Levels Of Various Proteins Research Articles

RELATIVE PROTEIN VALUE OF DEFATTED CORN GERM FLOUR

ABSTRACTIsocaloric diets containing various levels of protein supplied as commercially prepared defatted corn germ flour (CGF), CGF supplemented with 0.07% methionine and 0.02% leucine (SCGF), casein (C) or lactal‐bumin (LA) were compared in this study. Weight gains of weanling rats fed various growth‐limiting amounts of protein were used to determine a protein value, defined as the slope of the regression line relating weight gain to protein intake, for each of the protein sources. The PV of CGF was significantly different from that of LA, but did not differ significantly from the PV of SCGF andC. The relative protein value of CGF, the ratio of the PV of CGF to the PV of LA, is 0.62 ± 0.06. These data indicate that the protein in commercially prepared CGF is of good quality and could be a valuable source of protein for human diets.

Studies on the relationship between the histological changes and liver cell function or plasma proteins in hepatic diseases.

Histological changes of liver biopsy specimens were compared with functioning liver cell mass estimated by an index, ICG capacity, and with plasma levels of various proteins, in 85 patients with liver diseases. IGC capacity was inversely proportional to the degrees of liver cell degeneration and lymphocyte infiltration in the portal tracts and parenchyma, in contrast to plasma disappearance rate of ICG (K), which was inversely proportional to the degrees of portal tract fibrosis and bridge formation. Among the plasma proteins synthesized in the liver, the plasma levels of prealbumin, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein showed the tendencies to decrease with the increase in the degrees of liver cell degeneration. The levels of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin beta1A/C and transferrin were proportional to the degree of the degeneration. Plasma albumin had no correlation to any histological change. The plasma levels of gamma-globulin and IgG were both proportional to the degrees of portal tract fibrosis and bridge formation. IgM also paralleled to the degree of the fibrosis. The level of IgA was inversely proportional to the degree of liver cell swelling. It was concluded that quantitative estimations of some histological changes in the liver are valuable for the estimations of liver function and the grade of the diseases of the liver.

Effects or protein levels and methionine supplementation of the diets of layers on egg production rate, fertility and hatchability of eggs in the tropics.

AbstractA trial was run with 540 laying hens of the White Rock x White Leghorn crosses to determine the effects of varying protein levels and the supplementation of the diets with DL‐methionine on the laying performances, egg grades, their fertility and hatchability, of the birds reared in a tropical environment. The protein levels used were 14, 16 and 18%, and the levels of methionine supplemented were 0, 100 and 110% the recommended minimum requirements for layers by the NRC (1971). Hen‐day production increased as the percentages of crude protein and levels of methionine supplementation increased. There were also larger percentages of large‐sized eggs as the protein levels and level of methionine supplementation increased and the feed/dozen eggs improved with increases in protein levels and with increases in level of methionine supplementation. Finally, both the levels of fertility and hatchability of the eggs were increased with increases in protein and levels of methionine supplementation.

The Effects of Four Different Feeding Programs of Varying Protein Levels on Performance of Brown-Egg-Type Birds

Four feeding programs were evaluated on brown-egg type birds housed two birds per cage 25.4 cm. wide by 45.7 cm. deep. Three different protein levels were formulated in isocaloric diets and fed to these birds in a 48 week laying experiment. The feed schedules were: Program One, 16% protein Layer; Program Two, 17% protein Layer; Program Three, 18% protein Layer; (all fed from 22 weeks through 70 weeks of age) and Program Four, 18% protein Layer through 39 weeks, decreased to 17% protein Layer from 40th week through 59th week and 16% protein Layer from the 60th week through the end of the experiment.A statistical analysis of hen day egg production results showed a treatment difference at the 5% probability level. Birds on Programs One, Two and Four had 5% greater production than the birds on Program Three.Analysis of the feed data indicated no statistical differences in the feed consumed per dozen eggs between the four feed programs. The birds on Program Three consistently consumed less feed during the entire 48 week test period.There were no statistical differences in egg weight between the four feed programs. The egg weights of the birds on Program One ran slightly higher than the remaining three programs.Results obtained indicate that brown-egg type birds not stressed by crowding in cages and allowed 12.7 cm. of trough space per bird will do equally well on 16% protein, 17% protein or 18, 17, 16% protein laying rations.

Growth-Promoting Effects of Fermented Soybeans for Broilers

Four factorial experiments are here reported on the use of control and fermented soybeans in glucose-soybean diets for broiler chicks with varying protein levels (15, 17 and 19% and 13, 16 and 19%). Eleven strains of Aspergilli were used as cultures in these experiments, selected on the basis of a prior history of beneficial effects. Data obtained from 4-week growth studies revealed that feeding soybeans fermented with 10 of the 11 species gave significant (P < 0.05) improvements in weight gain and feed efficiency. The responses were more pronounced with the low dietary levels of protein. No detrimental effect was shown from any of the cultures tested. Chemical analyses indicate that chicks fed the fermented soybean diets made better use of dietary nitrogen and dry matter. Carcass composition data show that the diets made with fermented soybeans produced chicks that were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in protein and ash and lower in total lipids. Amino acid analyses suggest that the growth-promoting activity was largely due to a greater supply of the essential amino acids. Some vitamin synthesis by the fungi is a possibility.

Beef cattle commercial feedlot studies Trial 1—Effects on steer performance of variable protein levels, implanting, and worming

A 112-day trial used 280 mixed-breed yearling steers to study effects of varying protein levels in finishing steers rations. Crude protein content ranged from 15.1 percent for the first 28 days to 8.9 percent crude protein the final 28 days. Feeding a 15.1% crude protein ration for 28 days and a 13.2% crude protein ration the second 28 days or feeding a 13.2% crude protein ration for the first 56 days did not significantly improve total gain compared with feeding an 11.2% crude protein (control) ration.

Susceptibility to captan pesticide of albino rats fed from weaning on diets containing various levels of protein

Albino rats were fed for 28 days from weaning on diets containing no protein (group I), one-seventh of the optimal protein intake (group II), one-third of the optimal protein (group III), the optimal protein level, as 26% casein (group IV), or three times the optimal protein intake (group V). At the end of the dieting period, the acute oral LD 50 ± SE of captan was found to be (in mg/kg body weight) 6·15 ± 3·1 in group I, 480 ± 110 in group II, 10,670 ± 2800 in group III, 12,600 ± 2100 in group IV and 5320 ± 1420 in group V. The interval to death extended from 5 hr to 7 days, averaged 53 hr, was shorter the higher the dose of captan, and was not consistently influenced by the amount of protein in the diet. Animals in group I were some 2000 times more susceptible to the toxic effects of captan than were controls of group IV, compared with some 12 times for lindane and monuron, eight times for carbaryl, chlorpropham and diazinon and four times for dicophane (DDT). The results indicate that further studies should be made upon captan, which could well be a hazardous pesticide to employ in countries where the diet is low in protein.

The Performance of Laying Hens Fed Various Levels of Protein and a Non-essential Amino Acid Mixture

INTRODUCTIONTHE protein and amino acid requirements of the laying hen have been studied extensively during the past two decades. These studies have provided a better understanding of the balance of essential amino acids required for optimum egg production. The requirements for the essential amino acids for the laying hen have been reported by Johnson and Fisher (1958) and Scott (1962). Moran et al. (1967) have calculated the essential amino acid requirements for the laving hen based on the amounts needed for egg formation and body maintenance.Little information exists concerning the absolute requirement of the laying hen for protein nitrogen when a diet is fed containing an adequate level of well-balanced essential amino acids together with various levels of non-essential amino acid nitrogen. Shapiro and Fisher (1965) and Shapiro (1968), using egg protein and an isonitrogenous mixture of glutamic acid and glycine, reported that the laying hen required 13…

Evaluation of Dietary Protein Levels for White Leghorns in the Grower and Subsequent Layer Periods

RECENT literature on the effect of protein levels on the overall performance of chickens in grower and/or layer periods shows a wide disparity in experimental design. For simplicity and clarity of presentation the investigators and their designs are shown in Table 1. As indicated in the table, different protein levels were fed at different ages under varying management practices. However, none of the studies were designed to test the effect of pullets reared on litter and fed varying protein levels at different ages, with subsequent transfer to layer cages and fed several protein levels. Accordingly, experiments were designed to study the effect of this treatment on grower and layer performance.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREDay-old S.C. White Leghorn strain A pullets were used in years 1 and 2 (experiment 1) and day-old S.C.W.L. strains B and C in year 2 (experiment 2); both experiments were set up in March one year apart. .

Protein and amino acid nutrition of gravid swine.

Apart from a few well-recognized nutrient deficiencies, the diet of the sow has little influence on the pig at birth or its subsequent development. That the dietary intake by the sow is immaterial is not the case, but rather, within the range of quality and quantity of constituents normally encountered, she effectively buffers her offspring, both before and after birth, against nutritional inadequacy. The usual criteria of reproductive performance (total and live pigs farrowed, birth weight and livability) are unresponsive to various levels of protein during the last third of gestation. The daily intake of 230 gm. protein and 6,100 kcal. of metabolizable energy from a mixture of corn and soybean meal was sufficient to maximize nitrogen retention. Nitrogen retention increased as gestation progressed, but the level of dietary nitrogen required to maximize retention remained relatively constant. The gravid gilt was found to require, as a percent of the diet, 0.42, 0.37, 0.28, 0.34 and 0.46% lysine, isoleucine, sulfur-bearing amino acids, threonine and valine, respectively. Maximum requirements of 0.17% histidine, 0.30% phenylalanine and 0.07% tryptophan were determined with a casein-amino acid diet. All diets supplied the equivalent of 12% crude protein. Nitrogen retention was increased by lysine and tryptophan supplementation of an all-corn diet, however, total retention was only slightly in excess of the calculated fetal needs, therefore allowing minimal extrauterine deposition.

The Value of Menhaden Fish Meal in Practical Broiler Diets

CONSIDERABLE data have been accumulated concerning the value of fish meal as an ingredient for broiler diets. It has been reported that fish meal contains an unidentified factor necessary for maximum chick growth. The literature concerning the unidentified factor contained in fish meal has been extensively reviewed by Menge et al. (1952), Branion and Hill (1953), and Rasmussen et al. (1957). Summers et al. (1959) reported that fish meal was not a satisfactory source of the unidentified factor, and that the unidentified factor response was not influenced by the levels of corn and wheat in the diet. The present experiments were designed to study the value of fish meal in practical broiler diets containing various levels of protein and energy and/or in the presence of different levels of supplemental methionine and glycine. The composition of basal diets used in these experiments is shown in Table 1.…

Relationship of Rate of Egg Production as Affected by Feed to Haugh Units of Eggs

LITTLE or no effect on the albumen quality of eggs has been observed when an antibiotic is included in the diet, or when various levels of protein, minerals, grains or fat are fed to laying hens (Thompson et al., 1932; Card and Sloan, 1935; Chin and Brant, 1953; Griminger and Scott, 1954; Mueller, 1956; and Orr et al, 1958).In view of recent emphasis on interior quality of eggs it seemed desirable to gather additional information concerning the effect of the composition of the hen's diet upon albumen quality of eggs.PROCEDUREAlbumen quality (Haugh units) of eggs from 2,713 hens was determined. These hens were used in five nutritional experiments and received experimental diets which included three levels of protein, two different antibiotics fed at three levels and three sources of phosphorus fed at three levels.The percentage composition of the basal diet used was as follows: ground yellow…

Methionine and Antibiotic Supplementation for Growing Swine at Three Protein Levels1

A factorial experiment was used to measure the effect of supplementing swine rations containing various levels of protein with an antibiotic and/or methionine. In the absence of antibiotic supplementation, a 17-14-11% protein combination from weaning to terminal weights produced a higher rate of gain than did a 14-11-8.4% protein combination. No difference was obtained between protein levels when chlortetracycline was added to the rations. There was a marked increase in rate of gain as a result of antibiotic supplementation of the rations employed. Methionine supplementation was without effect. The data revealed no interaction either of antibiotic and protein level or of methionine and protein level.

THE PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG DAIRY CALVES

The protein and energy requirements of pre-weanling dairy calves were studied through the use of growth and balance trial techniques. Various levels of protein and energy were fed in both purified and semi-purified diets. The nitrogen retention of calves fed diets adequate in protein was 3.22 gm. per 100 gm. of gain in body weight. Energy requirement for maintenance was 44.7 digestible Calories per kg. of body weight per day and 268 digestible Calories were required per 100 gm. of gain in weight. These factors, along with previously determined values for endogenous nitrogen, were used to calculate the practical digestible energy and apparent digestible protein requirements of dairy calves.

The Effect of Amino Acid Supplements to the Diet of Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Poults Fed Various Levels of Protein and Productive Energy

INCREASED growth of turkey poults due to methionine supplementation has been reported by Bird et al. (1948), Atkinson et al. (1953), Pepper and Slinger (1955), Donovan et al. (1955) and others. Johnson (1950) and Saxena and McGinnis (1952) have found that the addition of methionine to the diet improved feed efficiency of turkey poults. Klain et al. (1954) reported that the addition of lysine to a poult diet increased growth at the 21.8% protein level but not at 25.5% protein. Lockhart and Thayer (1955) reported increases in growth of turkey poults when methionine and lysine were added to a 26% protein ration; and methionine improved growth at the 22% protein level.Blaylock et al. (1954) reported no differences in average score or commercial grades of turkeys fed different levels of fiber and energy in a study involving free choice feeding of pellets and grain. Dymsza et al. (1955) reported that …

Interactions between a High Concentration of Dietary Sodium Chloride and Various Levels of Protein When Fed to the Growing Rat

Interactions between a High Concentration of Dietary Sodium Chloride and Various Levels of Protein When Fed to the Growing Rat

The Problem of Wet Poultry House Litter: Influence of Total Dietary Protein and Soybean Meal Content on Water Intake and Urinary and Fecal Water Elimination in Growing Chickens

IT WOULD appear logical that urinary and fecal water elimination are major factors leading to the accumulation of moisture in poultry house litter. A solution of the problem of “wet litter” would thus involve determination of those factors responsible for the elimination of excessive amounts of water via the renal and alimentary routes. One of these causal factors is diet. In a recent note (James and Wheeler, 1949), we reported that the amount of water consumed, as well as the amount of excreta voided by growing chickens varied almost directly with the protein level of the diet. It is interesting that although the birds on the higher protein levels eliminated more urinary and fecal water (by virtue of greater volume of droppings), the moisture content of the excreta was not elevated, nor was feed consumption affected.In this work the varying protein levels were obtained by changing the amounts of .

Purified Rations and the Importance of Folic Acid in Mink Nutrition.

Summary1. Purified rations have been successfully employed in studying nutritional requirements of adult mink. 2. Feeding highly purified vitamin B complex free rations of varying protein levels supplemented with thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid and choline produced a severe deficiency in 10 to 13 weeks. The characteristic symptoms are given. 3. The administration of synthetic folk acid to 8 mink at the time of severe deficiency symptoms resulted in an immediate recovery, whereas 3 mink not receiving folic acid died. 4. Preliminary observation indicates the existence of another factor present in liver distinct from the known vitamins which is seemingly necessary for maintenance of body weight and hemoglobin regeneration.