Level In Ukraine Research Articles

Концепції державної політики розвитку “зеленої” економіки: еволюція, сутність, цілі та принципи

Досліджено сутнісні теорії розвитку “зеленої” економіки, які обумовлені неможливістю задоволення нескінченно зростаючих потреб людства в умовах обмеженості ресурсів. Запропоновано визначення терміна “зелена економіка” та виконано порівняльну характеристику концепції “зеленої” економіки, визначено її цілі та принципи. Акцентовано увагу, що модель “зеленої” економіки нормалізує взаємодію людської діяльності і природи. Узагальнюючи існуючі підходи до формування концепції “зеленої” економіки, виокремлено її головні напрямки: екологічний, економічний і соціальний.

Структура смертності населення за причинами смерті у метрополісах України

Large cities concentrate a substantial part of the educated, highly qualified, and economically active populations. Such social “selection” with the peculiarities of lifestyle determines the distinctive characteristics of the level and structure of mortality. Even though data on deaths by causes of death for the large cities are available in Ukraine, very few studies have analyzed cause-specific mortality in these cities. The objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis of mortality from the most influential causes of death in large cities. The novelty lies in the comparative analysis done for Dnipro, Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, and Kharkiv for the first time. The study uses the direct method of standardization to calculate standardized death rates by sex in 2005-2019. The results indicate lower all-cause mortality rates for the large city residents compared to the corresponding average country-level indicators. Kyiv, Lviv, and Odesa have lower death rates compared to Dnipro and Kharkiv. In Kyiv and Lviv, this is attributed to lower mortality from almost all major causes of death, while in Odesa this mainly resulted from the extremely low ischemic heart disease mortality. Relatively high mortality from circulatory diseases is observed in Kharkiv and Dnipro. However, in Dnipro, this is associated with a high death rate from coronary heart disease and a very low contribution of cerebrovascular disease, whereas in Kharkiv coronary and cerebrovascular disease death rates are quite high. Mortality rates from diseases of the digestive system in the large cities are found to be the closest to the average in Ukraine (except for Lviv). The neoplasms are the only large group of diseases with a mortality rate that exceeds the average level in Ukraine, in particular for women. Overall, the death rates from most of the causes of death in the large cities demonstrated a positive trend in 2005-2019, with some exceptions. External causes and infectious diseases showed the most decrease while mortality from AIDS and ill-defined causes increased. Also, there were uncertain dynamics of deaths due to suicide and injuries with undetermined intent. Given some specific mortality differences between the cities, some concerns have been raised over the accuracy of the coding of diagnoses. In particular, unusually low mortality from ischemic heart disease was found in Odesa and from cerebrovascular disease in Dnipro, very rare deaths from alcoholic liver disease in Odesa, accidental alcohol poisoning in Kyiv, and a group of other liver diseases in Dnipro. We also assume misclassification of suicides as injuries with undetermined intent in Kharkiv. Our findings highlight the importance of the implementation of automated coding and selection of causes of death that can minimize the number of subjective decisions made by coders and lead to significant improvements in the quality of data.

Трансформація смертності за статтю в чотирьох найбільших містах України

Large cities concentrate a substantial part of the educated, highly qualified, and economically active populations. Such social “selection” with the peculiarities of lifestyle determines the distinctive characteristics of the level and structure of mortality. Even though data on deaths by causes of death for the large cities are available in Ukraine, very few studies have analyzed cause-specific mortality in these cities. The objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis of mortality from the most influential causes of death in large cities. The novelty lies in the comparative analysis done for Dnipro, Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, and Kharkiv for the first time. The study uses the direct method of standardization to calculate standardized death rates by sex in 2005-2019. The results indicate lower all-cause mortality rates for the large city residents compared to the corresponding average country-level indicators. Kyiv, Lviv, and Odesa have lower death rates compared to Dnipro and Kharkiv. In Kyiv and Lviv, this is attributed to lower mortality from almost all major causes of death, while in Odesa this mainly resulted from the extremely low ischemic heart disease mortality. Relatively high mortality from circulatory diseases is observed in Kharkiv and Dnipro. However, in Dnipro, this is associated with a high death rate from coronary heart disease and a very low contribution of cerebrovascular disease, whereas in Kharkiv coronary and cerebrovascular disease death rates are quite high. Mortality rates from diseases of the digestive system in the large cities are found to be the closest to the average in Ukraine (except for Lviv). The neoplasms are the only large group of diseases with a mortality rate that exceeds the average level in Ukraine, in particular for women. Overall, the death rates from most of the causes of death in the large cities demonstrated a positive trend in 2005-2019, with some exceptions. External causes and infectious diseases showed the most decrease while mortality from AIDS and ill-defined causes increased. Also, there were uncertain dynamics of deaths due to suicide and injuries with undetermined intent. Given some specific mortality differences between the cities, some concerns have been raised over the accuracy of the coding of diagnoses. In particular, unusually low mortality from ischemic heart disease was found in Odesa and from cerebrovascular disease in Dnipro, very rare deaths from alcoholic liver disease in Odesa, accidental alcohol poisoning in Kyiv, and a group of other liver diseases in Dnipro. We also assume misclassification of suicides as injuries with undetermined intent in Kharkiv. Our findings highlight the importance of the implementation of automated coding and selection of causes of death that can minimize the number of subjective decisions made by coders and lead to significant improvements in the quality of data.

ORGANIC MARKET FORMATION IN UKRAINE

The article examines modern state and prospects of the development of organic market in the context of rationalization of the available natural-resource potential of Ukraine. Basing on the analysis of key organic production indicators it is relevant to conclude that during last year’s there is stable positive dynamics in growing of the area of farmlands that take part in the certified reduced production. Due to the improvement of the organic production recycling the level of organic production consuming and number of certified manufacturers have significantly increased. Consumers of Ukrainian organic production are predominantly the EU countries. Ukraine is interested in the organic market development and there are inevitable resources that can be found in every region of the country. We have characterized the legal principles that enable the organic market and the establishing of relation that are linked to the organic production development which are regulated by the Law of Ukraine and other legislative acts that are related to the issue. Basing on the data of the article and estimation of the organic production consuming level in Ukraine in 2010-2019 there were evaluated forecast indicators of the Ukrainian organic market capacity until 2023.

Safety of poultry meat in accordance with EU requirements in Ukraine: state monitoring of hormones

The article presents the results of analysis of the world scientific literature from 2010 to the present and official monitoring studies of poultry meat for hormone content for 2017–2020 to provide scientifically sound information on its level of safety in accordance with modern requirements of risk analysis. The problem of the using of hormones in poultry has arisen on the basis of published research by scientists that hormones can jeopardize the safe consumption of poultry products and thus make these products harmful to human health. According to these scientists, the residual amounts of hormones in broiler meat products can have such adverse effects on human health as the risk of cancer, early puberty for girls and boys and an increase in abortions. Such information raises consumer doubts about the safety of industrial poultry meat and increases their demand for “clean – hormone-free meat products”. The results of scientific research and consumer distrust of the absence of hormones in poultry meat have led to the initiation of further scientific research on these chemical residues in the EU and the US. In addition, strict legislation was introduced to ban the use of hormones in poultry, introduced mandatory controls on poultry farms to prevent their illegal use, as well as constant monitoring as a precautionary control by the state. However, many scientists claim that due to the ban on the use of hormones in poultry and the constant monitoring of the use of antibiotics, the results of official monitoring in most cases indicate safe levels of these substances in poultry meat. Despite the fact that in 1996 in the EU all hormonal stimulants are officially banned for use by animals and poultry other than for therapeutic purposes, there are scientific publications on the violation of these requirements. There is no ban on hormones in poultry at the legislative level in Ukraine yet. Ukrainian consumers are worried about the safety of poultry meat in terms of hormone content, but producers of large poultry farms assure them that poultry is raised without the use of any growth hormones. In accordance with EU requirements, Ukraine has introduced constant state monitoring of poultry meat content through laboratory control of samples. According to the analysis of the State Monitoring Plans for 2016–2020, there are no risks to the content of hormones in public health when consuming poultry meat. Our data coincide with similar data in most EU countries.

Міждисциплінарний підхід до удосконалення організації хірургічної допомоги пацієнтам з патологією щитоподібної залози

The interdisciplinary approach is recognized as the gold standard for organizing medical care for patients with oncological pathology. It is declared at the normative level in Ukraine, but the forms and methods of work, channels and methods of communication of specialists are not detailed. This requires further research, in particular, when providing surgical care to patients with thyroid pathology. The purpose of the study was to investigate the state of activity organization of multidisciplinary teams in the provision of surgical care to patients with thyroid pathology and to propose approaches for its improvement. Materials and methods: accounting forms No. 003 for 2019 (1208 units), constituent and administrative documents for the institution, department regulations, job descriptions, clinical pathway of patients (15 units in total). The base of research was communal non-profit enterprise "Kiev City Clinical Endocrinological Center". The methods, which were used, are systematic approach, medical and statistical, medical and geographical methods, content analysis, graphic. Results and discussion. Patients of the Department of Endocrine Surgery were from almost all regions of Ukraine. 3.5% of patients were referred by a general practitioner, 55.7% - by an endocrinologist, 40.1% - independently applied. Malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland was detected in 33.9% of patients, non-toxic multinodular goiter – in 25.2%, benign neoplasm – in 16.3%. In 448 (37.1%) patients, 687 concomitant diseases and complications were identified. Their structure consisted of diseases of the heart and circulatory system – 40.0%, eye diseases – 3.1%, diseases of the nervous system – 2.0%. In order to meet the needs of patients, instrumental and laboratory studies, consultative examinations, consultations and surgical interventions were carried out. The low level of communication between inpatient doctors and outpatient doctors has been shown. This was the reason for the excessive length of stay in bed – 12.6 ± 2.7 days. There is a separate participation of specialist doctors in accompanying patients in the hospital. It was proposed to formalize the official status and develop a typical provision for a multidisciplinary team of specialists; joint discussion, debate, data exchange within the team and with outpatient doctors; afford access to corporate information for the team and coordinate the work of authorized employees. Conclusion. Improving the efficiency of multidisciplinary teams is possible by strengthening collaboration within the team and communication with outpatient doctors

Decentralization as a Basis for Modernisation of Public Administration: European Experience for Ukraine

Ensuring the development of Ukraine as a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, and legal state at the present stage requires, first of all, the establishment of an effective domestic system of public administration. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the modernisation of public administration in European countries. The analysis revealed the specific features of modernisation of public administration at the regional level, typical of the unitary countries of the European Union, close to Ukraine in terms of territorial, demographic, administrative-territorial structure, and other criteria. In particular, the authors explored the features of public administration reforms in France and Poland. Also, steps were identified to intensify modernisation of public administration at the regional level in Ukraine under decentralisation in the context of the experience of European countries. Upon substantiating the results of the study, authors concluded that the adaptation of modernisation of the European experience should take the obvious shortcomings into consideration so as not to exacerbate the problems of relations between different levels of public authority in the regions of Ukraine, which are already familiar to Ukrainian realities.

The Historical Evolution of the Administrative Procedure (Comparative Approach)

The author is engaged in a comprehensive, comparative study of the administrative procedure in Ukraine. In our country, there is no mechanism for the functioning of this institution for a number of objective and subjective reasons, which complicates the study. In this regard, the author refers to the doctrinal legislative and historical experience of such countries as the USA and European countries (Germany, France), since these countries have a fundamental and centuries-old history of the process of formation, development and modernization of the administrative procedure at different historical stages. The history creates law. The purpose of the work is to review the evolution of the administrative procedure and identify key historical and political events that triggered the mechanism of the administrative procedure in the above countries. The result of historical and legal research are the doctrinal concepts of scientists, which influenced the further formation and development of the administrative procedure. During the study, the author received unique knowledge that will be helpful not only in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge, but also applying them during the writing a doctoral dissertation, which will be the first research work of this level in Ukraine.

Pathomorphological changes in the organs of chickens infected spontaneously by the species Salmonella pullorum on private farms in Chernivtsi region

Commercial poultry production growth and the increase in the number of small farms specializing in raising broiler chickens, laying hens, quails, and other poultry contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Non-compliance with the principles of biosafety during incubation and breeding results in mass deaths of poultry and, consequently, significant economic losses for farmers. Salmonellosis is one of the most dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases of poultry, which is most often registered in private farms. Age analysis of the poultry salmonellosis in the EU countries indicates the infection of adult laying hens most often, young poultry to a lesser extent, and chickens aged up to 10 days less frequently. Although the program for the prevention and elimination of poultry salmonellosis has been approved at the legislative level in Ukraine, monitoring studies are not carefully conducted. This is especially true for private homesteads and small farms, which greatly complicates the epizootiological situation in some regions of the country. The article describes the pathological and histological changes in the liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. The changes were detected in chickens aged 10 and 14 days infected with microorganisms of the species Salmonella pullorum. Eggs for incubation were obtained from different family flocks, and incubation was performed in a single incubator. The initial clinical signs of the disease appeared in chickens aged 7 days and included diarrhea, increased water consumption, lameness, mass concentration of chickens near heat sources, nervous phenomena in the form of circle walking, and partial blindness in some cases. The pathological autopsy revealed hepatomegaly with sharp change in the organ colour, diapedetic hemorrhage under Glisson’s capsule, and diffuse miliary necrosis. Greyish-white nodular lesions of the lungs and heart, dystrophic changes in the kidneys, and deposition of uric acid salts in the ureters were also characteristic features. Diffuse coagulation necrosis, massive perivascular infiltration by heterophilic lymphocytes and stasis were observed in the liver. Changes in the heart were characterized by significant infiltration by mononuclear cells and heterophiles, which led to atrophy, necrosis, and replacement of cardiomyocytes by connective tissue cellular elements. Delymphatization and necrosis of the lymph nodes were pronounced in the spleen.

WAGES AND MECHANISM OF ITS PAYMENTS IN UKRAINE AND CANADA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The article examines and compares the concept and size of wages in Ukraine and Canada. In the course of the research the definition of the term’s “salary” and “wage” according to the labor legislation of Ukraine and Canada was considered. The analysis and comparison of the definition of the concept of wages contained in the regulations governing labor relations in Ukraine and Canada. The author's own vision of the definition of "salary" is given. It is proved that wages and remuneration are essentially different concepts between which it is inappropriate to equate, because wages should be paid to the employee for the work performed by him, that is, in essence, it should be compensatory, and remuneration is just an incentive or compensatory nature, for example, the reward should be considered gratitude for conscientious work or outstanding achievements in professional activities, etc. It is concluded that at the constitutional level the right of a person to remuneration and related opportunities are more specifically and in detail specified in the Constitution of Ukraine in comparison with the Constitution of Canada where it is reduced to a minimum. An analysis of the level of wages in Ukraine and Canada, based on the size of wages, different professions and areas of activity. It is concluded that wages play an important role between the subjects of labor relations in both Ukraine and Canada. It is noted that there is a huge gap between the salaries of workers in Ukraine and Canada. Attention is paid to the comparison of the minimum wage in Ukraine and Canada. It is noted that it is positive to borrow from the experience of Canada forms of remuneration, this would eliminate the shortcoming of the current The Labor Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On Remuneration of Labor" in terms of consolidating forms of remuneration. The approach to the procedure for payment of wages at the state level in Ukraine and Canada is analyzed, it is concluded that the content of the rules governing the mechanism of payment of wages in Canada are similar to those contained in the Labor Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On Remuneration of Labor", But there are some differences that are positive in nature and bring some flexibility in the regulation of labor relations regarding the legal regulation of wages, which can be borrowed and used in the labor legislation of Ukraine.

INVESTIGATION OF RISKS OF INSURANCE OF ACCIDENTS AND TRAUMATIC EVENTS USING THE COMPONENT METHOD

The article is devoted to the problem of researching the levels of risks of insurance accidents and traumatic events using the component method. The study used data from the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine on the content of the causes of insured accidents and types of traumatic events for the period 2017-2020. The existing system of labor protection management at the state and production levels in Ukraine is not effective enough and requires the selection of objective and effective methods for determining the quantitative characteristics of industrial risk. The main requirement for the results of quantitative assessment of industrial risks is the objectivity of the information provided on emergency situations. The study of the causes of incidents and the development of recommendations for reducing occupational risks for workers were performed. To increase efficiency, it is proposed to use the component method. The essence of this method is to compare the assessment data with the determination of the risk of traumatic event on the basis of averaging the distribution of risk on the indicators of risk-relevant information. The study shows the universality of the component method of determining the levels of risk in enterprises of different industries, profile, level of automation, production volumes. The use of a component method for assessing the risk of traumatic events allows you to quantify the indicators of risk-relevant information and determine the distributed levels of industrial risks of 18 types of traumatic events. By comparing the risk distribution data obtained by the modified matrix and component method, it is shown that when the component method is used, the risk is distributed more evenly and closer to the causes of real injuries due to the leveling of such factors as subjectivity. The study of the risks of insurance accidents and traumatic events using the component method showed a different picture: an increase in the share of organizational causes and a decrease in the share of psychophysiological and technical reasons, a decrease in the share of major events in general. This is observed against the background of declining industrial production and indicates a relatively high degree of wear and tear of means of production (machines, production lines, mechanisms), weak motivation of workers for personal safety, which requires improving the legal framework for occupational safety, introduction of progressive forms of compliance standards for parameters of microclimatic conditions in the work area - automation (temperature, dust, noise, vibration, concentration of hazardous and harmful substances). This will have a positive effect on the psycho-emotional state of employees.

Класична галактоземія: особливості діагностики та лікування

Актуальність. Галактоземія І типу, або класична галактоземія (КГ), — найбільш тяжка форма спадкових порушень обміну вуглеводів, зокрема галактози. Галактоземія не включена до програми масового неонатального скринінгу в Україні. КГ характеризується неспецифічністю дебютних симптомів, супроводжується високими показниками смертності у неонатальному періоді. Актуальними є питання ранньої діагностики та лікування КГ за відсутності програми масового неонатального скринінгу в Україні. Мета. Аналіз клініко-лабораторних, молекулярно-генетичних особливостей КГ; визначення комплексу клінічних симптомів щодо формування селективних груп пацієнтів для призначення дієтотерапії та проведення лабораторної діагностики; розробка поетапної схеми ефективної ранньої діагностики та лікування пацієнтів при КГ за відсутності масового неонатального скринінгу з метою запобігання інвалідизації хворих, зниження показника дитячої смертності. Матеріали та методи. Впродовж 2014–2017 рр. у Центрі орфанних захворювань обстежено 317 пацієнтів із діагнозом «гепатит невизначеного генезу». Вік хворих — від 3 днів до 16 років. Хлопчиків було 145 (45 %), дівчаток — 172 (55 %). У всіх пацієнтів відзначена полісиндромна клінічна картина з переважним ураженням печінки. В усіх пацієнтів визначали активність ферменту GАLT в еритроцитах периферичної крові, проводили ДНК-дослідження з метою виявлення мажорних мутацій у гені GАLT. Всі хворі були обстежені на наявність вірусних гепатитів. За результатами біохімічного дослідження визначали рівень печінкових трансаміназ, лужної фосфатази, білірубіну, показники згортання крові. Також проводили тандемну мас-спектрометрію з метою виявлення порушень обміну амінокислот, органічних кислот і мітохондріального бета-окислення жирних кислот. У 5 пацієнтів за наявності припущення про глікогеноз проведене кількісне визначення глікогену у біоптаті печінки. Результати. Діагноз КГ підтверджений у 15 (4,7 %) з 317 пацієнтів: у 9 хлопчиків і 6 дівчаток віком від 14 діб до 15 років. У 13 (86,7 %) дітей клінічний діагноз КГ встановлений у середньому через 47 ± 15 діб життя. У 2 пацієнтів КГ діагностована у віці 2 і 15 років. У всіх пацієнтів активність ферменту GALT в еритроцитах була знижена і становила 0,08–5,8 Од/г Hb, у середньому 3,3 ± 1,6 Од/г Hb (в нормі > 10 Од/г Hb). Молекулярно-генетичний аналіз проведений у 14 (93,3 %) пацієнтів. У 5 хворих виявлений гомозиготний генотип за Q188R, в одного — за K285N, у 6 — гетерозиготний генотип за двома мажорними мутаціями (Q188R/K285N), в одного пацієнта виявлений генотип був р.Y209S/р.K285N, ще в одного — виявлена мутація р.K285N тільки в одній алелі. Отже, у 14 пацієнтів досліджені 28 алелей у гені GALT, ідентифіковані 27 мутацій: Q188R — у 57 % спостережень, K285N — у 36 %, р.Y209S — у 3 % (виявлена в одного пацієнта в одній алелі). В цілому мутації Q188R і K285N виявляли з частотою 93 %, що свідчить про високий рівень їх мажорності в українській популяції. Жовтяниця виявлена у 93 % хворих, гепатомегалія — у 80 %, диспептичний синдром — у 87 %. Катаракта була діагностована у 6 (40 %) пацієнтів, в усіх спостереженнях поєднана з неврологічними симптомами. Ураження нервової системи (спастичний тетрапарез, дистонія, тремор, когнітивна недостатність, дизартрія, затримка мовленнєвого розвитку) відзначені у 7 (21,8 %) хворих при КГ. Померли 4 (26,7 %) з 15 пацієнтів віком від 20 днів до 2,5 місяця. За даними клініко-генеалогічного аналізу у родинах хворих на КГ виявлено часті випадки ранньої смерті дітей (віком до 14 тижнів) унаслідок печінкової недостатності. У неонатальному періоді померли 4 дітей із трьох родин з обтяженим анамнезом. У цілому в родинах наших пацієнтів померли 8 (42,1 %) із 19 дітей з аналогічними клінічними симптомами. Лікування всім пацієнтам призначали з суттєвим запізненням, у середньому на 44-й день. Запропоновано схему діагностично-лікувальних заходів у пацієнтів селективної групи. Висновки. КГ — загрозливе для життя захворювання, що характеризується ураженням клітин печінки, диспептичним синдромом, сепсисом і спричиняє високий рівень смертності немовлят у неонатальному періоді. В цілому мутації Q188R і K285N виявлені у 93 % спостережень, що свідчить про високий рівень їх мажорності в українській популяції. Всі немовлята з жовтяницею, зумовленою гіпербілірубінемією, за наявності гепатомегалії, диспепсії, порушень згортання крові, високого рівня трансаміназ мають бути обстежені щодо КГ і негайно переведені на безлактозну дієту до отримання остаточних результатів лабораторної діагностики.

The threats to national security of Ukraine and Poland inassisting to the development of the crypto-asset market: legal aspect

The article studies the mainstreaming of the crypto assets’ market legal regulation on the example of Ukraine and Poland. Specifically, the notions “crypto currency” and “virtual currency” are analyzed. On the basis of dialectical method and of critical analysis of research literature, regulatory legal acts, etc. the impropriety of the stated notions’ use is proved, especially as concerns the legislative level; the specifics of the stated categories’ legal status is defined; the necessity and practicality of special regulatory legal acts approval in this sphere on the level of Ukraine and Poland is determined, for effective rights’ exercising of the corresponding relations participants, including constitutional rights. Simultaneously, the article provides the grounds for inacceptability of adoption by Ukraine and Poland of the crypto assets’ market development by means of impelementation of varios benefits (preferences) for this market participants, because this can threaten the ecological, energy, information, and in total, national security of the given states.

Criminological analysis of criminal offenses against the environment

The article subjected to criminological analysis of criminal offenses against the environment. The study of statistical information of the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine, contained in the Uniform reports on criminal offenses for 2013-2020 (Form 1: approved by Order of the State Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine dated 23.10.2012 in coordination with the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine) and other sources of empirical information shows a tendency of growing level of criminal offenses against the environment on the background of general decrease of crime level in Ukraine. The structural elements and dynamics of criminal offenses against the environment are provided. The criminal offenses against the environment are noted as a serious problem in modern society. Basing on the considered material the authors conclude that criminal offences against the environment have a tendency of steady increasing, and the necessity of this phenomenon to be resolutely struggled. The authors emphasize the problem of the latency of crimes in studying area.

MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS FOR HOTEL AND RESTAURANT COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT

The article considers the interpretation of such concepts as «hotel», «restaurant», analyzes the author's interpretations of the concept of «hotel and restaurant complex», as well as offers its own understanding of this category. The specific features of the services of the hotel and restaurant complex are highlighted. Defined as a hotel and restaurant complex is not defined at the legislative level in Ukraine. The main approaches to defining the essence of the hotel and restaurant complex are presented, which is expressed in the ratio of the tourism industry and the hospitality industry. The main components of the development of the hotel and restaurant complex are proposed in the work: intangibility and hospitality of the hotel and restaurant service; intangible nature of hotel and restaurant service; uneven demand, failure to save services; inseparability from the source of hotel and restaurant service; variability of hotel and restaurant ambassador. Measures to strengthen the effectiveness of its development management are identified: participation in specialized exhibitions; development of proposals for integrated tourism products; involvement in the discussion and submission of proposals to laws and regulations; certification, categorization and standardization of hotel services; development of an integrated system of planning and coordination of activities; participation in hotel development projects with the participation of international operators; promoting the promotion of the complex product of the hotel and restaurant complex through the production of promotional videos, printing of advertising and information materials and their distribution at points of tourist services. The article pays special attention to rebranding and Internet advertising as important measures for effective management of the hotel and restaurant complex. The essence of the concept of "rebranding" and the prerequisites for its application are determined: physical and moral obsolescence of the existing brand, the emergence of competitors, reduced sales of services, change of direction, merger. For the hotel and restaurant complex the scheme of means of Internet advertising in case of carrying out rebranding is offered.

Analysis of institutional factors that cause gender pay gaps in Ukraine

Despite Ukraine’s commitments regarding non-discrimination and ensuring gender equality, the issue of gender pay gaps remains relevant. The aim of the study is to identify factors that cause gender pay gaps and assess their impact on wage differences at the institutional level in Ukraine. Based on the generalization of the research results, macroeconomic and microeconomic approaches to the grouping of factors that cause gender pay gaps have been identified. Based on the analysis of statistical data, it has been determined that gender occupational segregation exists in Ukraine, as most women work in low-wage economic activities; women are more likely to lead businesses with a lower level of wages. As the result of the assessment of the impact of various factors on wage differences, it has been found that gender pay gaps are the smallest in the public sector. Part-time employment in 2018 affected gender pay gaps by 3.8%. Based on the correlation factor analysis, the positive impact of increasing the minimum wage and innovative development on reducing gender pay gaps has been substantiated. The hypothesis regarding the impact of collective bargaining on gender pay gaps at the organizational level has been refuted. Promising measures have been identified that would help to create equal opportunities and reduce gender pay gaps, and thus to fulfill Ukraine’s commitments in the context of European integration.

State of development, research and standardization of cryptographic transformations such as asymmetric encryption and post-quantum key encapsulation protocol

The paper presents the state of development of cryptocurrencies such as ACS and PIC at the international and national levels. The state of standardization of cryptocurrencies of ASS and PIK at the international competition NIST of the USA, the requirements put forward to candidates on 2 and 3 rounds of competition are considered. The state of standardization of crypto transformations of this type at the national level in Ukraine is considered, and a brief description of the national standard ASSH DSTU 8961: 2019, based on algebraic lattices, is given. The methodology and results of achieving the national standard DSTU 8961:2019 against attacks by third-party channels in terms of the dependence of the time of direct and reverse transformation (encapsulation and decapsulation of the key) on the number of units in the private key.

Оцінка рівня життя населення України

The relevance of the article. The level of living standards as economic category characterizes not only the state of social and economic system but it is a necessary condition for its development. The relevance of scientific research on implementation of living standards of the country’s copulation is due to the need of systematization of economic features, which allow to determine objectively the level of poverty and will ensure the realization of an effective social state policy. Purpose setting is in the studying the population lives problems regarding the trade transformation of national economy and its reasons analyses, which lead to the high poverty level in Ukraine, and also the ways to overcome this phenomenon. Presentation of the main material. Poverty is a multifaceted socio-economic phenomenon that is inherent in any country in the world, regardless of its level of economic prosperity. Today, there are many interpretations that characterize “poverty” as a condition in which a person can not achieve the appropriate level of welfare in this society. The article deals with the causes of poverty and outlines the interdependent factors that influence it. It is defined that living standards of the population depends on the state of the national economy and its macroeconomic indicators (gross output of the enterprise per head of the population, rate of unemployment, real salaries and others). It is proved that the main reasons of poverty are classified into three groups: economic (low oncome, low spending capacity, social policy failure, unemployment and inflation), political (imperfection of the labor legislation, state social policy failure) and social (low level of accomplishments, the polarization of society, social vulnerability). In 2020 the poverty rate in Ukraine increased to 43 per cent, which means that nearly 6 million citizens are living below the poverty line, among which multi-child families, single parents with young children, families with children under age 3, single pensioners over 65 years of age are the most vulnerable categories. It is found out that barriers to getting out of the poverty are the following: reduction of market for the goods and services, monopoly existence and corruption. It is actualized that increasing of welfare payments doesn’t reduce the poverty problem in the country. Conclusions. Poverty is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a person cannot achieve the appropriate level of well-being in society. According to the World Bank, Ukraine “remains one of the poorest countries in the region” in terms of Gross Domestic Product per capita, and according to official UN data, more than 60% of Ukraine’s population is below the poverty line. And despite the statistics, raising the minimum wage should not be a top priority for social policy, and public institutions should use a variety of tools. Key words: living standards, poverty, social protection, income.

Determinant of educational infrastructure development in conditions of regional economy transformation and digitalization

Motivation: In the context of sustainable development, it is objectively conditioned to base the social infrastructure development on the transformations and digitalization of the regional economic space. The transformation of the potential of social infrastructure involves changing not only the quantitative parameters of its components, but also transforming the objects of the infrastructure complex of the region, restructuring the connections between them and moving to a qualitatively new level of development. The determinant of social infrastructure that provides quality human development is education. High-quality educational infrastructure provides comprehensive human development through the formation of a complex of services necessary for the qualitative development of human potential.
 Aim: The purpose of the research is to analyse the structural and dynamic features of the educational component of social infrastructure at the meso level in Ukraine and Poland, to work out practical recommendations for its transformation and digitalization.
 Results: An author’s methodology for assessing the educational infrastructure development is developed. The methodology includes, in particular, the calculation of the synthetic index for the educational infrastructure development using the method of linear ordering by Julian Perkal. The negative trend of decreasing in the number of Ukrainian educational institutions between 2010 and 2020 is detected. It is established that the dynamics of the number of students in vocational schools and higher education institutions in Ukraine reflects, first, the demographic trends that have taken place and are taking place in the country, as well as society’s attitude to vocational and higher education. In addition, the rating of Ukrainian and Polish regions according to the level of the educational infrastructure development is created.

Legal aspects of the cryptoassets market and its possible threats to the national security of Ukraine and Poland

The article studies the mainstreaming of the crypto assets’ market legal regulation on the example of Ukraine and Poland. Specifically, the notions “crypto currency” and “virtual currency” are analyzed. On the basis of dialectical method and of critical analysis of research literature, regulatory legal acts, etc. the impropriety of the stated notions’ use is proved, especially as concerns the legislative level; the specifics of the stated categories’ legal status is defined; the necessity and practicality of special regulatory legal acts approval in this sphere on the level of Ukraine and Poland is determined, for effective rights’ exercising of the corresponding relations participants, including constitutional rights. Simultaneously, the article provides the grounds for inacceptability of adoption by Ukraine and Poland of the crypto assets’ market development by means of impelementation of varios benefits (preferences) for this market participants, because this can threaten the ecological, energy, information, and in total, national security of the given states.