Levels Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Drying kinetics and change in bioactive compounds of edible flowers: Prunus domestica

AbstractThe aim of the study is to reveal the effect of different drying methods (hot‐air drying [HAD] and freeze‐drying [FD]) on flowers of Prunus domestica—white, pink, and red, methanolic extracts and their effects on polyphenolic compounds. Drying kinetics, phytochemical and antioxidant activity were investigated, and compared with each other and also with fresh samples. The modeling of the terms of Fick's diffusion equation were used to estimate the coefficients of diffusion. Drying kinetics from HAD and FD were analyzed mathematically, and obtained data was statistically analyzed to obtain best fit among all available models.The total phenolic content (TPC) of plum blossom extracts (PBEs) varied between 185.16 and 279.73 mg GAE per g dry weight sample. TPC levels increased in red and white PBE samples subjected to the FD process. However, in contrast, the TPC values of the pink PBE were in a decreasing trend with the drying process. CUPRAC levels were highest in the PBE of red flowers (1.04 mmol TE g−1). ABTS (65 μmol TE g−1) and DPPH (47.50 μmol TE g−1) levels were highest in PBE of pink flowers. ABTS values of only red‐colored samples increased after HAD and FD, while antioxidant activity results decreased in all other samples. Compared to HAD, FD negatively affected quercetin and its derivative content, on the other hand positively affected the cyanidin contents. It can be concluded that different drying methods would be effective for different polyphenolic compounds depending on the pigment type of flowers.Practical applicationsEdible flowers have been used for their therapeutic purposes traditionally, and nowadays they gain a renewed interest as rich sources of bioactive compounds for both the food and culinary science. As a new tool for functional food development, the focus of edible flowers research is how to preserve the bioactive content. Drying is known to be the best way to avoid the perishability of edible flowers. The present work has been carried out for comparing two drying methods (HAD, FD) in terms of the bioactive changes and kinetic parameters. Our results showed that the quality attributes of Prunus flowers, rich in bioactive compounds and pigments, either preserve or enhance by FD. Mathematical modeling of drying affected by the pigment types, which is determined Jena&Das model for white flowers while Page model was the most appropriate to describe drying kinetics of red and pink flowers. It can be concluded that freeze drying can be effectively used in the dehydration of Prunus flowers and further studies can be promoted as a functional additive.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Garcinia cowa Roxb. extracts from leaves, fruit rind, and stem bark in different solvents

The objective of this investigation was to assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities of Garcinia cowa Roxb., a Thai native plant that has a history of use in traditional medicine in several countries. To achieve this goal, different plant parts, such as the leaves, fruit rind, and stem bark, were subjected to extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol using the maceration method. The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to quantify the extracts' total phenolic content (TPC). The antioxidant assays, including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, and antidiabetic properties through the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory capacities of different extracts from G. cowa were assessed. The results revealed that the stem bark extracted with ethyl acetate displayed the highest level of TPC at 153.68 mg GAE/100 g DW. Compared to the other extracts, the stem bark ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays with values of 436.86, 359.17, and 526.98 µmol TE/100 g DW, respectively. Further examination of the antidiabetic effects of stem bark extract in ethyl acetate exhibited the highest alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 12.54, and 8.48 mg/mL, respectively. The findings of this research provide initial indications that G. cowa has both antioxidant and antidiabetic attributes and could be viewed as a potential therapeutic agent for managing diabetes.

Phytochemical, anti-microbial activity, and anti-proliferation tests against human cancer-origin cell lines using water and ethanolic extracts of Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac fruit)

Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac fruit) is a perennial tropical fruit which nutritional benefits have drawn significant attention in Southeast Asian countries but are not completely explored in this region. In addition to aril extracts, pulp and seed extracts were the focus of this study in terms of their phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and wound healing properties. The extracts obtained were aril water extract (AW), pulp water extract (PW) and seed extracts (SW), and its ethanolic counterpart, namely aril extract (AE), pulp extract (PE) and seed extract (SE). Both water and ethanolic extracts of the aril, pulp and seed contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oil and reducing sugars. However, glycosides were only present in water extracts (AW, PW, SW), meanwhile tannins were detected only in SW. The PW exhibited an increased level of total phenolic content (TPC); 0.0215 ± 0.00060 mg GAE/g whereas, total flavonoid content (TFC) was quantitated at 0.083 ± 0.022 mg QE/g FW (TFC), respectively. Apart from that, the PW extract also exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values between 5 and 20 mg/ml and MBC values between 10 and 20 mg/ml against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. flexneri, and B. cereus. Cancer- origin cell lines MCF7, HepG2, A549, HCT116 and HT29 have been discovered to be most susceptible to AW and PW at 72 hours (h) post-treatment. The concentrations ranged between 1 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml of PE and SW extracts showed positive effects in the wound healing experiment.

Effect of gamma irradiation treatment on the antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of common buckwheat

Gamma irradiation is a non-thermal physical treatment with potential microbial decontamination efficiencies. In this study common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flour and grain were subjected to different dosages of gamma irradiation (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy). Non-irradiated sample is named as control. Antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), rutin and quercetin levels were measured in all samples. The values were higher in irradiated samples compared to control. Grain samples irradiated at 10 and flour samples at 8 showed higher AOA, TPC, TFC and rutin levels, respectively. The quercetin content did not change significantly. Irradiation at 2 kGy resulted lower values for all tests. In conclusion, gamma irradiation could be satisfactorily used as a novel preservative treatment in buckwheat.

FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L.

BackgroundAlpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme which hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Inhibition of α-amylase can help to retard carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine and decrease blood glucose level. The effect of solvent extraction and milk processing on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and anti-amylase activities, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. were estimated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). ResultsThe result showed that the aqueous extract of P. vulgaris L. had the greatest antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity, while the ethanol extract of G. max L. showed the greatest TPC. Interestingly, the milk of P. vulgaris L. seed showed the greatest level of TPC, antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity. Mixed milk of G. max L. and P. vulgaris L. (8:2 v/v) showed high anti-amylase activity, while the mixed milk (5:5 v/v) showed high TPC and antioxidant activity. The FTIR result showed five wavenumber ranges associated with functional groups of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the PLS-SEM result revealed a significant positive correlation between TCP and FTIR data (β = 0.335, t = 2.112, p-value < 0.05), and between TCP and antioxidant activity (β = 0.346, t = 2.150, p-value < 0.05). ConclusionsThe result indicated that the solvent types and cooked beans could affect the biological activities and chemical content. The application of chemical content, biological activities, and FTIR technique combined with PLS-SEM and PCA analysis could discriminate bean types, solvent types, and between raw and cooked beans.How to cite: Thummajitsakul S, Paensanit P, Saeieo T, et al. FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L.and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.04.001.

From purple corn waste (pericarp) to polyphenol-rich extract with higher bioactive contents and superior product qualities using two-step optimization techniques

The pericarp of purple corn has traditionally been thought of as being a byproduct. However, it is an excellent source of high-value polyphenols (such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, etc.) that could be extracted and used as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and valuable starting material for synthesizing food colorants and food additives. Hence, this study aimed to optimize the recovery of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and condensed tannins (CT) from purple corn pericarp using a two-stage multivariate design and evaluated the phenolic profiles, antioxidants, product quality, and structural characteristics of the recovered extracts. According to Plackett-Burman design (PBD) screening, the key extraction variables identified were acetic acid concentration, extraction time, and ethanol concentration. This was followed by optimization using Box-Behnken design (BBD), facial central composite design (FCCD), and full-factorial design (FFD), and the best design was identified after comparative analysis. The models were found to be acceptable, as evidenced by the desirability values of 0.836–0.933. A comparison of the BBD, FCCD, and FFD was done, and it was found that the PBD-BBD produced a lower residual standard error (RSE) than the PBD-FCCD for most of the responses and yielded the lowest extraction time (∼8.6 h), proving that the BBD could forecast the data more accurately. To evaluate the extracts' bioactive extraction efficiency, antioxidant properties, product quality, and structural parameters, samples from a single factor (SF) experiment and BBD were compared. The BBD extract had better color properties (lower ΔE, higher a*, C, and H0) and a greater extraction yield (17.5%) than SF and was confirmed by the principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Although the scanning electron microscopy and the optical profilometer for BBD revealed irregular, loosely arranged granules, it had a less adverse effect on product quality and aligned with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. The BBD samples had lower levels of phenolic acids but higher levels of total phenolic content (118.86 ± 3.60 g GAE/kg), condensed tannins (231.74 ± 8.45 g EE/kg), antioxidants, cyanidin-3-glucoside (90.46 ± 4.47 mg/g), naringin (7.68 ± 0.58 mg/g), and cyanidin-chloride (49.81 ± 1.78 mg/g). This shows that BBD can effectively be used to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from purple corn pericarp using optimal extraction conditions, resulting in a higher yield of polyphenols having superior antioxidant properties and product quality in a comparatively shorter extraction time.

Total flavonoid content and in vitro study on the sunscreen activity of extracts of leaves of Elaeocarpus floribundus blume

Background: Elaeocarpus floribundus blume leaves have traditionally been used to treat a variety of diseases; Its hot water infusion is used as a gargle to treat inflamed gums and relieve rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, previous research has shown that its methanol extract contains a high level of total phenolic content. Objective: To determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) of E.floribundus leaves extracts and to conduct preliminary research on their sunscreen activity. Method: This plant's dried-bulk leaves were macerated in three different solvents, n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol, in that order. The TFC of all extracts was determined using a colorimetric method with AlCl3 as the reagent and quercetine as the standard. In contrast, sunscreen activity was assessed by determining the value of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and 3-benzophenone as the positive control. Result: The results indicated that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts contained 35.58 ± 1.87 mgQE/g extract, 60.59 ± 0.53 mgQE/g extract, and 149.28 ± 0.89 mgQE/g extract, respectively. With SPF values of 45.470; 44.791; 43.754; 38.861 and 21.102 for tested concentrations of 1000; 800; 600; 400 and 200 mg/mL, respectively, methanol extract demonstrated the highest potential for sun protection activity. However, this activity was not more potent than 3-benzophenone, which had an SPF value of 22,647 at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of E. floribundus blume's leaves had the highest total flavonoid content and the greatest potential for sun protection among the tested extracts.

Phytochemical study of leaves and inflorescences of two genus Sorbus L. species native for the Ukrainian flora

Rowan species (genus Sorbus L., Rosaceae Juss.) are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere under different climatic and ecological conditions. Recent molecular-phylogenetic studies confirmed that genus Sorbus L. is polyphyletic and must be divided into the segregate genera. Accordingly, the native for the Ukrainian flora species Sorbus domestica L. and Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz., having very distant morphological features of vegetative and generative organs, must belong to different genera. In this regard we assumed the chemotaxonomic importance of the specificity in the phenolic content and composition of two indicated rowan species. Young leaves and inflorescences of S. domestica and S. torminalis were collected in Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar DNU in May 2023. Analyses of isopropanol plant extracts revealed the higher levels of total phenolic content (2.5 times), flavonoids (1.5 times) and phenolic acids content (3.2 times), as well as ferric-reducing power (1.2 times), and total antioxidant capacity (1.7 times) in leaves of S. domestica, as compared to S. torminalis leaves. In general, S. domestica leaves accumulated higher total phenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids content than the inflorescences, while the opposite ratio was found for S. torminalis. Study results confirmed the chemotaxonomic importance of polyphenols content and composition of two rowan species. However, more detailed investigations are necessary to establish the correlation between the individual phenolic compounds and the rowan species features.

Comparison of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton from districts Linggo Asri and Paninggaran, Pekalongan Regency

Cardamom (Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton) is one of the largest contribution in biopharmaceutical production plants in Indonesia that is equal to 12.22% and yield reaching 105.735 kg/year in Pekalongan Regency. The largest cardamom production in Pekalongan Regency is in 2 districts, namely Linggo Asri and Paninggaran. Cardamom is used in traditional medicines, because it has chemical compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics. The aim of this study was to compare total flavonoids and total phenolics content in Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton extract originates from Linggo Asri and Paninggaran district, Pekalongan Regency. The samples were extracted by water extraction, and then phytochemical contents were identified with HCl and FeCl3 reagent. The samples were calculated of total flavonoids and total phenolics content by spectrometric using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and Folin–Ciocalteu method. The result showed a significant difference in the levels of total phenolic content between Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton extract origin from Linggo Asri district 41.43±0.54 µg/mg and Paninggaran district 120.55±1.89 µg/mg, but it was not found in total flavonoid content where from Linggo Asri district 289.06±4.1 µg/mg and Paninggaran district 303.81±0.5 µg/mg. The conclusion is Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton extract originates from Linggo Asri and Paninggaran district of Pekalongan city showed a significant difference in the levels of total phenolic content, but it was not found in total flavonoid content.

Phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity of some wild edible plants consumed in Southwest Ethiopia

Wild edible plants (WEPs) such as Solanum nigrum L., Vigna membranacea A. Rich., Dioscorea praehensilis Benth., Trilepisium madagascariense DC., and Cleome gynandra L. are widely used for various forms of culinary and folk medicine in Southwest Ethiopia. However, the phytochemical content of these plants is not explored. Thus, this study aimed to determine the total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, vitamin C, and β-carotene in edible parts of the plants. Edible parts were oven-dried and extracted with methanol. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using Folin Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. In vitro, antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. β-carotene and vitamin C content were assessed using spectrophotometric and titration, respectively. TPC ranged from 0.25 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g in D. praehensilis tuber to 35.73 ± 2.52 mg GAE/g in S. nigrum leaf, while TFC varied from 0.85 ± 0.03 to 11.25 ± 0.01 mg CE/g in D. praehensilis tuber and C. gynandra leaf. In the DPPH assay, the antioxidant value ranged from 50.09% in D. praehensilis tuber to 87.63% in S. nigrum leaf; while in the FRAP assay, the value ranged from 49.16 ± 2.13 in D. praehensilis tuber to 188.12 ± 1.13 mM Fe2+/100 g in S. nigrum leaf. Similarly, β-carotene content was recorded between 11.81 ± 0.00 mg/100g in D. praehensilis tuber to 34.49 ± 0.95 mg/100g in V. membranacea leaf. The concentration of vitamin C ranged from 10.00 ± 0.61 in D. praehensilis tuber to 45 ± 1.80 mg/100g in V. membranacea leaf. The results showed strong positive correlations between FRAP and TPC (r = 0.94), and FRAP and vitamin C (r = 0.93). S. nigrum and C. gynandra contain abundant levels of TPC and TFC. V.membranacea leaf contains a good source of vitamin C and β-carotene. These WEPs contribute a natural supply of dietary antioxidants that prevent oxidative stress.

Physicochemical properties, multi-elemental composition, and antioxidant activity of five unifloral honeys from Apis cerana cerana.

Honey quality is in relation to botanical origin, and physicochemical properties, elemental composition, and antioxidant activity have been used for assessment and identification of honeys. The goal of this study is to contribute to the general analysis of five unifloral honeys from Cocos nucifera L., Dalbergia benthami Prain, Bombax ceiba L., Castanea mollissima Bl., and mangrove in Hainan province, China. Our results revealed that B. ceiba honey had the highest pH (4.27), color (139.33mm Pfund), ash content (1.03g/100g), and electrical conductivity (1312.00μS/cm) in five unifloral honeys. Furthermore, B. ceiba honey also contained the highest levels of total phenolic content (75.54mg GAE/100g) and total flavonoid content (29.22mg RE/100g), as well as the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 value, 3.97mg/mL; FRAP value, 6527.43µmol TE/kg). Moreover, we revealed a considerable variation in element contents in honeys using ICP-MS, with potassium being the most predominant element. B. ceiba honey had the highest contents of K, Ca, Mg, and P, whereas the highest amount of Na was found in mangrove honey. Overall, our data indicated that B. ceiba honey deserves further research as a potential antioxidant agent.

Tissue-Specific Antioxidant Activities of Germinated Seeds in Lentil Cultivars during Thermal Processing

Nongerminated seeds (NGS) and germinated seeds (GS) of lentils are regularly eaten after thermal processing. However, the effect of these high temperatures on the beneficial antioxidants present in seeds is unknown. This study examined the effects of thermal processing on the color, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity (AA) of the seeds of three different cultivars of lentils, including two with seed coats, French green (FG) and Lentil green (LG), and one without a seed coat, Lentil red (LR). Regardless of the cultivars and processing temperatures, the GS tended to be clearer and less yellow than the NGS. The GS of the FG and LG showed lower levels of total phenolic content, major flavonoid content (kaempferol, luteolin, and myricetin), and AA than the NGS. On the other hand, the LR displayed the opposite trend, with the above indicators being higher in the GS than in the NGS. As the values in the germinated endosperm tended to increase, it was concluded that the decrease in AA in the FG and LG was caused by the reduction in antioxidants in the seed coat. Although the temperature had nonsignificant effects on the majority of the antioxidants in the NGS and GS of different lentil cultivars, an 80 °C treatment yielded the highest value of AA in the GS of FG and LG. The results of a correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated the significance of the content of kaempferol, total flavonoids, and total phenolics examined for this experiment as contributors to AA in lentil tissues.

Therapeutic Effect of Chia Seed Oil‐Based Ice Cream against Coronary Heart Disease in Wister Rat Model

AbstractThe present study is designed to explore the therapeutic effect of chia seed oil (CSO) based ice cream against Coronary heart disease (CHD). CSO based ice cream is developed by using different concentrations of CSO (G2 3%, G3 5%, and G4 7%). The incorporation of CSO improves the DPPH activity of ice cream along with the betterment in the level of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid contet (TFC) without affecting the sensory attributes. The bio‐evaluation trials are carried out on male Wister rats by feeding them with CSO based ice cream for 45 days. Blood serum of rats is taken and analyzed after 0, 15, 30, and 45 day intervals for the determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL). The results show a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease (51%) in TG level in G3 (109.88–104.74 mg dL−1). HDL level is increased (25.23–35.78 mg dL−1) and LDL level decreases (29.19–23.18 mg dL−1) for all the groups. It can be concluded that CSO based ice cream has therapeutic effect to improve the incidence of CHD and to better improve the serum lipid profile.

Effects of Soaking, Cooking, and Steaming Treatments on the Faba Bean Seeds’ Total Bioactive Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a winter-sowing grain legume with high-protein content utilized for human consumption and animal feeding. Faba beans contain high levels of polyphenol compounds with various nutritional benefits. Legume seeds, such as faba beans, are subject to different processing procedures before consumption, which decreases the levels of their bioactive compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids), resulting in a reduction in antioxidant activity. This study aimed to examine the influence of soaking, cooking, and steaming treatments on the total polyphenols, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity levels of Broad (large) and Field (small) faba beans. Initially, the influence of the different extraction solvents on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and ferric reduction ability of plasma antioxidant activity (FRAP), variables were inspected, wherein the extraction efficiency. 70% acidic acetone treatment was found to be the best solvent for extraction. Then, we determined the soaking, cooking, and steaming effects on TPC, TFC, and FRAP levels compared to dry seeds as the control. It was found that the various processes resulted in a significant reduction in the level of these components in the processed seeds of both Broad and Field beans. Nevertheless, the soaking treatment resulted in the smallest reduction. In addition, steaming caused a more moderate decline among the cooking types. Therefore, to maintain a higher level of these three ingredients in the final product, it is better to steam the seeds than cook them.

Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest in Colon Cancer Cells by Lyophilized Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Pulp Extract.

The present study evaluated the antiproliferative capacity and possible cell death mechanisms of lyophilized mango pulp extract (LMPE), applied to human colon cancer cells (SW480) and their metastasis-derived counterparts (SW620). The total phenolic content of LMPE was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Three assays were employed to determine its antioxidant capacity: ferric-reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of LMPE was assessed by sulforhodamine B, clonogenic, and Ki-67 assays. Flow cytometry was employed to examine the cell cycle, production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell-surface phosphatidylserine, and change in mitochondrial membrane potential. LMPE exhibited a high level of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The mean maximal inhibitory concentration values of LMPE at 48 h of exposure were 43 and 29 mg/mL for SW480 and SW620, respectively. In the SW480 and SW620 cell lines, LMPE at 50 mg/mL and 48 h of exposure induced an increase in intracellular ROS, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and probably, apoptotic processes without mitochondrial depolarization. LMPE had an antiproliferative capacity against the human colorectal cancer cell lines SW480 and SW620. These results highlight the chemopreventive potential of LMPE in colorectal cancer treatments.

Phenolic, Flavonoids Content, Antioxidant Potential of Murraya koenigii L. (Curry Leave): in vitro and in vivo Protective Effects

In the current investigation, the proximate value, total phenolic content, toal flavonoid content, antioxidant potential and in vitro and in vivo protective effects of Murraya koenigii L. (curry leave) extracts were carried out. Flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids were recorded in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, benzene and acetone extracts. A higher level of total phenolic content was recorded in ethanolic fraction followed by benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol, petroleum ether and acetone fractions. The total flavonoids content was recorded in the range of 5.12 mg RE g−1 to 9.24 mg RE g−1. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was estimated in all the solvent fractions at the concentration ranging from 312.5 μg mL-1 to 5000 μg mL−1. Percentage inhibition was recorded in the range of 39.40 to 72.32. To study the antimutagenic property, the plate incorporation method was used to see the effects of the MKLE fraction on S. typhimurium trains TA 1537, TA 1535, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 both in the absence and presence of S9 mix (5% v/v). Higher antimutagenic property at a concentration of 5000 μg/plate with 2-nitrofluorene 7.5 μg/plate was observed against TA 98. In vivo study indicates the protective effects of the extract of the MKLE against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in brain and lungs of the experimental rats. Four animal groups 5 male and 5 females were selected, group I serve as a control, group II was given a single dose of MKLE as such for 28 consecutive days while group III was treated with chlorpyrifos at the dose level of 60 mg/kg B.wt and group IV was dosed with chlorpyrifos at the dose level of 60 mg/kg B.wt simultaneously treated with the MKLE as such twice in a day (B.D.). Chlorpyrifos administration (group III) to the rats resulted in reduced body weight. decrease Ache level increases, SGOT, SGPT, ALP were observed while no significant alterations were noticed in any parameter in the II group animals, Histopathology of brain and lung of the chlorpyrifos treated animals shows the cellular deficit in the brain tissue and mild congestion in the lung tissue. The present study concluded that curry leaves are a rich source of phenolic, alkaloids, flavonoids and exhibit antioxidant and antimutagenic activity and appeared to be beneficial to rats to a great extent in attenuating and resulting in the damage sustained by chlorpyrifos exposure.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and anti-Diabetic Activities of Mitragyna speciosa Methanolic Extract (MSME)

Introduction: The therapeutic potential of plant-based or herbal medicine has been widely embraced by the public as a prevention and remedy for many illnesses. Mitragyna speciosa is one of the medicinal plant that exhibit the opioid-like effects of analgesia. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and alpha-amylase enzyme inhibition of Mitragyna speciosa methanolic extract (MSME). Methods: The phytochemical composition of MSME was analyzed for secondary metabolites using UHPLC-TWIMS-QTOF-MS/MS. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant scavenging activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) [ABTS] assays) and α-amylase enzyme inhibition activities of MSME were analyzed in comparison to positive control Pterostilbene and acarbose, respectively. Results: Analysis of UHPLC-TWIMS-QTOF-MS/MS has characterized the presence of at least five different bioactive compounds, mostly derivatives of flavonoids and polyphenols. A significantly higher level of TFC (347.72±15.97 mg QE/g extract; p = 0.0005), but a significantly lower level of TPC (167.43±13.50 mg GAE/g extract; p = 0.002) was detected in MSME (1 mg/mL) compared to Pterostilbene. MSME presented antioxidant activity which has no significant difference compared to Pterostilbene as determined by DPPH (MSME IC50 = 4.34±1.79 µg/mL; p = 0.727) and ABTS (MSME IC50 = 4.25±1.59 µg/mL; p = 0.311) assays. Moreover, MSME also exhibited anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of α-amylase activity (IC50 = 0.01±7.18 mg/mL) which shows a significant difference (p = 0.009) compared to acarbose. Conclusion: This finding suggests that MSME has bioactive phytochemicals and exhibits potential antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties.

Analysis of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Malus spp. petals reveals factors involved in flower color change and market value

Flower color is the most important ornamental character trait of Malus species. The study aimed to clarify the roles of phenolic compounds and compositions in the petal color change of Malus spp. cultivars at various flowering stages. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity in the petals of Malus spp. was detected to estimate the potential of market application. Eight Malus spp. cultivars were divided into four systems according to the flower color, namely dark-red (‘Royalty’ and ‘Perfect Purple’), rose-red (‘Kelsey’ and ‘Sparkler’), pink-red (‘Strawberry Parfait’ and ‘Pink Spires’), and white (‘Jewelberry’ and ‘Snow Drift’). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and antioxidant activity of the petals were measured. The results revealed that high levels of TPC, TFC, TAC, and antioxidant activity in petals significantly decreased during flower development. These indicators were significantly and positively related to each other. Abundant phenolic metabolites in petals were determined by HPLC-DAD, and these compounds included anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, flavonones, phenolic acids, and dihydrochalcones. Anthocyanin concentrations and ratios in petals were notably different among the four color systems, with the highest levels noted in dark-red colored flowers, followed by rose-red, pink-red, and white flowers. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was the major anthocyanin noted. Its concentration reduced significantly with flower development, which is described as the primary cause of petal color fading. In addition, the petals contained abundance quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, hyperoside, taxifolin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, phloridzin and other substances known for their antioxidant activities. Given these findings, we propose that the flowers of Malus spp. hold good utilization value as new sources of bioaccessible polyphenols and strong potential for development. Especially, the flowers at early stages will be supplements to the natural colorant market.

Agro-Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Korean Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Landraces

Sorghum landraces are essential for developing cultivars with improved properties, such as disease tolerance, yield and metabolite content. In this study, 139 genotypes (136 Korean sorghum landraces and 3 control cultivars) collected from various provinces were investigated using eleven agronomical and five biochemical traits. The landraces showed little variation in their qualitative agronomical traits. In contrast, quantitative agronomical and biochemical traits differed significantly among the landraces. It was discovered that 16 landraces matured ahead of all control cultivars. Furthermore, 26 landraces had significantly higher thousand seed weights (TSWs) than two of the control cultivars, including Nampungchal (30.63 g) and Sodamchal (30.53 g), whereas only 1 landrace had a significantly higher TSW than the other control cultivar, Wheatland (37.93 g) (p &lt; 0.05). The levels of total tannin content (TTC), total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were in the ranges of 0.12–428.95 mg CE/g, 1.17–10.23 mg GAE/g, 1.64–67.60 mg TE/g, 0.48–31.99 mg AAE/g and 0.63–21.56 mg AAE/g, respectively, and were all affected by collection area, seed weight and seed color. Landraces from northern provinces were discovered to have higher metabolite contents. Furthermore, large seeds had higher TTC and TPC levels as well as DPPH, ABTS and FRAP activities than medium and small seeds, except for the TTC and FRAP, which were significantly different. In terms of seed color, white seeds had significantly lower metabolite contents and antioxidant activities and were notable in principal component analysis. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant associations between biochemical traits, as well as between panicle-related agronomic traits. In general, the landraces with superior characteristics could be ideal candidates for sorghum breeding programs.

The effect of drying methods on chlorophyll, polyphenol, flavonoids, phenolic compounds contents, color and sensory properties, and in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of dried wild guava leaves

Wild guava (Psidium guajava L.) commonly grows in tropical forests, and its leaves have long been used by Asian ethnic minorities as herbal tea and traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drying methods (sun drying, hot air drying, microwave drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying) on the retention of bioactive compounds, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of wild guava leaves collected in Vietnam. The results showed that drying methods significantly affected the retention of bioactive compounds, biological activities, and color of guava leaves. The freeze-dried leaves had the highest levels of total phenolic content (173.25 ± 0.68 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 dw), total flavonoid content (24.46 ± 0.78 mg QE g−1 dw), antioxidant capacity, and in vitro antidiabetic activity compared with others, while sun-dried leaves showed the lowest values of those parameters. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed a strong correlation among biological activities and contents of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant activity, in vitro antidiabetic activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content (r 2 = 0.999, p < 0.0001). Specifically, the biological activities strongly and positively correlated epicatechin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and gallic acid. Freeze-dried guava leaves had the highest positive scores, followed by hot air-dried, microwave-dried, vacuum-dried, and sun-dried samples. FD treatment sample also exhibited better color and sensory properties than others. Consequently, freeze drying is recommended as the most suitable drying method for preserving the bioactive compounds and sensory characteristics of dried wild guava leaves.