Level Of Trust In People Research Articles

Socio-psychological characteristics of students

The article reveals the socio-psychological features of student age. It is noted that the main psychological formations of personality at this stage of formation are independence, social maturity and activity, the desire for self-knowledge, self-development and self-realisation (self-realisation), harmonisation of the "I" system, the presence of generalised methods of cognitive and professional activity, structured intelligence in combination with intellectual potential, professionalisation of knowledge, skills and abilities, formation of a base of socio-professional skills. The leading features of students include: social orientation of thinking (social intelligence), active life (position), high level of empathy, and affiliation. In the individual-personal and professional aspects, the stable characteristics of a psychologist include: nervous system lability; mixed choleric-sanguine type of temperament; pronounced extraversion; pronounced social orientation; intuitive-sensitive type of temperament; acceptance of other people and values; direct worldview; focus on effective implementation in the profession; high social control of behaviour; self-actualisation as a guide for self-development. Negative qualities that hinder or complicate professionalisation include: increased neuroticism; low level of trust in people, belief in their goodwill and sincerity; inability to establish strong and friendly relationships with others; desire for power, domination and manipulation; focus on solving one's own problems; dissonance between theoretical and personal values. However, overcoming these negative tendencies can become a driving force in the self-development of a future psychologist.

Cultural, trust, and transparency effects on the use of anchoring in mergers and acquisitions

AbstractAlthough price anchoring is a global phenomenon, we find that country cultures, trust levels, and information/legal transparency affect its use in determining target offer prices. Price anchoring is associated with cultures that deemphasize long‐term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and personal indulgence. Acquirers from countries with low levels of trust in people or the legal system are more likely to anchor their bids. Anchoring is more frequently observed in countries where information and legal transparency is poor. We find that the use of anchoring can result in reduced long‐term performance by acquirers.

Comunicación de riesgo para la salud por crisis sanitaria de COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an infectious disease. Following its outbreak in Wuhan, China (December 2019), the rapid spread of the virus caused alarm around the world. The World Health Organization declared this outbreak a pandemic, and countries around the world continue to struggle with rising confirmed cases. As of May 4, 2020, more than 3.3 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported, and more than 238,730 deaths in 215 countries. The virus can be spread by close contact and by droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, or talking. On the other hand, in times of crisis, social networks and some media that do not provide adequate information, generate some uncertainty in the population. For this reason, the present study presents the objective of evaluating the communication of health risk by Covid-19 from the perception of the Peruvian inhabitants. A descriptive study with a non-experimental design was carried out. Health risk communication from Covid-19 has been inadequately issued to the population; Most of the announcements issued by the responsible organizations have generated low levels of trust in people, perceiving a lack of credibility, timeliness, timely information and transparency, as well as messages with double meanings that do not guide to avoid contagion.

Human and Social Capital as Factors of Entrepreneurial Success in Russian Conditions

Subject. The article investigates the role of human and social capital as success factors of Russian entrepreneurs. Objectives. The focus is on the estimation of the impact of human, social, and religious capital on the choice of entrepreneurial career and its results in Russian conditions. Methods. The study employs regression analysis of the Russian Longitudinal monitoring survey data to review factors determining the choice of business activities, the level of income and work and life satisfaction of Russian entrepreneurs. The Heckman model is used to consider the effect of self-selection into the group of entrepreneurs. Results. Entrepreneurial career provides both an increased personal income and higher level of work satisfaction, despite a higher workload. Higher education and high activity in social networks, indicating developed communication skills and readiness to use new opportunities provided by modern technologies, increase the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Russian religious believers are more actively engaged in entrepreneurship compared to agnostics and atheists, and gain increased entrepreneurial income. Conclusions. Individuals who tend to trust others are more likely to become entrepreneurs, and a necessary condition for obtaining high entrepreneurial income is the formation of a team that can be trusted. Since Russia is characterized by a significantly lower level of trust in people compared to most economically developed countries, this fact limits the level of entrepreneurial activity.

Comparative perceptions: how female officers in two Australian police organizations view policing of diverse people

ABSTRACT Male officers outnumber female officers in most police organizations, therefore most of the extant policing literature regarding policing of diverse people is dominated by the perceptions of male officers. As such this research conducted a comparative analysis between female officers employed in two different Australian state police organizations regarding their perceptions of policing diverse people. Using an identical online survey, and applying elements of Procedural Justice Theory and Social Identity Theory, female officers (N = 1794) responded to a series of items regarding their perceptions of fairness of treatment, following operational guidelines, perceptions of police engagement, and level of trust in people, when policing diverse people. They were also asked about their sense of identity as a police officer, and perceptions of inclusion within each respective police organization. Results from this study suggest significant differences can be found between the ranks of female officers within each organization, and comparatively between officers employed in each organization regarding their perceptions of policing diverse people. Specifically, this research suggests that rank and policing experience at the onset of a policing career (for example, Constables or Senior Constables) or over time as officers are employed in more senior roles (for example, Inspectors or Superintendents) differ in relation to officer’s perceptions of policing diverse people. This results from this study raise questions about the likelihood of female officers in different ranks not following operational policing guidelines in relation to policing diverse people.

Fiziksel Yetersizlik, Umutsuzluk, Parasal Problem ve Sosyal Sermayenin Yalnızlık Hissi Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Adana’da yaşayan bireylerin yalnızlık hissine etki eden en önemli değişkenleri araştırmaktır. 2019 Ocak-Şubat aylarında yüz yüze yapılan basit rassal örnekleme ile belirlenen, Adana’da yaşayan 980 yetişkine; ekonomik, demografik, psikolojik, sosyolojik durumlarını ortaya çıkaracak 70 soruluk “Yaşam Kalite Analiz Anketi” uygulanmıştır. Açıklayıcı değişkenler içerisinde gelir, fiziksel yetersizlik, umutsuzluk, parasal problem ve insana güvenin yalnızlık hissini anlamlı derecede etkilemesi beklenmektedir. Bağımlı değişken olan “yalnızlık hissi” iki değer alan kategorik bir değişken olması nedeni ile uygun ekonometrik model ikili lojistik regresyon modeli olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelemede ekonomik, demografik, psikolojik, sosyolojik durumu gösteren ve yalnızlık hissini etkilediği düşünülen tüm değişkenler kullanılarak çok sayıda model oluşturulmuş ve en anlamlı bulunan değişkenler üzerinden ikili lojisitk regresyon modeli oluşturulup yorumlanmıştır. Stata 14.2 programı yardımı ile marjinal etkiler hesaplanarak incelenen değişkenlerin yalnızlık hissi üzerindeki etki seviyeleri açıklanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda: 1) Gelir ve fiziksel yetersizlik yalnızlık hissini açıklamada en anlamlı değişkenler olarak elde edilmiştir 2) Demografik değişkenlerden; yaş, cinsiyet ve gelir; yalnızlık hissi üzerine etkisi olan değişkenler olarak belirlenmiştir 3) Sosyal sermaye değişkenleri içinden arkadaş ve aile bireyleri ile görüşme sıklığından çok insana güven düzeyi yalnızlık hissini açıklamada daha etkili değişken olarak bulunmuştur.

Ocena demokracji i jej wybrane uwarunkowania w kontekście wyborów samorządowych w 2014 roku w Polsce

The local elections that were held in November 2014 stirred up considerable controversy in Po-land. The article is an attempt to describe how Poles evaluated the overall functioning of democ-racy in the context of these elections and what determinants significantly contributed to that evaluation. We examined three levels of democracy evaluation: general beliefs (Jost’s system justification), the current state of democracy (Dahl’s democratic institutions), and specific events connected with the functioning of the democratic system (the quality of the elections and the level of trust in the elected representatives). We also tested the extent to which these levels of democracy evaluation were explained by sociopolitical determinants, such as the general level of trust in people, patriotism and nationalism, or the experience of security. The study was conducted shortly after the second round of the election on a sample of 524 subjects. The obtained results show a low quality of democracy (particularly on the level of general beliefs and trust in the newly elected authorities) and reveal associations between aspects of evaluation and the investigated determinants.

Ocena demokracji i jej wybrane uwarunkowania w kontekście wyborów samorządowych w 2014 roku w Polsce

The local elections that were held in November 2014 stirred up considerable controversy in Po-land. The article is an attempt to describe how Poles evaluated the overall functioning of democ-racy in the context of these elections and what determinants significantly contributed to that evaluation. We examined three levels of democracy evaluation: general beliefs (Jost’s system justification), the current state of democracy (Dahl’s democratic institutions), and specific events connected with the functioning of the democratic system (the quality of the elections and the level of trust in the elected representatives). We also tested the extent to which these levels of democracy evaluation were explained by sociopolitical determinants, such as the general level of trust in people, patriotism and nationalism, or the experience of security. The study was conducted shortly after the second round of the election on a sample of 524 subjects. The obtained results show a low quality of democracy (particularly on the level of general beliefs and trust in the newly elected authorities) and reveal associations between aspects of evaluation and the investigated determinants.

Social trust and use of banking services across households in 28 transitional countries

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to use survey data from a sample of 29,000 households from 28 transitional countries and Turkey to address two main questions: first, is there any effect of social trust on the use of banking services; and second, what are the household-level and country-specific determinants of using banking services in transitional countries.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use binary probit models, instrumental variables methods and various econometric specifications to test the hypothesis.Findings– The authors found that the higher level of trust in people predicts a greater level in use of banking services by households regardless of the model specifications and econometric adjustments employed. This association appears to be more prominent among less educated respondents and in countries with low levels of legal enforcement. The results also suggest that location, income and wealth of households, along with country income level, legal enforcement and inflation rates strongly affect the decisions made by households regarding their use of banking services. In contrast, the authors found either a very small or non-significant impact with regard to bank ownership structure on the use of banking services across households.Originality/value– To the best of the knowledge this is the first study which specifically focusses on social trust and the usage of formal banking services across a large set of transitional countries.

The Meaning of Trust for Brazilians with Higher Education

The validity of the World Values Survey (WVS) question used to measure trust is disputed over and this article is intended to present the results of an online survey, conducted in Brazil, which tested the meaning of the term trust in the WVS question. The surveyed population is entirely Brazilian and the majority has received some form of higher education. The results of the survey partially corroborate the validity of the WVS and partially deny it. Within the results of this survey there are predominantly two dominant perspectives represented within the surveyed population including: respondents who think in friends and relatives as part of most people have a higher probability of also saying to trust most people which means that different people may be answering slightly different questions. However, respondents who say that trust most people have higher levels of trust in people in general than in family if compared with respondents who say to not trust most people which is in accordance with the expectation that the question adequately measures generalized interpersonal trust.

Sources for Trusting Most People

We proposed a model suggesting how national goals for socializing children moderate the contributions made by the individual’s level of in- and out-group trust to his or her level of trust in most people, namely, non-specific trust. Consistent with our hypotheses, a two-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis of representative data across 49 countries from the World Values Survey indicates that the individual’s level of trust in people known personally is a predictor of non-specific trust for persons of all national groups but a stronger predictor in countries emphasizing socialization for Self-directedness as opposed to Other-directedness. The individual’s trust in out-groups is likewise a predictor of non-specific trust for all national groups but a stronger predictor in countries emphasizing socialization for Self-directedness as well as for Civility as opposed to Practicality. Although trust in the family is not a significant predictor of non-specific trust across all national groups, it predicts non-specific trust in those countries characterized by socialization for Self-directedness. Our findings have important implications for the impact of variation in socialization practices for human capital formation and associated management practices across national cultures.

Changes in Informal Institutions in Poland and Transition Countries

The research paper presents institutional systems of economies in the following transforming countries: Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The article aims at indicating the changes which have taken place in informal institutions' structures since the early nineties. It also attempts to determine how informal institutions are supporting formal institutions. Heading towards building new institutional systems, transforming countries face a barrier of slowly evolving informal institutions. A mismatch between institutional structures can be noticed in transforming countries. Low level of trust in people, resistance to new ideas, strong attachment to traditional behavioural patterns and excessive role of “connections”, relatively low level of self-expression, high expectations towards the state and its welfare functions, and low social activity within the society, can be observed. The institutional changes in informal components have been presented using data from World Values Survey, CEPII and G.Hofstede research.

Socio-Environmental Factors Associated with Self-Rated Oral Health in South Africa: A Multilevel Effects Model

Aim: This study examined the influence of the social context in which people live on self-ratings of their oral health. Method: This study involved a representative sample of 2,907 South African adults (≥16 years) who participated in the 2007 South African Social Attitude Survey (SASAS). We used the 2005 General Household Survey (n = 107,987 persons from 28,129 households) to obtain living environment characteristics of SASAS participants, including sources of water and energy, and household cell-phone ownership (a proxy measure for the social network available to them). Information obtained from SASAS included socio-demographic data, respondents’ level of trust in people, oral health behaviors and self-rated oral health. Results: Of the respondents, 76.3% self-rated their oral health as good. Social context influenced women’s self-rated oral health differently from that of men. Good self-rated oral health was significantly higher among non-smokers, employed respondents and women living in areas with higher household cell-phone ownership. Furthermore, trust and higher social position were associated with good self-rated oral health among men and women respectively. Overall, 55.1% and 18.3% of the variance in self-rated oral health were explained by factors operating at the individual and community levels respectively. Conclusion: The findings highlight the potential role of social capital in improving the population’s oral health.