the proposed wavy-attention network. Three false data injection attacks are simulated on the simulator’s pressure, temperature, and level sensors to obtain representative process measurements. The wavy-attention network is trained and validated with normal and compromised process variables obtained from the simulator. The performance of the wavy-attention network to discriminate between the reactor states using the test set shows 99% accuracy, as opposed to other baseline models such as vanilla convolution neural networks, long short-term memory networks, and bi-directional long short-term memory networks with 90%, 77%, and 91% accuracy, respectively. An ablation study is also conducted to test the contribution of each component of the proposed architecture. The theoretical framework of the proposed wavy-attention network and its implementation for nuclear reactor digital sensor attack detection are discussed in this paper.

Data-Monitoring Solution for Desalination Processes: Cooling Tower and Mechanical Vapor Compression Hybrid System.

The advancement of novel water treatment technologies requires the implementation of both accurate data measurement and recording processes. These procedures are essential for acquiring results and conducting thorough analyses to enhance operational efficiency. In addition, accurate sensor data facilitate precise control over chemical treatment dosages, ensuring optimal water quality and corrosion inhibition while minimizing chemical usage and associated costs. Under this framework, this paper describes the sensoring and monitoring solution for a hybrid system based on a cooling tower (CT) connected to mechanical vapor compression (MVC) equipment for desalination and brine concentration purposes. Sensors connected to the data commercial logger solution, Almemo 2890-9, are also discussed in detail such as temperature, relative humidity, pressure, flow rate, etc. The monitoring system allows remote control of the MVC based on a server, GateManager, and TightVNC. In this way, the proposed solution provides remote access to the hybrid system, being able to visualize gathered data in real time. A case study located in Cartagena (Spain) is used to assess the proposed solution. Collected data from temperature transmitters, pneumatic valves, level sensors, and power demand are included and discussed in the paper. These variables allow a subsequent forecasting process to estimate brine concentration values. Different sample times are included in this paper to minimize the collected data from the hybrid system within suitable operation conditions. This solution is suitable to be applied to other desalination processes and locations.

Six years’ experience of the XFEL 2K operation

The European X-Ray Free Electron laser (XFEL) has successfully been operated for more than 5 years. The superconducting cavities and magnets being key components of the cryomodules constituting the XFEL linac and injector are operated at 2 K in a liquid helium bath. A four stages cold compressor system is used to return the vapor to the XFEL helium refrigerator with the capability of pumping up to 110 g/s for compensating static and dynamic heat losses at 2 K.In this paper technical challenges with regard to the cold compressor system such as availability, 2K pressure stability and contamination of the 2K circuit are summarized. Influence of hydrostatic head on operation of all cooling circuits is analyzed. Issues related to the use of some kinds of instrumentation as pressure transmitters, flow meters and level sensors are discussed. The experiment regarding the future XFEL project as doubling of safety valves is described.