Level Of Wealth Research Articles

Pengaruh Tingkat Kemandirian, Kesejahteraan Masyarakat dan Kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah Terhadap Pengungkapan Informasi Keuangan Pada Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah (Studi Kasus Pada Pemerintah Daerah di Pulau Kalimantan Tahun 2019-2020)

The This study aims to examine the influence of the level of independence, community welfare and regional wealth on the disclosure of financial information on the official website of the local government. The data used in this study are secondary data. This research uses quantitative methods. The sampling technique in this study used saturated samples this study is the Regional Government on the island of Kalimantan in 2019-2020. The data analysis model used by this study is logical regression analysis using SPSS Version 23 software. The results showed that the level of independence, community welfare and regional wealth simultaneously had a significant impact on the positive direction of the disclosure of financial information on the official website of the local government. Meanwhile, partially the level of independence, community welfare and regional wealth has a significant positive effect on the disclosure of financial information on the official website of the local government

Information Barriers and Crash Caused by Fund Competition

With the continuous improvement of per capita wealth level, people's willingness to participate in financial investment continues to raise, funds as one of the important investment tools, favored by the public, resulting in the increasing number and scale of securities investment funds, the collapse of fund net value will have a huge impact on investors and financial markets. The increasing number of fund institutions makes the relationship between them more complex and the competition more intense, forming a complex institutional investor relationship network, so from the perspective of the competitive relationship network, what impact will the fund relationship network have on the net value of the fund? What is the mechanism of influence in between? Based on the stock market and fund market data from 2012 to 2020, this paper constructs a fund competition network from the perspective of social network relationship, analyzes the relationship between the structural variables of the competitive network and the risk of collapse of fund net value through multiple regression, and discusses the impact of fund information competition relationship on the risk of net value collapse. The results show that: (1) the competition intensity of the fund will increase the risk of its own net value plummeting; (2) There is a positive U-shaped relationship between the degree of proximity to centrality and the risk of a collapse in the net value of the fund, and this effect will dominate in a highly competitive environment; (3) There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between intermediary centrality and the risk of a collapse in the fund's net value, and this effect will dominate in a moderately competitive environment. The results show that the information barrier caused by competition between funds can significantly increase the risk of a fund's net value plummeting. The results of this study are not only conducive to enhancing investors' risk awareness when investing in funds, but also provide a reference for regulators to understand the relationship between fund competition and the collapse of their net value.

Use It or Lose It: Efficiency and Redistributional Effects of Wealth Taxation

AbstractHow does wealth taxation differ from capital income taxation? When the return on investment is equal across individuals, a well-known result is that the two tax systems are equivalent. Motivated by recent empirical evidence documenting persistent return heterogeneity, we revisit this question. With heterogeneity, the two tax systems typically have opposite implications for efficiency and inequality. Under capital income taxation, entrepreneurs who are more productive and therefore generate more income pay higher taxes. Under wealth taxation, entrepreneurs who have similar wealth levels pay similar taxes regardless of their productivity, which expands the tax base, shifts the tax burden toward unproductive entrepreneurs, and raises the savings rate of productive ones. This reallocation increases aggregate productivity and output. In the simulated model parameterized to match the U.S. data, replacing the capital income tax with a wealth tax in a revenue-neutral way delivers a significantly higher average welfare. Turning to optimal taxation, the optimal wealth tax (OWT) is positive and yields large welfare gains by raising efficiency and lowering inequality. In contrast, the optimal capital income tax (OKIT) is negative—a subsidy—and delivers lower welfare gains than OWT, owing to the welfare losses from higher inequality. Furthermore, when the transition path is considered, the gains from OKIT turn into significant welfare losses for existing cohorts, whereas OWT continues to deliver robust welfare gains. These results suggest that moderate wealth taxation may be a more appealing alternative than capital income taxation, which can be significantly more distorting under return heterogeneity than under the equal-returns assumption.

Socioeconomic inequality in smoking: Evidence from a decomposition analysis

ProblemVietnam is a lower-middle-income country with a very high prevalence of smoking among men. The poor are more likely to smoke than the better off. In this study, we examine socioeconomic inequality in smoking and factors associated with the wealth-related inequality of smoking in Vietnam. MethodsWe use data from the 2010 and 2015 Global Adult Tobacco Surveys (GATS). We use a concentration index approach to assess differences in smoking behavior over the distribution of wealth levels. We also use the regression-based decomposition method developed by Wagstaff et al. (2003) and Doorslaer and Koolman (2004) to decompose wealth-related inequality in smoking into inequalities in wealth and other explanatory variables, such as men's age and education. ResultsPoorer men are more likely to smoke and smoke more than those better off. In 2015, 47.9% in the poorest wealth quintile smoked every day compared to 29.1% in the richest quintile. In 2015, the concentration index of wealth-related inequality in daily smoking was estimated at −0.104 (CI: 0.135; −0.072). Education and occupation are important factors in wealth-related inequality in smoking, because the poor tend to have lower education levels and are employed in unskilled jobs but are more likely than the rich to be smokers. At 41.4%, unskilled workers make the largest contribution to wealth-related inequality in smoking. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that tobacco prevention efforts should be focused on poor, less educated people. Policies that boost the access of the poor to education and better employment can help them not only increase their wealth level but also reduce smoking, thereby narrowing the wealth-inequality gap in smoking.

ИНДОНЕЗИЯ МЕЖДУ ИДЕОЛОГИЕЙ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬЮ: СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ РАССЛОЕНИЕ

National and social development of the multiethnic and multiconfessional Indonesian society is characterized by disparity in at least four spheres. First – considerable and deepening difference of wealth of different layers of the society. Second – differences in the wealth level and stratification in urban and rural regions. Third – differences in the wealth levels in different regions/ Fourth – differences in economic positions of ethnical communities. These four differences are tightly mixed up. This processes result in considerable damage for the only permitted in the country state ideology having social justice for the whole people of Indonesia as one of its five principles. The consequence is the growth of Islamist radicalism endangering unity of multinational Indonesian state.

A comparative study to find the optimal ordering quantity of the risk-neutral and risk-averse newsvendor

In the classical newsvendor problem, it is considered that the newsvendor is risk-neutral and the Optimal Ordering Quantity (OOQ) was found which maximizes the newsvendor expected profit. In the real world, different investors have different attitudes towards risk. Accordingly, this paper considers the utility function which is commonly being used to model the attitude of the investor who makes the investment decision to maximize his expected utility instead of expected profit. This study considers the quadratic utility function and demonstrates that it can be used to describe the riskaverse as well as a risk-neutral investor with some conditions. Finally, by considering the risk profile of the investor at different levels of investor initial wealth, we have developed a method to determine the OOQ which maximizes the expected utility. From the numerical examples, it is clear that the OOQ and hence the expected utility varies depending on an investor?s attitude toward the risk and investment decision. At different levels of initial wealth, the attitudes toward the risk of the investors are different and the sensitivity analysis demonstrates how an investor can choose the initial wealth and OOQ to maximize his expected utility.

Innovations and Limitations in Areca Nut Research: A Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Areca nut (AN) and betel quid (BQ) products have been highly scrutinized by the scientific community in the last decade due to their classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 carcinogen. However, neither the size of the user demographic nor the production levels of the product have varied greatly since the announcement, demonstrating that large demographics remain susceptible to oral cancer. Researching the demographic groups and their preferred AN or BQ products has helped provide an overview of the problem globally, from the diversity of products used to the users' demographic variation, including ethnicity, age group, wealth levels, and other factors. However, there is still a considerable lack of available sources related to AN or BQ usage in China, which is the region with the second-highest number of AN or BQ users. Recent studies of the chemical composition of AN or BQ products from different regions or with different preparation methods have reported varied chemical compositions. This is a novel view of the product because chemical components found to be carcinogenic, such as alkaloid arecoline, decreased under certain processes. Thus, different innovative approaches could be considered for AN or BQ research as use of these products has great historical, cultural, and social significance and there is a potential to be less harmful to humans.

Financial Toxicity: A Barrier to Achieving Health Equity in Cancer Care

Financial Toxicity: A Barrier to Achieving Health Equity in Cancer Care

Was the response to COVID-19 in the West disappointing in terms of comparative outcomes achieved?

This paper features an analysis of country level data generated by the COVID-19 pandemic as revealed in data related to deaths, populations, infections, recovered cases, and tests, for a global sample of 208 countries, plus measures of their policy responsiveness and relative preparedness. A subsample of the 39 OECD countries is also analysed in an assessment including measures of GDP per capita, and indices of country specific trust levels, The cumulative data set is taken from the Worldometer data source. The GHS Index and Oxford Stringency Index are used as policy benchmarks. Other indicators used include GDP/capita, Trust and Personal Trust Indices from the OECD. The results suggest that the advanced economies in the West have not managed the COVID-19 pandemic particularly well and there is no evidence of reduced death rates in these countries when compared to the average performance. On a relative global comparison, the poorer nations, and those in Africa particularly, appear to have performed relatively well, subject to the obvious caveat about the accuracy of the data used in this study. The Oxford Stringency Index does not appear to be informative and countries with a higher GHS Index rating performed relatively poorly. There is a perverse positive relationship between the GHS rating and the number of deaths and cases. This pattern is repeated in the smaller sample of 38 OECD countries. There is no evidence that higher levels of trust or country wealth led to improved outcomes except in the case of case fatality rates (CFR) which are just under 2 percent for OECD countries as opposed to 3.8 percent for the total sample.

THE ECOLOGY OF LANGUAGE: USAGE OF SLANG AND JARGON WORDS

One of the main linguistics features is the study of language not only as a means of communication, but also as a system, the study of specific activities in various communicative fields, considering this as the core of perception. Through the national language, we get acquainted with the history, culture, lifestyle and environment of these people. Today linguists consider language in cohesion with society. The situation occurring in society is not only reflected in the language, but also has its influence on it. This means that the language requires security. The direction that fully deals with this problem is ecolinguistics, that is the language purity. In Kazakh linguistics it originates from the works of A. Baitursynov. Nowadays the current issue of Kazakh linguistics is the purity of the language. Purity of language does not imply the use of words from another language, preventing borrowings. In linguistic science, the focus is on language culture. It is connected with the level of cultural, spiritual wealth and literary language of each nation. For its development, without losing the culture of the language, it is necessary to take into account the purity, visibility, and accuracy of the language. In other words, we need to clear jargon, slang, dialect, and simple words that do not belong to the literary norm in our speech. However, under the influence of the active use of these words in everyday life, it has become an urgent problem in the language. In general linguistics, this problem is considered by the field of ecolinguistics

Associations between socioeconomic status and adherence to hypertension treatment among older adults in urban and rural areas in Myanmar: a cross-sectional study using baseline data from the JAGES in Myanmar prospective cohort study

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate whether there is a differential association between socioeconomic status (SES) and adherence to hypertension medication among older adults in rural and urban areas in Myanmar...

A non-zero-sum stochastic differential game between two mean-variance insurers with inside information

This paper is devoted to the study of a non-zero-sum investment-reinsurance game between two insurers with different opinions about some inside information. Each insurer is concerned about her terminal wealth level and the relative performance of wealth. We assume that the surplus processes of the insurers are correlated jump-diffusion processes. The insurers can invest in the financial market consisting of a risk-free asset and a risky asset. From the beginning of the transaction, the insurers have some inside information about the risky asset price in the future, which is disturbed by noise. However, one insurer trusts it while the other does not. We use the filtration expansion technique to transform the wealth processes for these two insurers with inside information. Then, under the dynamic mean-variance criterion, the explicit solutions for the equilibrium investment-reinsurance strategy and the equilibrium value function are derived by solving the extended HJB equations. Finally, the numerical examples are provided to analyze the effects of the inside information and the model parameters on the equilibrium strategy and the effective frontier.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF WEALTH

The purpose of the paper is to study current issues of wealth, which is due to current sustainable trends in wealth growth and increasing the number of wealthy individuals. The aim is to determine the nature, prerequisites for the emergence and development of wealth, as well as to reflect the historical aspects of the development of wealth and its current state. The topic of the article is caused by the need to reveal the modern stratification of social strata by the level of wealth, the formation of a wealthy class of society and its growth, the processes of creation and increase of wealth. At the same time the purpose of the article is to study the property as an object of taxation. In this connection, the economic essence of the wealth tax and the conditions of its introduction are considered, the specificity of the functioning of the wealth tax in the market economy is determined, the main features of the functioning of the wealth tax are identified. Methodology. Proper analysis of the social structure of society in terms of material wealth allows to assess the efficiency of the economy and the quality of public policy in the system of creation and distribution of public revenues, public goods and wealth. Without the results of these calculations, fatal mistakes appear in the choice of state priorities of socio-economic policy and the best decisions in the financial sphere. The study is based on a comparison of data on wealth tax in different countries. Results. The question and modern peculiarities of wealth are studied. The value of wealth for the society and the state is determined. Wealth tax is an effective fiscal instrument of the state in the distribution of public revenues. Wealth tax exists in many countries in different forms. Practical implications. The possibilities for improving well-being and increasing prosperity are explored. Adequate assessment of the level of well-being and wealth would enable the state to carry out a balanced and effective socio-economic and financial policy to stabilize society and adopt a stable public order. The financial essence of the property tax and the conditions for its introduction are studied. The peculiarities of the functioning of the wealth tax in the social market economy are considered. Value/originality. It has been established that wealth – a comprehensive, multifaceted category, which can be characterized as a specific feature of the socio-economic structure of society, which determines its state, results, dynamics and tendencies of development. Wealth characterizes the ability to achieve a positive result (effect) in the market conditions of management and use of the existing social and economic potential in the community, as evidenced by its level of civilizational development. The peculiarities of the functioning of the wealth tax in various countries of the world are considered. The use of the wealth tax as a fiscal instrument in the state tax system is suggested.

Factors Influencing the Increase in Online Purchases by Rural Women after the COVID-19 in Kazakhstan

In rural areas of Kazakhstan, there is a steady decline in the population due first to natural decline, migration outflow associated with a low quality of life, and access to resources, including the Internet. Rural women have similar spiritual values, social experience and lifestyles as urban women. This paper discusses an essential part of the problems associated with limited access to resources, namely digital resources and the Internet. The study was conducted based on structural and functional approaches using a wide range of analysis and evaluation methods. To answer the research questions, female respondents from all regions of Kazakhstan were interviewed. As a result, it got answers from 265 women with different levels of wealth and education. The survey was conducted between September 10 and October 10, 2022, as part of the research on the grant project on rural women's access to resources. Linear regression with categorical predictors will determine the main factors' influence on online shoppers' behaviour. In this paper, the influence of various factors of the respondents of women in Kazakhstan on the change in the number of purchases after the COVID-19 pandemic was investigated. The work used data from a sociological survey conducted on the territory of Kazakhstan among women. The results show that factors such as Internet literacy, family status, working from home, the amount of time to buy online and using recommendations in social networks significantly impact online purchases.

Assessing the Diversity and Relative Abundance of the Order Odonata, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera in Rice, Maize, and Wheat Fields

The objective of the current study was to assess the diversity of Odonata, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera in the fields of rice, maize, and wheat under relevant factors. The area of these crops in the District Faisalabad was where specimens related to these orders were gathered. Faisalabad employees choose several ways of collecting, like hand picking, using a hand net, and forceps. From October 2013 to April 2014, the entire sampling was random. With the aid of taxonomic information, collected insects were identified based on their morphological traits and faunal diversity belonging to selected orders as the trustworthiness of these crops for these orders was documented. The highest variety (H′) was found in maize fields (7.3204), followed by rice (2.2707), and wheat fields (2.1758). In contrast, the highest diversity (H max) was almost equally distributed among the three crops. However, the highest levels of evenness (J) were found in the maize crop as compared to others. Wheat crop fields (0.1757), rice fields (0.0779), and maize fields (0.0779) showed the highest levels of dominance (D) (-2.0049). All crops had equal documented levels of wealth (R). The overall results between these crops were statistically significant (P = 0.05053; F = 3.0522) and t-Test analysis was also significant, but the P-value ratio was different.

Pengaruh Karakteristik Pemerintah Daerah, dan Akuntabilitas terhadap Kinerja Pemerintah Daerah di Sumatera Selatan

The purpose of this study is to understand how the proxies for the characteristics of local governments, which consist of the size of the region, the level of regional wealth, the level of regional dependence and capital expenditures can affect the performance of local governments. Then also to understand how accountability can affect local government performance. This study uses the population of all district/city governments in South Sumatra Province for the 2016-2020 fiscal year. The sample used in this study was selected using a purposive sampling method, namely 15 district/city governments with an observation period of five years. The amount of data used in this study is 75 data which is secondary data sourced from the website of the Ministry of Finance, Directorate General of Fiscal Balance. The analysis technique in this study uses panel data regression analysis. By using the help of Eviews. The results of the study explain that the size of the region, the level of regional wealth and capital expenditures have no effect on the performance of the regional government. The level of regional wealth and capital expenditures cannot affect the performance of district/city governments in the province of South Sumatra in 2016-2020. Meanwhile, the level of regional dependence and accountability has a positive influence on the performance of local governments. The level of regional dependence and accountability can improve the performance of district/city local governments in South Sumatra Province in 2016-2020.

818 ATHEROSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE IN EAST EUROPEAN POPULATION IN ROME METROPOLITAN AREA: RISK FACTORS AND ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

Abstract Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and its prevalence varies considerably by ethnicity, as shown by the SCORE2 and SCORE2- OP risk tables calibrated to four country groups (low, moderate, high and very high risk). High risk and very high risk regions include Eastern European countries. Previous studies have shown that risk factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia and type 2 diabetes are more prevalent in this population. However, mortality in Eastern European countries is higher than wealth levels would suggest, implying that Eastern European ethnicity may be an independent risk factor. Methods In this retrospective observational study at a single centre, we selected patients from Eastern Europe who underwent coronary angiography. We compared 106 Eastern European patients with 100 Italian patients as a control group. All Eastern European patients were consecutively selected from our registry from 2016 to 2021. Patients who had not undergone coronary angiography in our centre were excluded from the study. We recorded medical history, age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, number of previous cardiovascular events (STEMI, NSTEMI and UA) and age of first cardiovascular event. Using the coronary angiography reports, we analysed the site of the lesions (RCA, LAD, LCX and LMA). We then used χ square test to compare the two populations. Results We observed a lower mean age at first cardiovascular event in Eastern European patients (p value < 0.0001) with a relative reduction of 30.5% in the general population (ReR 30.5%, t167 = 10.6, p < 0.0001, 95% CI 12.8 - 18.6). The incidence of STEMI events was twice as high in Eastern Europe (OR 2.73, CI 1.3-5.98, p-value 0.006). Regarding coronary anatomy, Eastern Europeans had a higher incidence of significant lesions on the artery LAD with an increase of 31.1% (OR 2.73, p-value 0.0006). When comparing the number of risk factors in the two ethnic groups, the prevalence of multiple risk factors was significantly lower in Eastern Europe than in Italy, with the population with two or fewer risk factors being twice as high as the Italian population (OR 2.26, CI 1.2- 4.3, p-value 0.01). Discussion Our study showed an early and more aggressive CAD in Eastern European patients while adding previously unknown data on coronary anatomy, with Eastern Europeans having 30% more significant stenoses on LAD than Italians. Surprisingly, the Eastern European population had a lower incidence of multiple risk factors compared to Italian patients, refuting the findings of previous studies on this topic and the common misconception that the incidence of CAD in Eastern Europe is due to an unhealthy lifestyle. Conclusion The present study confirms that Eastern European ethnicity is an independent risk factor for CAD and, in accordance with the principles of personalised cardiovascular medicine, elaborates on the coronary lesions associated with it.

Changes in socioeconomic inequalities in food consumption among Brazilian adults in a 10-years period.

To evaluate changes in socioeconomic inequalities in food consumption in Brazil over a 10-year period. Data on 24-h recalls of adults (aged 20 years or more) from the 2008/9 (n = 26,327) and 2017/8 (n = 37,689). Brazilian Dietary Survey were analyzed. We used the Nova classification system to group food items and estimate the percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods and plant-based natural or minimally processed foods. For sex and area of residence, we calculated the percentage points (p.p.) difference between the estimates for women and men, and rural and urban populations. Negative values indicate higher consumption among men or urban residents, positive values indicate higher consumption among women or rural residents, and zero indicates equality. For education and wealth levels we calculated the slope index of inequality (SII). The SII varies from -100 to 100, with positive values indicating higher consumption among more educated or wealthiest groups, negative values indicating higher consumption among less educated or poorest groups, and zero equality. Over the period, we observed a reduction in the percentage of total energy from plant-based natural/minimally processed foods from 13.0 to 12.2% and an increase in that of ultra-processed foods from 17.0 to 18.3%. The urban population and those in the wealthier and more educated groups presented higher consumption of ultra-processed foods and lower consumption of plant-based natural/minimally processed foods in both survey years. Over the 10-year period, there was an overall reduction of the socioeconomic inequalities, mainly explained by the greater increase in ultra-processed food consumption by the rural population and those from the poorest and less educated groups (difference for area -7.2 p.p. in 2008/9 and -5.9 p.p. in 2017/8; SII for education 17.7 p.p. in 2008/9 and 13.8 p.p. in 2017/8; SII for wealth 17.0 p.p. in 2008/9 and 11.2 p.p. in 2017/8). Socioeconomic inequalities in food consumption decreased in Brazil, but it may lead to the overall deterioration of the dietary quality of the more vulnerable groups.

Height, wealth, and schooling outcomes in young women from lower- and middle-income countries.

This study evaluates a large (N > 366,000) sample of young women (15-18 years) from 64 lower- and middle-income countries for associations between height, household wealth, and schooling outcomes, with a focus on secondary school attendance. A pooled sample and regional samples (Latin America, South/Southeast Asia, East Africa, and West Africa) are evaluated. A dual purpose is to evaluate both associations between height and schooling, and potential height-wealth interactions such that height associations to schooling vary over levels of wealth. Ordered probit analysis indicates positive marginal probabilities from height on secondary school attendance in all samples, with diminishing probabilities in the Latin America and South/SE Asia samples, and flat/increasing probabilities in the African samples. For South/SE Asia and taller women in Latin America, height associations are stronger at lower household wealth. For both African samples and shorter women in Latin America, height associations are stronger at higher wealth. The findings suggest that the height-schooling relationship may derive from the influence from early-life health, and may also be affected by differences in health and education environments as suggested by variations across regions and height-wealth interactions within regions.

Do Renewable Energy and the Real Estate Market Promote Environmental Quality in South Africa: Evidence from the Bootstrap ARDL Approach

Recent empirical research indicates that South Africa’s present level of wealth and energy, given its fast-expanding population, is unsustainable. Studies in this domain focus on the impact of economic growth and energy use on environmental quality; the role of the real estate market on environmental quality in South Africa is ignored in the emerging literature. The current study aims to deliver a fresh empirical analysis in this context by analyzing the impact of South Africa’s real estate sector expansion and renewable energy sources on carbon emissions. Using the newly developed “bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach”, the results of the empirical investigation showed that renewable energy improves South Africa’s environmental quality. The current research also shows that the South African real estate industry has a negative impact on the environment. According to the current research, South African policymakers should create new regulations for the sustainable real estate sector to improve environmental quality by encouraging the usage of and investment in renewable energy.