Levels Of Total Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Soybean β-conglycinin and catfish cutaneous mucous p22 glycoproteins deteriorate sporangial cell walls of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and suppress cucumber downy mildew.

Cucumber plants suffer from a serious threatening disease, downy mildew, throughout the growing seasons irrespective of the weather temperature. The causal agent, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, tends to evolve rapidly upon sequential applications of chemical fungicides and generate new progeny possessing tolerance to such fungicides. Glycoproteins represent an environmentally safe alternative for chemically synthetized fungicides and do not trigger fungicide resistance. We studied the antifungal activity of four glycoproteins namely soybean β-conglycinin, chickpea vicilin, duck egg ovomucin and catfish p22 against P. cubensis. Ten commercial fungicides of different chemical groups were used as positive controls of glycoprotein treatments. The results revealed that soybean β-conglycinin and catfish p22 glycoproteins possess significant antifungal activity against P. cubensis. The amount of disease suppression caused by β-conglycinin and p22 was comparable to the highly efficient chemical fungicides containing copper oxychloride, cymoxanil and fosetyl Al as active ingredients. Vicilin and ovomucin were less efficient biocides as they gave moderate suppression of disease severity. However, all tested glycoproteins provided full protection for the newly emerged cucumber leaves. Microscopic examination of glycoprotein-treated leaves inferred the ability of catfish p22 and soybean β-conglycinin to disrupt the integrity of sporangial cell walls of P. cubensis rendering them non-viable compared to untreated ones. Expression levels of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were elevated upon glycoproteins application, which infers their involvement in disease suppression. This report emphasizes the direct and indirect roles of glycoproteins in safe management of cucumber downy mildew disease. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vegetative propagation, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of yerba mate genotypes

AbstractIlex paraguariensis, commonly known as yerba mate, is a tree species native to South America. Its commercial value is due to the manufacturing of teas, with potential also in the pharmacological and cosmetic industries. Vegetative propagation of yerba mate is considered an innovation to the traditional production systems based on sexual propagation. The present study aimed to evaluate the rhizogenic potential and chemical attributes of mini-cuttings from 15 yerba mate genotypes, as well as to verify the correlation between phytochemical and rooting-related variables. Mini-cuttings were collected from a pre-existing mini-clonal hedge and the experimental design was completely randomized, with 15 treatments (genotypes), four replications and 10 mini-cuttings per plot. After 120 days, mini-cuttings were assessed regarding rooting, mortality, callogenesis and leaf retention percentages, percentage of mini-cuttings with both calluses and roots, number of roots and average root length. At the time of collection, subsamples from each plot were used for phytochemical analyses including total phenolic compounds, protein, caffeine and theobromine contents and antioxidant activity. Rooting percentages ranged from 5 to 72.5%, with significant variation among genotypes. Adventitious rooting and phytochemical profile of yerba mate mini-cuttings are genotype-dependent. Leaf retention is a relevant factor in the rooting of yerba mate mini-cuttings and the levels of total phenolic compounds, antioxidants and theobromine present in mini-cuttings are negatively correlated components toIlex paraguariensisadventitious rooting.

Evaluation of effect of different solvent systems on functional and pharmacological properties of fruits and leaves extracts from natal plum

This study appraises functional and pharmacological attributes and phenolic bioactive compounds profile of various solvent (distilled H2O, 50% C2H5OH, 100% n-hexane, 100% ethyl acetate, 100% CH3OH, 100% chloroform) extracts from fruits and leaves of Natal plum (Carissa grandiflora). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was analyzed by the determinations of total flavonoid contents, total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Additionally, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and individual phenolics composition of the tested extracts were also investigated. The experimental results revealed that the highest percent bioactive compounds extract yield (35.01%) was obtained from fruits with 50% distilled water while lowest (7.2%) from leaves with chloroform. The tested fruit extracts exhibited better antioxidant activity as compared to leaves extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in various solvents extracts of fruit and leaves varied from 8.7–143.08, 3.1–96.02 GAE (mg/g) and 6.52–62, 3.6–28.84 CE DW (mg/g) while the levels of total individual phenolic compounds, identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, were 400–3500 and 600–4500 mg/g, respectively. Pure (100%) methanolic extract from leaves showed highest activity (10.11 mm inhibition zone diameter) against B. subtilis whereas 50% ethanolic extract from fruits was most potent (8.56 mm) against E. coli. In case of anti-inflammatory activity, 100% CH3OH extract from leaves showed better activity followed by 100% ethyl acetate extract. The high anticancer activity was displayed by 100% chloroform extract from fruits (percent inhibition 89.16%; IC50 2.4 ± 0.09) against MCF-7 cell lines in MTT colorimetric assay. The solvents polarity-based differences were observed in terms of quantifiable yield and activities of the extracted bioactive compounds. In the light of present results, methanol and chloroform extracts from fruits and leaves of natal plum can be explored as potential sources of potent bioactive compounds for nutra-pharmaceutical developments.

Pichia galeiformis Induces Resistance in Postharvest Citrus by Activating the Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Pichia galeiformis on disease resistance and elucidate the changes in phenylpropane biosynthesis treated by P. galeiformis in postharvest citrus. The results showed that P. galeiformis reduced the disease incidence and lesion diameters without direct contact with the pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Transcriptome analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was triggered by P. galeiformis. Genes encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were upregulated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), O-methyltransferase, and hydroxyl cinnamoyl transferase. Moreover, P. galeiformis increased the activity of PAL, 4CL, C4H, POD, polyphenol oxidase, and CAD in citrus pericarp. In addition, P. galeiformis treated citrus displayed higher levels of total phenolic compounds, flavonoid, and lignin and higher amounts of ferulic and sinapic acid. In conclusion, these results suggested that P. galeiformis could induce resistance through modulating the pathway of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in postharvest citrus.

Melatonin alleviates drought impact on growth and essential oil yield of lemon verbena by enhancing antioxidant responses, mineral balance, and abscisic acid content.

Melatonin has recently emerged as a multifunctional biomolecule with promising aspects in plant stress tolerance. The present study examined the effects of foliar-sprayed melatonin (0, 100, and 200 μM) on growth and essential oil yield attributes of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) under water-shortage (mild, moderate and severe). Results revealed that melatonin minimized drought effects on lemon verbena, resulting in improved growth and essential oils yield. Drought impositions gradually and significantly reduced several growth parameters, such as plant height and biomass, whereas melatonin application revived the growth performance of lemon verbena. Melatonin protected the photosynthetic pigments and helped maintain the mineral balance at all levels of drought. Melatonin stimulated the accumulation of proline, soluble sugars and abscisic acid, which were positively correlated with a better preservation of leaf water status in drought-stressed plants. Melatonin also prevented oxidative damages by enhancing the superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities. Furthermore, increased levels of total phenolic compounds, chicoric acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, as well as ascorbate and total antioxidant capacity in melatonin-sprayed drought-stressed plants indicated that melatonin helped verbena plants to sustain antioxidant and medicinal properties during drought. Finally, melatonin treatments upheld the concentrations and yield of essential oils in the leaves of lemon verbena regardless of drought severities. These results provided new insights into melatonin-mediated drought tolerance in lemon verbena, and this strategy could be implemented for the successful cultivation of lemon verbena, and perhaps other medicinal plants, in drought-prone areas worldwide.

Antibiotic resistance profile of gram-negative bacteria isolated from dog nasal swab samples, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of Alpinia purpurta (Vieill.) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae)

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and their negligent use among dog owners have contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms found in pets. In addition, the search for medicinal plants with antibacterial properties has made the evaluation of aqueous extracts of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum an important issue. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of gram-negative bacteria isolated from nasal swab samples of dogs and assess the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves and rhizomes of A. purpurata. The bacteria identified were tested using the agar disc diffusion assay for the evaluation of antibiotic resistance. A total of 16 isolates were obtained from the 19 samples collected, with a high prevalence of Escherichia coli (n=5). There was a high rate of resistance to ?-lactams, where the highest percentage was seen for amoxicillin (72.5%). Aqueous leaf extracts had high levels of total phenolic compounds (637.47 µg GAE mg-1), differing significantly (p < 0.05) from aqueous rhizome extracts (228.64 µg GAE mg-1). There was no significant difference in EC50 of DPPH values between the aqueous extracts; however, the antioxidant capacity of rhizome extracts had higher values than leaf extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leaves and rhizomes for the evaluated bacteria ranged from 9000 to 32,000 µg mL-1. For the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), most bacteria showed an MBC over 38,400 µg mL-1 for the rhizome. In conclusion, the bacteria isolated from dog nasal swabs showed a high resistance profile for the antibiotics of the penicillin class. Additionally, the results from the analysis of the aqueous extracts of rhizomes and leaves of A. purpurata showed an antimicrobial effect possibly associated with a high content of total phenolic compounds; these results can create a scope for using these extracts together with conventional antibiotics to control the emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbial species.

Study on antioxidant activity of crude peanut oils and refined cottonseed oils from Burkina Faso

<abstract> <p>Vegetable oils are among the foodstuffs produced and consumed in abundance by the population in Burkina Faso. These edible oils are nutrient sources for health. However, the oxidation of edible oils is a phenomenon that leads to their degradation. Hence, the objectives of this study were to determine the antioxidants compounds, to evaluate the antioxidant activity of vegetable oils produced in Burkina Faso and to propose good manufacturing practices. Thus, 32 samples of crude peanut oils and refined cottonseed oils were analyzed. α-Tocopherol was determined by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), total phenolic compounds and DPPH by spectrophotometry. The α-tocopherol averages are 10.89 and 56.44 mg/100 g for peanut oils and cottonseed oils, respectively (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). For total phenolic compounds, the averages are 2.91 and 0.64 mg/100 g of gallic acid equivalent for peanut oils and cottonseed oils, respectively (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). The inhibition percentages are respectively 17.97% and 5.58% (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) for peanut oils and cottonseed oils. For antioxidant activity, the averages are 0.81 and 0.27 mg trolox/100 g for peanut oils and cottonseed oils, respectively (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Cottonseed oils have the highest levels of α-tocopherol while peanut oils have high levels of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Vegetable oils contain acceptable levels of α-tocopherol and total phenolic compounds for their oxidative stability and health benefits for the consumer. However, the levels of biomolecules will be higher if production and preservation conditions are improved and controlled. The results could be used for future recommendations about human feeding programs in Burkina Faso.</p> </abstract>

Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Tuber and Terfezia truffles

Ten truffle species of Tuber and Terfezia genera were chemical characterized, assessing their proximate composition, individual nutrient compounds and some bioactive molecules. The bioactive properties of these species were also evaluated, namely their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. Carbohydrates were the main macronutrients present in truffles, followed by proteins. Furthermore, the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), subsequently presented as a percentage, were higher in truffles (38.2–79.3%) except in Tuber magnatum and Terfezia arenaria, which have a more saturated fatty acids (SFA) profile (70.7% and 53.7%, respectively). Comparing the species, T. magnatum revealed the highest levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (290 mg GAE/100 g truffle), as also the best results in the four methods used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, only five extracts obtained from some studied truffle species (Terfezia magnusii, Tuber aestivum, Tuber gennadii, and Tuber melanosporum) showed a slight inhibition of microbial growth, tested against different bacteria. Terfezia and T. gennadii extracts, showed potential to inhibit the cellular growth of NCI-H460, HeLa, HepG2, and MCF-7 cell lines (GI50 concentrations range: 19–78, 33–301, 83–321 and 102–321 µg/mL, respectively), indicating anti-proliferative activity. Nevertheless, T. arenaria revealed some potential hepatotoxicity, inhibiting the growth of PLP2 cells (GI50 concentration of 220 µg/mL), a primary cell culture obtained from porcine liver.

Production and antimicrobial activity of trans-resveratrol, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3 from elicited peanut hairy root cultures in shake flasks compared with bioreactors

Obtaining large-scale hairy root cultures is a major challenge to increasing root biomass and secondary metabolite production. Enhanced production of stilbene compounds such as trans-resveratrol, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3 was achieved using an elicitor treatment procedure. Two different hairy root inoculum densities were investigated and compared between shake flask and bioreactor cultures. The lowest growth index was observed using a 20 g/L inoculum size in the bioreactor, which differed significantly from bioreactor of 5 g/L. Increasing the hairy root inoculum size from 5 g/L to 20 g/L in both the shake flask and bioreactor significantly improve antioxidant activity, phenolic content and stilbene compound levels. The highest ABTS and FRAP antioxidant activity, and levels of total phenolic compounds, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3 in the crude extract were demonstrated in shake flask cultures with a 20 g/L inoculum after elicitation for 72 h. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the crude extract to inhibit growth of foodborne microbes, S. aureus, S. typhimurium and E. coli, were 187.5, 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. This was due to the ability of the crude extract to disrupt the cell membrane, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing ruptured pores on the S. aureus and S. typhimurium cell surfaces. Moreover, the E. coli cell division process could be inhibited by the crude extract, which promoted an increase in cell size. A DNA nicking assay indicated that a 50 μg/mL concentration of the crude extract caused plasmid DNA damage that might be due to a genotoxic effect of the pro-oxidant activity of the crude extract.

Effect of Roasting and Vacuum Microwave Treatments on Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Oil Extracted from Black Sesame Seeds

Unroasted, roasted (at roasting temperatures of 100, 150 and 200 C and roasting times of 10, 20 and 30 min) and vacuum microwaved (at microwave watt powers of 800, 1440, 2400 and 3600 watts/kg black sesame seeds, for heating times of 10, 20 and 30 min) black sesame seeds were processed to extract oil using a single screw press at a constant pressing temperature of 50 C. The results revealed that different heat pre-treatments significantly affected yield and physiochemical and antioxidant properties of extracted oils. The extracted oil samples exhibited significantly different levels of total phenolic compounds, sesamin, sesamolin, and DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity. Additionally, it was found that these values of roasted and vacuum microwaved black sesame seed oils were significantly higher than those of unroasted oil. Sesamin, sesamolin, total content of phenolic compounds, and DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity of extracted black sesame oils increased when the roasting temperature and watt power increased. Black sesame oil obtained from unroasted, roasted and vacuum microwaved dried black sesame seeds contained linoleic and oleic acids as major fatty acids. Black sesame oil extracted from roasting and vacuum microwave treatments for 10 min at higher roasting temperature and microwave watt power had higher total phenolic content leading to a reduction of peroxide value and elevated stability of soybean oil when it was added during storage time at temperature of 65 °C.

Eliciting effect of foliar application of chitosan lactate on the phytochemical properties of Ocimum basilicum L. and Melissa officinalis L.

An increase in the content of secondary metabolites in herbal plants is desirable due to their therapeutic and nutraceutical properties. Therefore, the effects of foliar spray of 100 mg/L or 500 mg/L of chitosan lactate (ChL) on the accumulation of selected phenolics and physiological parameters of basil and lemon balm were investigated. In basil, the concentration of rosmarinic acid (RA) increased after application of 100 mg/L of ChL. In turn, in lemon balm both ChL concentrations increased the accumulation of RA and anthocyanins, while the level of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was elevated only at the dose of 100 mg/L of ChL. Elicitation of basil with 500 mg/L of ChL increased the shoot biomass. Therefore, such an elicitor as ChL can enhance the accumulation of valuable phytochemicals in Lamiaceae species. This simple and non-laborious method can be used for elicitation of herbal plants in production of functional food.

Dendropanax morbifera Leaf Extracts Improved Alcohol Liver Injury in Association with Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Rats.

This study evaluated the protective effects of Dendropanax morbifera leaf (DML) extracts in the liver due to excessive ethanol consumption. Our results showed that the ethanol extract had better antioxidant activity than the water extract, likely due to the higher levels of total flavonoid and phenolic compounds in the former. We found that the main phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid and the major flavonoid was rutin. Results from the animal model experiment showed concentration-dependent liver protection with the distilled water extract showing better liver protection than the ethanol extract. Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by alcohol consumption was significantly shifted by DML extracts through increasing mainly Bacteroides and Allobaculum. Moreover, predicted metabolic activities of biosynthesis of beneficial monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleate and palmitoleate were enhanced. Our results suggest that these hepatoprotective effects are likely due to the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and partially promoted by intestinal microbiota shifts.

Phenolics and ascorbic acid in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) slices: effects of hot air drying and degradation kinetics

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of hot air drying (60–100 ℃, 1.5 m/s, 6–17 h; final products contained 10.50 ± 0.29% moisture) on the levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC) including both soluble phenolic compounds (SPC) and insoluble phenolic compounds (IPC) as well as ascorbic acid in pumpkin slices. IPC accounted for an average of 74.9% of the TPC in fresh pumpkin flesh, but only accounted for 49.4% (100 ℃ drying) to 59.7% (60 ℃ drying) of the TPC in the final dried pumpkin slices. As the drying temperature increased, the retention of IPC (22.8–42.7%), TPC (41.6–50.9%), and ascorbic acid (22.2–51.0%) in the dried products significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but the retention of SPC (74.5–92.7%) significantly increased which may be due to more conversion of IPC to SPC at a higher temperature. The degradation of ascorbic acid during hot air drying fitted well to the first-order kinetic function (R2 = 0.985–0.999), and that of IPC, SPC and TPC fitted well to zero-order reactions (R2 = 0.887–0.997). Unlike the other three compounds, the reduced level of SPC decreased as the temperature increased (k = 0.008–0.029/h, Ea = 33.7 kJ/mol), corresponding to the increased retention of SPC in the final dried pumpkin slices.

Volatile Organic Compounds from Rhizobacteria Increase the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites and Improve the Antioxidant Status in Mentha piperita L. Grown under Salt Stress

Salinity is a major abiotic stress factor that affects crops and has an adverse effect on plant growth. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) play a significant role in microorganism–plant interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) emitted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant status in Mentha piperita L. grown under 0, 75 and 100 mM NaCl. Seedlings were exposed to mVOCs, avoiding physical contact with the bacteria, and an increase in NaCl levels produced a reduction in essential oil (EO) yield. Nevertheless, these undesirable effects were mitigated in seedlings treated with mVOCs, resulting in an approximately a six-fold increase with respect to plants not exposed to mVOCs, regardless of the severity of the salt stress. The main components of the EOs, menthone, menthol, and pulegone, showed the same tendency. Total phenolic compound (TPC) levels increased in salt-stressed plants but were higher in those exposed to mVOCs than in stressed plants without mVOC exposure. To evaluate the effect of mVOCs on the antioxidant status from salt-stressed plants, the membrane lipid peroxidation was analyzed. Peppermint seedlings cultivated under salt stress and treated with mVOC showed a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which is considered to be an indicator of lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, and had an increased antioxidant capacity in terms of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl−1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity in relation to plants cultivated under salt stress but not treated with mVOCs. These results are important as they demonstrate the potential of mVOCs to diminish the adverse effects of salt stress.

Total phenolic compound and trans-resveratrol levels of some grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stems

Üzüm çekirdekleri, kabukları ve şarabın insan sağlığına olan etkileri ile ilgili çok yoğun araştırma gerçekleştirilmesine rağmen salkım iskeletleri ile ilgili yok denecek kadar az çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı 49 adet Vitis vinifera L. çeşidine ait salkım iskeletlerinin toplam fenolik bileşik (TFB), trans-resveratrol, kateşin ve epikateşin düzeylerinin belirlenmesidir. TFB düzeyi 17025-123250 mg GAE kg-1 kuru ağırlık, trans-resveratrol düzeyi 23.44-70.38, kateşin düzeyi 843-14144 ve epikateşin düzeyi 0-981 mg kg-1 kuru ağırlık aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar doğrultusunda gelecek araştırmalarla üzüm salkım iskeletlerinin insan sağlığı açısından önemli biyoaktiviteye sahip oldukları ve biyofonksiyonel gıda ya da gıda takviyesi olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Influence of gamma radiation treatment on the profile of phenolic compounds and on the quality parameters of strawberries cv. Albion during storage

This study evaluated the effects of gamma radiation treatment on the profile of phenolic compounds and the quality parameters of strawberries irradiated during storage. The fruits were submitted to irradiation doses 0, 0.8; 1.6, and 2.4 kGy and stored for up to 9 days at 10°C. The levels of anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic compounds were evaluated, as along with the profile of these compounds and colorimetric and microbiological parameters. Our results show that the doses used preserved the studied phenolic compounds. The variation in ascorbic acid values may be due to post-harvest storage of fruits. The applied doses did not interfere in the characteristic red color of the strawberry. The irradiation dose of 2.4 kGy more efficiently controlled microorganisms and is the ideal dose to increase the shelf life of strawberries.

Chemical profile of Eugenia brasiliensis (Grumixama) pulp by PS/MS paper spray and SPME-GC / MS solid-phase microextraction

The Eugenia brasiliensis, known as grumixama, is a fruit native to the Brazilian biodiversity and has characteristic flavor and aroma, bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties and benefical health characteristic. Since the consumer market is focused on the demand for products with natural and functional appeal, this study aimed to characterize the grumixama pulp, evaluate the antioxidant potential and trace chemical and volatile organic compounds of this fruit profile. For this purpose, analyzes of titratable acidity, pH, moisture, proteins, ash, fibers, total sugars, and lipids were performed. The determination of total phenolic compounds used the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant activity used the radical ABTS test. The characterization of the chemical profile consisted of obtaining fingerprints using Paper spray PS/MS and the extraction of volatile organic compounds employing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) using PDMS/DVB fiber and subsequent separation and identification by CG-MS. The grumixama pulp stood out for its acidity and high fiber content (20.34g/100g of pulp), in addition to presenting average levels of total phenolic compounds (173.85 ± 3.21 mg 100 g of pulp) and antioxidant activity (844.86 ± 2.03 mM/100g of pulp). Regarding the chemical profile of the pulp, 45 compounds were listed by PS/MS, with emphasis on flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, sugars, catechins and quercetin derivatives. Nineteen volatile organic compounds can be identified, all of them belonging to the terpene class, 94.7% sesquiterpenes, and 5.3% monoterpenes, compounds that are responsible for several sensory characteristics of the fruits. The results showed that the association between the antioxidant activity promoted by the bioactive and the VOCs of the grumixama pulp make this fruit promising for acceptance in the market and can be added to various product elaborations, increasing its nutritional and functional value.

Influence of rice bran and corn bran addition on the selected properties of tarhana, a fermented cereal based food product

The main objective of this study was improving nutritional composition and functionality of tarhana, a fermented food product, with dietary fiber sources. For this purpose, two different by-products; rice bran (RB) and corn bran (CB) were used in tarhana formulation at the levels of 5, 10 and 15% and some physical, chemical, microbiological, functional and sensory attributes were examined. 15% RB added tarhana contained higher levels of ash, protein, fat content, antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds (3.64%, 16.39%, 6.91%, 59.40% and 142.4 mg/100 g respectively) whereas the highest cellulose content was observed with 15% CB substitution (2.37%). Moreover 10% and 15% CB supplementation resulted in an increase in Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. counts. L* values decreased with CB and especially substitution level higher than 10% decreased a* and b* values of samples. Control exhibited higher viscosity values than others. The end product was affected by enrichment with brans and overall acceptability results showed that RB addition had an unpalatable effect whereas CB added samples gained similar scores with control.

Conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods for extraction of bioactive compounds from red araçá peel (Psidium cattleianum Sabine)

The present study aimed to maximize the conventional extraction and compare it with the ultrasound-assisted method for extracting bioactive compounds obtained from the red araçá peel. The behavior of anthocyanins related to the pre-treatment of the vegetal matrix, employed solvent, extraction kinetics of both methods, the levels of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids, as well as the antioxidant activity were evaluated. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (40 KHz −154 W and 90 min) had an increase of 12% in the levels of anthocyanins (121.85 Eq. mg of cyanidin-3-glycoside/100 g of peel) and a 25% reduction in time extraction compared to conventional extraction by maceration (116.81 Eq. mg of cyanidin-3-glycoside/100 g of peel) using 90% ethanol, for 2 h, pH 1.5, at 40 °C and mass/volume ratio 1 g/10 mL). Analyses of the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids presented promising results for the ultrasound-assisted and conventional extractions, respectively. Analyzes of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids, show promising results for ultrasound-assisted extractions, respectively, indicating that red araçá is rich in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health, in addition to being considered natural pigments that can be used in food.

Heritability estimates and the variation of pomological traits, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity in two apricot progenies

Even though pomological traits are important in fruit breeding for quality, antioxidant capacity and the total content of phenolic compounds have also gained importance, together with a rising awareness of their health benefits. As a result, this study was conducted to evaluate the variation and heritability levels of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds, as well as pomological traits in 'Hacihaliloglu' × 'Stark Early Orange' and 'Cataloglu' × `Stark Early Orange' apricot crosscombinations based on phenotypic assessments of fruit samples. The results indicated significant differences among F1 progenies in the samples involved in the study. Broad-sense heritability coefficients ranged from 0.59 to 0.98 in the combinations examined. Parent?offspring regression coefficients for antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds were calculated to be 0.433 and 0.164, respectively. The results of the study can be useful in deciding selection strategies and choosing parents in relevant breeding programs.