Township Level Research Articles

Effects of long-term exposure to major outdoor air pollutants for the risk of chronic inflammatory airway diseases in adults with potential interaction detection in Taiwan Biobank

BackgroundResearch on the association between chronic inflammatory airway diseases (CIADs), defined as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and impaired lung function, and long-term exposure of outdoor air pollutants for adults has been scarce. Research questionEffects of long-term exposure for outdoor air pollutants to the risk of CIADs in adults. Materials and methodsApplying data from Taiwan Biobank, 10-year accumulative exposure of major outdoor air pollutants, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3, was estimated by Kriging's interpolation, based on 76 nationwide air pollution monitoring stations linked to residency information at township or district level at baseline interview for volunteered community participants older than 30 years old. Eligible cases and randomly selected healthy controls constructed a nested case-control study with frequency matching on age and sex at a ratio of 1:4. We adopted logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of outdoor air pollutants to the risk of CIADs for univariable and multivariable analyses. For detecting potential interactions among critical covariates, we used the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method. ResultsHigher 10-year cumulative exposure of NO2 and SO2 put people at a significantly elevated relative risk of CIADs after confounding control, showing adjusted ORs of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.14) for NO2 and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.31) for SO2 for each increment of standard deviation. Furthermore, a significant synergistic interaction (P-value < 0.01 for interaction term) between PM10 and CO in tertiles was detected with an adjusted OR of 5.01 (95% CI: 2.95, 8.49) for the highest tertiles of PM10 and CO combined, relative to the group of lowest tertile combination. ConclusionOur outcomes contributed to a more profound understanding on the effects of long-term exposure of air pollutants to CIADs in etiology, highlighting a synergistic interaction between PM10 and CO.

Analyzing the Driving Mechanism of Rural Transition from the Perspective of Rural–Urban Continuum: A Case Study of Suzhou, China

Rural transition has become a core topic in the study of the urban–rural relationship in China. Analyzing the transition process and sorting out the key driving factors in different periods is essential for providing critical references for the urban–rural integration and rural revitalization policy. This paper takes Suzhou, a rapidly urbanizing prefecture-level city that has experienced three obvious stages of rural transition since China’s reform and opening-up, as the case area to explore the driving mechanism from the perspective of rural–urban continuum. We first construct the index system for measuring rural transition from two dimensions of rurality and urbanity. Then, we identify the core influencing factors of different phases from 1990 to 2015, employing spatial regression models and then extract the main driving mechanism. The results revealed the following key findings. (1) Rural transition in Suzhou has both proximity effects and structural effects; the development patterns of rural areas are becoming more heterogeneous. (2) From the rurality dimension, the regression coefficient of index representing grain production changes from positive to negative during the research periods, reflecting the “non-grain” trend of agricultural production in rural areas. (3) From the urbanity dimension, the regression coefficient of index promoting by foreign direct investment increases from 0.372 in 1990 to 0.829 in 2015, indicating that the external driving force of rural transition has become stronger. (4) In 2015, the regression coefficient of index representing tertiary industry reaches 0.468, meaning the modern service industry has played an increasingly important role in rural development. Our study provides valuable insights into the dynamic change of driving mechanism of rural transition at the town level, argues that the general trend of viewing transition process as rurality weakens and urbanity enhances could be replaced by multifunctional pathways. This study supplements existing research to understand new phenomena during the transition process, the latter offer implications for policy-making, such as grain security, spatial spillovers, and rural tourism.

Functional Tradeoffs and Feature Recognition of Rural Production–Living–Ecological Spaces

Recently, the spatial contradiction in rural construction has intensified. Production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces, as important load-bearing spatial patterns of rural revitalization, have become a research focus of territorial space planning. Because of the lack of studies on the scale and accuracy at the township level in rural PLE spaces, the objective of this study is to quantify the subfunctional and functional areas of PLE spaces, weigh the relationship between PLE functions, and conduct feature identification and strategy formulation of the PLE synergistic functional areas. Combined with multitype measurement methods, the study constructed a township-level PLE space evaluation system composed of 12 subfunctional indicators. Taking Guli Street in Nanjing city as an example, Spearman correlation analysis, spatial local autocorrelation analysis, and cold/hot spot identification were used to analyze the synergies and tradeoffs between PLE functions. On this basis, the evaluation model of the PLE synergies area was constructed. The results showed that the production function showed a fragmented distribution pattern. The proportion of high-intensity living function areas was very small. The ecological function area had good patch integrity. In the PLE functions, obvious synergies exist between any two functions, and the tradeoff between the third one and any of the two functions. The seven types of PLE synergistic potential areas were dominated by the dual-function high synergistic zone (DF-H-Z). The zoning scheme and governance strategy proposed in this paper have important practical value for solving the contradiction of sustainable and coordinated development of township-scale spatial resources.

Spatial Evaluation of Villages and Towns Based on Multi-Source Data and Digital Technology: A Case Study of Suining County of Northern Jiangsu

Based on the research on the current situation and transformation path of the spatial construction of villages and towns in northern Jiangsu, “compactness” and “convenience” are extracted as the elements of spatial evaluation. With multi-source data, comprehensively using ENVI remote sensing image interpretation, GIS spatial analysis, Fragstats landscape index calculation, entropy weight–TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation, and SPSS cluster analysis, a “digital full cycle” of a research framework for the spatial evaluation of villages and towns is built. In this paper, Suining County is taken as the research object, and the spatial construction level of its villages and towns is studied. The research results show that at the county level, the spatial compactness of villages and towns roughly presents the characteristics of an “X” pattern, decreasing from the middle to the four sides, while facility convenience generally presents the characteristics of a right “人” (Chinese character) pattern. At the town level, facility convenience basically presents the pattern characteristics of the “center-node” differentiation structure. The research aims to guide villages and towns to solve the current dilemma of spatial construction, promote the construction of digital villages and towns, and impel the digital transformation of the village and town evaluation system, data, and methods, so as to provide real-time, quantitative, and accurate data and method support for planning and decision-making in villages and towns.

Statistically Based Assessment and Decision-Making in Preschool Education

Preschool education is the beginning of lifelong learning, an important part of the national educational system, and an important social welfare undertaking. At the same time, as an important public service, preschool education is an important task to realize the adjustment of income redistribution to ensure that its financial investment is in line with fairness. Since 2010, the preschool educational policy in China has clearly been tilted toward rural areas and poverty-stricken areas in the central and western regions. Based on the 2010–2020 China Education Statistical Yearbook data, this study monitors and measures the completion of the formal goals put forward in the policy document and evaluates the effectiveness of the policy based on the comparison of the development levels of preschool education in urban areas, townships, and rural areas in China. The results show that under the effect of preferential policies, preschool educational resources at the township level in China have rapidly expanded and the level of popularization has improved; the number of township kindergarten teachers has been supplemented, and the educational level has been significantly improved. But at the same time, it is found that the advantages of inclusive preschool educational resources in areas with preferential policies are not obvious; inclusive preschool educational resources are obviously insufficient; and the proportion of children studying in private kindergartens is increasing year by year. The number of kindergarten teachers is still in short supply, and the ratio of students to teachers in rural kindergartens is much higher than in urban areas. The gap in teacher levels is still very large.

Immunization: An Overview

Immunization is a worldwide and development success story as many of the children were protected from communicable diseases. Immunization frames the significant focal point of youngster endurance programs all through the world. Approximately 3 million youngsters pass on every time of antibody preventable infections with an unbalanced number of these kids living in agricultural nations. In India, vaccination has been a focal objective of the medical services framework Constitutionally, medical care is on the State's rundown of obligations and is supported by the State. It is one of a handful of the 100% halfway supported family government assistance programs and offers help for antibody capacity, preparing of clinical and paramedical staff, and all foundation needs intended for conveying inoculation to new born children at the town level.

Study of the Agglomeration Characteristics of Cultivated Land in Underdeveloped Mountainous Areas Based on Spatial Auto-Correlation: A Case of Pengshui County, Chongqing, China

The economic and social orientation of cultivated land in underdeveloped mountainous areas is obvious. A study of the spatial agglomeration characteristics of cultivated land quality can provide guidance for regional economic and social development. Taking Pengshui County, Chongqing, China as the study area, the spatial agglomeration characteristics of cultivated land quality indexes at county, township and village levels were analyzed by using the auto-correlation analysis method. The results showed that: (1) At different spatial scales, the cultivated land quality index showed spatial agglomeration characteristics. (2) Moran’s I values of the cultivated land quality index at county, township and village level decreased successively, but three indexes still showed significant positive spatial correlation. (3) The spatial scale affects the spatial agglomeration of the cultivated land quality index, and its influence is physical, with a utilization and economic quality grade index from large to small. In underdeveloped mountainous areas, the spatial agglomeration characteristics of township scale and physical quality grade index are the most stable and significant, which can be used as the direct basis for zoning of cultivated land protection and site selection of rural residents’ agglomeration points.

How Does Social Security Fairness Predict Trust in Government? The Serial Mediation Effects of Social Security Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction.

Several studies have found that trust in government is associated with social fairness, citizens’ satisfaction with public service, and life satisfaction. This study aimed to investigate the serial mediation effects of social security satisfaction and life satisfaction on the association between social security fairness and trust in government. We analyzed the data from the Chinese Social Survey in 2019 (n = 7403) to examine the serial mediation effects. The findings showed that the higher the level of government, the greater the trust it enjoyed from its citizens. The direct prediction of trust by social security fairness was stronger at the county and township levels than at the central government level. Both social security satisfaction and life satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between social security fairness and overall trust in government. Social security fairness indirectly positively predicted trust in local government at the county and township levels through social security satisfaction, life satisfaction, and their serial mediation. While social security fairness could only indirectly predict trust in central government through social security satisfaction, the prediction of trust in central government via life satisfaction (mediator) was not significant. We observed a serial mediation model in which social security fairness positively predicted trust in government directly and indirectly through social security satisfaction and life satisfaction. The finding that social security satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between perceptions of fairness in the social security system and trust in government has implications for improving policies and the functioning of the system at all levels of the government.

Association between sleep duration and hypertension in southwest China: a population-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveHypertension is a major risk factor and cause of many non-communicable diseases in China. While there have been studies on various diet and lifestyle risk factors, we do not know...

Challenges Being Faced by Small and Medium Enterprises in Accessing Credit Facilities in Lusaka Province, Zambia

The study was specifically designed to identify challenges that small and medium enterprises face in accessing credit facilities from financial and non-financial institutions in Lusaka province of Zambia. The study adopted a descriptive analytical research and, incorporating quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the study made use of data collection tools, such as questionnaires and structured interviews. The study targeted 100 SMEs from the central business district and a total number of 80 as a sample size(s). The criteria used was based on arranging SMEs in various categories, such as restaurants, saloons, barbershops, computer services and poultry farming, most SMEs are facing challenges in accessing financial support from financial institutions, such as banks and microfinance institutions, hence, explored more to find out what the challenges are and how these challenges can be mitigated to ensure that all SMEs have equal opportunities to financial services at national or provincial level. The samples will be randomly collected and will analyse data using excel and content analysis tools. The research focuses on achieving the following objectives: 1. identifying challenges that SMEs face in Lusaka when accessing financial support from financial institutions within the town, and 2. establishing ways on how these challenges can be mitigated at town level.

Spatial analysis and influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Nanning, during 2012-2018.

BackgroundEconomically underdeveloped areas in western China are hotspots of tuberculosis, especially among students. However, the related spatial and temporal patterns and influencing factors are still unclear and there are few studies to analyze the causes of pulmonary tuberculosis in students from the perspective of space.MethodsWe collected data regarding the reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among students at township level in Nanning, from 2012 to 2018. The reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Nanning was analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and spatial scan statistical analysis to depict hotspots of PTB incidence and spatial and temporal clustering. Spatial panel data of the reported incidence rates and influencing factors at district and county levels in Nanning were collected from 2015 to 2018. Then, we analyzed the spatial effects of incidence and influencing factors using the spatial Durbin model to explore the mechanism of each influencing factor in areas with high disease prevalence under spatial effects.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2018, 1609 cases of PTB were reported among students in Nanning, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 14.84/100,000. Through the Joinpoint regression model, We observed a steady trend in the percentage of cases reported each year (P>0.05). There was spatial autocorrelation between the annual reported incidence and the seven-years average reported incidence from 2012 to 2018. The high-incidence area was distributed in the junction of six urban areas and spread to the periphery, with the junction at the center. The population of college students, per capita financial expenditure on health, per capita gross domestic product, and the number of health technicians per 1,000 population were all influencing factors in the reported incidence of PTB among students.ConclusionWe identified spatial clustering of the reported incidence of PTB among students in Nanning, mainly located in the urban center and its surrounding areas. The clustering gradually decreased from the urban center to the surrounding areas. Spatial effects influenced the reported incidence of PTB. The population density of college students, per capita health financial expenditure, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and the number of health technicians per 1,000 were all influencing factors in the reported incidence of PTB among students.

Loyalty and Competence: The Political Selection of Local Cadres in China

AbstractScholarly debate on the role of various contributing factors in cadre promotion yields conflicting evidence for different administrative levels in China, yet rarely has any quantitative evidence been presented for below the county level. This study explores the causal relationship between loyalty, competence and promotion at the township level. Based on an original dataset of local cadre training records, this paper utilizes cadres’ training experience at Party schools and academic institutions to account for loyalty and competence at the local level. Using a rigorous data-preprocessing method – coarsened exact matching (CEM) – this paper explores the causal effects of cadre training on promotion. The empirical results show that Party school training significantly increases the probability of promotion for township-level cadres, while university training contributes to chances of promotion to a lesser but indispensable degree. Moreover, local cadres who are both Party school and university trained enjoy the best chances of promotion.

Rural Industrial Geography in Urbanizing China: A Multiscalar Analysis of a Case Study in Xintai, Northern China

The rapidly urbanizing global south has witnessed drastic changes in rural transformation in which industrial dynamics have played a fundamental role. However, research on rural industrial geography and its influencing factors is limited compared with its urban counterpart. The spatial pattern of rural industry in an ordinary county in China—Xintai—is examined by adopting a multi-level approach. The underlying factors are then explored by situating it into a hybrid historical and geographical process of economy, institution, and society. Results show that: (1) The process of rural industrialization is hierarchically and spatially uneven across the county with the first- and second-tier industrial villages clustering around the central city and along two main roads exhibiting a general pattern of ‘one core and two bands‘. (2) Despite the overall pattern of concentration, rural industry exhibits a polycentric and dispersed distribution at the county and township levels. (3) The resources have continued to play a pivotal role in shaping the current industrial geography of this formerly resource-dependent county, followed by market accessibility, role of government, social capital, and the within-township industrial distribution. This research demonstrates the importance of the multi-level perspective in recognizing and understanding rural industrial geography and reveals its differences in urban and rural areas.

Harnessing waste-to-energy potential in developing countries: a case study of rural Ghana.

This study examines factors that define a suitable waste-to-energy (WTE) technology and identifies an appropriate WTE technology that can be deployed to improve waste management in rural areas. Observations, questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from waste management experts at Atwima Kwanwoma District and the residents in Kwanwoma township in Ghana. This study established that the following major factors define a suitable WTE technology for the Kwanwoma township: the initial capital or set-up costs, feedstock type, required plant size, and required input volume. The study also revealed that sanitary landfill with gas capture is the most suitable WTE technology for the Kwanwoma township based on the least set-up costs and scalability. The study provides the next steps for government action on WTE technology at the township, district, and national levels.

Rural Tourism Competitiveness and Development Mode, a Case Study from Chinese Township Scale Using Integrated Multi-Source Data

Tourism has been seen and adopted as a vital means for achieving rural economic and social revitalization worldwide without harming sustainable development principles. For China, the evaluation of rural tourism competitiveness at the township level is essential for planning and developing the tourism industry as a basic administration and economic unit, but there is not enough research due to the lack of applicable data and systematic methods. Therefore, this study constructed a town-level rural tourism competitiveness evaluation and development mode classification model based on the modified Michael Porter’s Diamond Model using integrated multi-source data. By taking the 1806 township units in Henan Province, China as examples, we conclude four different modes based on the level of the comprehensive score and industrial internal balance (i.e., balanced development mode with multiple advantages, related and supporting industries driving mode, ecological resource-led mode, and rural landscape experience mode). Policy suggestions for the optimization of the rural tourism industry for Henan are discussed based on the results.

City Living: Nest-Site Selection Preferences in Urban Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus

Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are declining globally, but there are populations who are taking advantage of the new foraging and nesting opportunities afforded to them by urban landscapes. Nest-site selection (NSS) in urban environs is understudied, despite its critical role in supporting planning policy, biodiversity conservation and the management of human–wildlife conflict. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of anthropogenic habitat features to NSS in urban populations of L. argentatus at different hierarchical levels in Fingal County, Ireland. We used generalised linear models with a logit function to investigate the relationship among nest sites, building features, street furniture (i.e., streetlights and refuse bins), landscape features, and presence of conspecifics at three different hierarchical levels, including the county, town, and colony levels. L. argentatus preferentially chose buildings that were closer to streetlights and food sources at the colony level, while avoiding streetlights when considered in isolation. Conspecific attraction at the county and colony levels indicated that individuals avoided neighbouring nest sites, yet this relationship was inverted at the town level, suggesting preference. Moreover, 75% of nests were within 30 m of each other (the average road width in the study area) when measured at the county level. Various relationships with different food sources were identified, suggesting within-population variation among preferences for nest sites. There appears to be a substantial population variation among preferences for nest sites, which does appear to be driven by the cross-scale decisions involved in nest-site selection.

ASPECTS OF TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMY BUT INSTITUTIONAL PROVIDING In MODERN TERMS

A problematic trend is the orientation of the regional economy mainly to the raw materials sector, a decrease in the rate of introduction of innovative types of products, and low entrepreneurial activity of the population. The unproductiveness of the economy and the uneven distribution of it increase the asymmetry of interregional and subregional sustainable development. Trends towards increasing disparities are also observed in terms of the volume of industrial products sold, exports, attracting investments, the level of attracting capital investments per person, etc. The uneven level of development of the regions, which especially deepens at the level of cities, towns, and villages, leads to an imbalance of the territory of Ukraine, which threatens its integrity. The growth of territorial disparities in the level and quality of life of the population increases external and internal migration processes, which are practically uncontrollable, lead to the outflow of human resources, especially from border and rural areas, monofunctional cities, and disrupts the settlement system. As a result, there is a growing gap between the center and territories remote from it, loss of control over them, further aggravation of the crisis in underdeveloped territories and their marginalization. In the article the features of influence of territorial organization of economy are investigated and her institutional providing, possibility of creation of new and strengthening of existent methodological contradictions, враховуючі modern calls. It is indicated, priority directions of optimization of the інституціанального providing of territorial organization of economy. It is marked that in modern terms the key factors of territorial organization of economy in the countries-members of ЄС are confess innovative activity, capitalization of human potential and effective management. An author is indicate conceptual principles of optimization of the institutional providing of territorial organization of economy in modern terms

Factors affecting data quality of health management information system at township level, Bago region, Myanmar

Background: Health information from Health management information system (HMIS) is the core essential operator for strengthening the health system. The effectiveness of the Myanmar health system is challenged by the poor-quality assurance of healthcare data. Methods: The aim of the quantitative study was to evaluate the township HMIS to assess the factors affecting the data quality assurance through three main aspects; organizational, technical, and behavioral. In this cross-sectional study, eight townships from four districts in Bago Region were randomly picked. Under these townships, from a random sample of 117 public health facilities altogether, 273 public health professionals (PHPs) were culled and 291 HMIS registers and 1270 HMIS monthly reports were reviewed. The researchers applied the PRISM tools developed for assessing district and facility HMIS. SPSS assisted the researchers in computing the frequencies and percentages, practicing cross-tabulation, and analyzing bivariate statistics using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results: Out of 281 PHPs invited, 273 were likely to participate in this study. The overall prevalence of the HMIS data quality was 30.4%. Poor data quality assurance was associated with the burden of workload (95%CI-1.16-2.91), poor management ability of the supervisors (95%CI-1.22-2.54), weak handover practice of the HMIS document (95%CI-1.65-2.22), and unavailability of HMIS resources (95%CI-1.12-2.45). The statistically significant relationships were found between low-quality data and some technical factors such as inexpertness for data analysis (95%CI-1.14-2.19), over-workload of paper-based HMIS (95%CI-1.21-2.44), differences between information systems (95%CI-1.22-2.81), and multiple reporting (95%CI-1.64-2.36). There were significant associations between the unacceptable data quality and the human factors such as lower scores of perceived confidences (95%CI-1.18-2.29), competence (95%CI-1.17-2.77), and promotion of the culture of information (95%CI-1.09-2.33).Conclusions: Current township HMIS data quality is unacceptable. It is necessary to strengthen several factors relating to organization, technology and behaviors of HMIS and to develop the effective township-level strategic plan for improving data quality.

Impact of neighborhood features on housing resale prices in Zhuhai (China) based on an (M)GWR model

ABSTRACT The paper aims at exploring the relationship between housing resale prices and neighborhood features in Zhuhai, as well as structure and location characteristics. Thirteen neighborhood features are collected to analyze their influence on average community-level apartment resale prices in 2018. Six neighborhood features, structural and location characteristics, are selected according to their statistical significance and multicollinearity test results from an OLS model. Regression analysis is performed by OLS, GWR, and MGWR to compare their performance in housing price research at community level. The comparison of the three models also demonstrates that the GWR (66%) and MGWR (68%) models perform much better than OLS model (52%). MGWR is not significantly different from GWR in areas with few sample points, and the optimal bandwidth at different spatial scales is hard to be captured in a city-level study area. The regression parameter indicates that building age is the most important factor among all influencing factors. Proximity to schools and factories have positive and negative significant effects on housing resale prices, respectively. The spatial pattern of neighborhood features is also detected at town level. GWR and MGWR models accurately demonstrate local spatial heterogeneity of the housing resale market, which provides better results than the traditional OLS model in the goodness of fit and parameter estimates when spatial dependency is present. The results provide references for local planning departments, helping to reveal the complicated relationship and spatial patterns between housing price and determinants over space.

Geographic distribution and prevalence of human echinococcosis at the township level in the Tibet Autonomous Region

BackgroundEchinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease, is caused by larval stages of cestodes in the Echinococcus genus. Echinococcosis is highly prevalent in ten provinces/autonomous regions of western and northern China. In 2016, an epidemiological survey of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) revealed that the prevalence of human echinococcosis was 1.66%, which was much higher than the average prevalence in China (0.24%). Therefore, to improve on the current prevention and control measures, it is important to understand the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in TAR.MethodsData for echinococcosis cases in 2018 were obtained from the annual report system of echinococcosis of Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnosis had been performed via B-ultrasonography. The epidemic status of echinococcosis in all townships in TAR was classified according to the relevant standards of population prevalence indices as defined in the national technical plan for echinococcosis control. Spatial scan statistics were performed to establish the geographical townships that were most at risk of echinococcosis.ResultsIn 2018, a total of 16,009 echinococcosis cases, whose prevalence was 0.53%, were recorded in 74 endemic counties in TAR. Based on the order of the epidemic degree, all the 692 townships were classified from high to low degrees. Among them, 127 townships had prevalence rates ≥ 1%. The high prevalence of human echinococcosis in TAR, which is associated with a wide geographic distribution, is a medical concern. Approximately 94.65% of the villages and towns reported echinococcosis cases. According to spatial distribution analysis, the prevalence of human echinococcosis was found to be clustered, with the specific clustering areas being identified. The cystic echinococcosis primary cluster covered 88 townships, while that of alveolar echinococcosis’s covered 38 townships.ConclusionsThis study shows spatial distributions of echinococcosis with different epidemic degrees in 692 townships of TAR and high-risk cluster areas at the township level. Our findings indicate that strengthening the echinococcosis prevention and control strategies in TAR should directed at townships with a high prevalence and high-risk clustering areas.Graphical