Total Adiponectin Levels Research Articles

Effects of stroke unit model in patients with ischemic stroke

Objective To analyze the changes in blood lipids, serum visfatin and adiponectin in patients with ischemic stroke before and after implementation of stroke unit mode, and to explore the effects of this nursing mode on the prognosis and functional recovery of patients. Methods A total of 128 patients with ischemic stroke in the Neurology Department of Nanyang Nanshi Hospital from March 2016 to June 2017 were selected as the research objects. According to the order number, they were divided into the observation group and the control group, with 64 cases in each group. 7 patients fell off, 3 from the observation group and 4 from the control group. The control group was given routine rehabilitation nursing in Neurology Department, while the observation group was given stroke unit rehabilitation nursinig mode. All the objects were evaluated for exercise function, living ability and nursing satisfaction using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) , Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) , Barthel Index (BI) and a self-designed nursing satisfaction survey. Results There were no statistical significance in the differences of serum total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , visfatin and adiponectin levels between the two groups before the intervention (P>0.05) . After the intervention, the values of TC, TG and visfatin of the observation group were all lower than those of the control group, however the adiponectin level was higher. All the differences were statistically significant (P 0.05) . The score of NIHSS of the observation group was lower than that of the control group after the intervention, but the scores of FMA and BI were higher (P<0.001) . The satisfaction of nursing quality, nursing attitude, nurse patient relationship and health knowledge awareness in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusions Stroke unit mode can improve blood lipid and reduce visfatin, increase adiponectin content and improve neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke, so as to improve living ability and motor function of patients. Key words: Dyslipidemias; Ischemic stroke; Stroke unit; Visfatin; Sdiponectin

Association of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin with metabolic syndrome and its metabolic components in Sasang constitutional type

IntroductionMounting evidence indicates a significant relationship between Sasang constitutional types (SCTs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), and between metabolic hormones and risk of MetS. However, studies have not yet examined whether the impact of metabolic hormones on MetS differs according to SCT. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the association of adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin with MetS and metabolic components is affected by SCTs. MethodsA total of 2370 subjects (1201 men and 1169 women) who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Ansan cohort between 2007 and 2008 and completed the health-related questionnaire, anthropometric evaluation, and biochemical measurements were included in the analysis. Each constitutional type was defined using an integrated diagnostic method. Total adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay. ResultsTae-eum (TE) type had the highest frequency of MetS (29.9%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for possible confounders, adiponectin (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.84–0.92; P < 0.0001) and leptin levels (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08; P = 0.015) were significantly associated with MetS in TE type, whereas only adiponectin levels were significantly associated with MetS in So-yang type (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73–0.90; P < 0.0001). Ghrelin levels were not significantly associated with MetS in all SCTs. ConclusionsThis population-based study showed different association of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin with MetS and its components according to SCT.

Plasma Omentin Levels Are Associated with Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Omentin is an adipokine predominantly expressed in visceral adipose tissue and has insulin-sensitizing and vasculoprotective effects, like adiponectin, in rodents. Previous studies indicated an associations of plasma omentin levels with atherosclerosis, vascular endothelial function, and coronary artery disease in nondiabetic individuals. In this study, we investigated the association between plasma omentin levels and atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. We included 416 patients with type 2 diabetes in this study. Fasting plasma omentin levels and total adiponectin levels were measured by ELISA, and the mean intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery was measured by ultrasonography. The medians of plasma omentin level, adiponectin level, and IMT were 572 ng/mL, 6.1 µg/mL, and 0.76 mm, respectively. Eighty seven (21%) subjects had cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease, which were confirmed by medical records. Plasma omentin levels were positively correlated with adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol, and negatively correlated with BMI, IRI, HOMA-R, triglycerides, and eGFR. Multivariate analysis showed that plasma omentin levels were not significantly associated with IMT after adjustment for adiponectin levels and traditional CVD risk factors. However, subgroup analysis revealed that plasma omentin level was an independent determinant of IMT (β = -0.139, p = 0.015) in subjects without CVDs, but not in those with CVDs. Interaction analysis indicated a potential effect modification by the presence of CVDs on the association of plasma omentin levels with IMT. In conclusion, plasma omentin levels are associated with atherosclerosis, independently of adiponectin and traditional CVD risk factors, in patients with type 2 diabetes without CVDs. This study indicates a protective role of omentin in atherosclerosis among patients with type 2 diabetes without CVDs. Disclosure M. Hatamori: None. T. Morioka: Consultant; Self; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Novartis Pharma K.K., MSD K.K., Eli Lilly and Company, Sanofi K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. M. Senda: None. M. Asada: None. Y. Kakutani: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.. Y. Yamazaki: None. K. Motoyama: None. K. Mori: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, MSD K.K., Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. S. Fukumoto: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc.. Research Support; Self; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi K.K.. Research Support; Self; Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. A. Shioi: None. T. Shoji: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd. Research Support; Self; Bayer Yakuhin Ltd. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Kowa Pharamaceutical Co Ltd, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, MSD K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. M. Emoto: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. M. Inaba: None.

Plasma Omentin Levels Are Associated with Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases

Omentin is an adipokine predominantly expressed in visceral adipose tissue and has insulin-sensitizing and vasculoprotective effects, like adiponectin, in rodents. Previous studies indicated associations of plasma omentin levels with atherosclerosis, vascular endothelial function, and coronary artery disease in nondiabetic individuals. In this study, we investigated the association between plasma omentin levels and vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. We included 428 patients with type 2 diabetes in this study. Fasting plasma omentin levels and total adiponectin levels were measured by ELISA, and the endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured by ultrasonography. The medians of plasma omentin level, adiponectin level, and FMD were 572 ng/mL, 6.1 µg/mL, and 5.7%, respectively. Ninety one (21%) subjects had cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which were confirmed by medical records. Plasma omentin levels were positively correlated with adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol, and negatively correlated with BMI, IRI, HOMA-R, triglycerides, and eGFR. Multivariate analysis showed that plasma omentin levels were not significantly associated with FMD after adjustment for adiponectin levels and traditional CVD risk factors. However, subgroup analysis revealed that plasma omentin level was an independent determinant of FMD (β = 0.403, p = 0.002) in subjects with CVDs, but not in those without CVDs. Interaction analysis indicated a potential effect modification by the presence of CVDs on the association of plasma omentin levels with FMD. In conclusion, plasma omentin levels are associated with vascular endothelial function, independently of adiponectin and traditional CVD risk factors, in patients with type 2 diabetes and CVDs. This study indicates a protective role of omentin in vascular endothelial function among patients with type 2 diabetes and CVDs. Disclosure M. Senda: None. T. Morioka: Consultant; Self; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Novartis Pharma K.K., MSD K.K., Eli Lilly and Company, Sanofi K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. M. Asada: None. Y. Kakutani: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.. Y. Yamazaki: None. K. Motoyama: None. K. Mori: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, MSD K.K., Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. S. Fukumoto: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc.. Research Support; Self; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi K.K.. Research Support; Self; Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. A. Shioi: None. T. Shoji: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd. Research Support; Self; Bayer Yakuhin Ltd. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Kowa Pharamaceutical Co Ltd, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, MSD K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. M. Emoto: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. M. Inaba: None.

Thiazolidinediones’ Insulin-Sensitizing Properties Depend on Adiponectin-Mediated Reductions in Certain Ceramide Species

Adiponectin release from adipocytes is stimulated by the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARγ agonists in a time-dependent fashion, with an increase within 10 days followed by a more robust effect within 3 weeks. Our previous work suggested that adiponectin exerts its metabolic effects in part by enhancing the deacylation of the sphingolipid ceramide, a lipotoxic metabolite stimulated by exposure to saturated fats or inflammatory mediators. Adiponectin receptors in fact display potent ceramidase activity. Ceramides and diacylglycerols correlate with impaired insulin action. The effects of 10 and 21 days’ pioglitazone (Pio; 45 mg/day) treatment on insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies in n=26 type 2 diabetic subjects (Diabetes. 62:1843, 2013). Total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels in plasma were determined using a commercial sandwich ELISA kit. Sphingolipids in adipose tissue and plasma were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity was seen after 21 days, but not 10 days, of Pio, and were highly correlated with an increased ratio of HMW adiponectin/total levels (r2=0.90). Variable responses in both total and HMW adiponectin defined subjects as Responders (R;≥1.5-fold increase with Pio) vs. Non-responders (NR; no change). Sphingosine-1P, a beneficial conversion product from ceramides, increased 2-fold and Sphinganine-1P increased 2.5-fold in R relative to NR and placebo (p=0.0286). Pio induced decreases in dihydroceramides and increases in lactosylceramides as a function of time and adiponectin levels, the functional significance of which needs to be further explored. This study suggests the insulin-sensitizing properties of TZDs critically depend on elevating circulating adiponectin levels, with an associated lowering of certain ceramide species involved in insulin resistance and inflammation. Disclosure R. Gordillo: None. K. Zhang: None. P.E. Scherer: None.

Associations of a Preconception Biomarker Risk Score with Future Gestational Diabetes

Individual preconception biomarkers have been associated with future gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. Creating a biomarker risk score incorporating several biomarkers may enhance identification of women at high risk for GDM before pregnancy. The objective of this study was to develop a preconception biomarker risk score and assess its association with subsequent GDM. We conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort of 4,098 women with serum and questionnaire data collected as part of a health checkup (1984-1996) and a subsequent pregnancy (1984-2009) in northern California. Two controls were matched to each GDM case (N=256 cases) on year and age at serum collection, age at pregnancy, and number of pregnancies between serum collection and index pregnancy. Biomarkers associated with GDM in univariable models were dichotomized into high/low risk using quartiles. A biomarker risk score was created by summing the number of high risk biomarkers that were significantly associated with GDM in a multivariable model. Receiver-operating-characteristic curve analyses were used to assess the incremental predictive value of the biomarker risk score beyond conventional GDM risk factors obtained from medical records (age, race/ethnicity, BMI, family history, previous GDM). Compared to low risk, high risk levels of total adiponectin (&amp;lt;7.2 μg/mL), SHBG (&amp;lt;44.2 nmol/L), and HOMA-IR (&amp;gt;3.9) were each independently associated with 2.03 (95% CI: 1.37, 3.02), 2.78 (95% CI: 1.87, 4.13), and 2.07 (95% CI: 1.40, 3.06) times the odds of GDM and thus included in the biomarker risk score. For each one unit increase in the biomarker risk score, odds of GDM were 2.04 times greater (95% CI: 1.62, 2.56). The biomarker risk score had relative incremental predictive value beyond conventional GDM risk factors (AUC= 0.73 vs. 0.67, P&amp;lt;0.0001). Our results suggest the biomarker risk score has potential clinical utility in preconception risk assessment for GDM beyond conventional clinical risk factors. Disclosure S.E. Badon: None. A. Ferrara: None. Y. Zhu: None. S.B. Sridhar: None. C. Lee: None. S. Ehrlich: None. C. Quesenberry: None. M. Hedderson: None.

Serum Total Adiponectin Level Is Associated with Incident Prediabetes in Japanese Workers

Emerging evidence suggests that adiponectin secreted into the serum by adipocytes may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. In addition, some cross-sectional studies have suggested that adiponectin may be related to PreD (prediabetes). Thus, it is reasonable to expect that adiponectin may play a role in PreD development. However, there are still few prospective cohort studies, which could successfully demonstrate a causative relationship between adiponectin and PreD. The aim of this study was to establish the significance of Adipo (serum total adiponectin level) as a biomarker for PreD in Japanese workers. To this end, we analyzed data in our prospective occupational-based cohort study, which has been conducted since 2008. A total of 551 workers without PreD aged 20-60 years were followed-up (mean follow-up period 4.2 years). The subjects were divided into four categories based on the quartiles of baseline Adipo for each sex (male: &amp;lt; 4.9, 4.9-6.6, 6.7-8.9 and &amp;gt; 8.9 µg/ml, female: &amp;lt; 8.2, 8.2-11.1, 11.2-13.9 and &amp;gt; 13.9 µg/ml). The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of PreD significantly increased with decreasing quartile of Adipo at baseline (P for trend &amp;lt;0.001). In multivariate analyses after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol intake, regular exercise, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, family history of diabetes, and hypertension, the hazard ratio of PreD was 1.64 [95% confidence interval: 1.to 2.51, P=0.02] in the second quartile and 1.33 [95% confidence interval: 0.83 to 2.11, P=0.24] in the lowest quartile, when compared with the highest quartile. Furthermore, the risk of PreD was 5% higher (P=0.04) with a per 1 µg/ml decrement of Adipo in the multivariate-adjusted model. These results suggest that decreased Adipo is a risk factor for the incidence of PreD in Japanese workers, which could assign a new role to Adipo as a biomarker for the early stage of glucose homeostasis disorders, besides being a biomarker for the development of diabetes and cardiovascular events. Disclosure A. Hata: None. M. Miyoshi: None. T. Nakao: None. T. Ichihara: None. A. Tamura: None. T. Minagawa: None. Y. Kuwamura: None. M. Funaki: Research Support; Self; Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd., The Knowledge Cluster from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan. Board Member; Self; Mechanogenic C.C..

Total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels and prediction of insulin resistance.

Adiponectin is a peptide secreted by adipocytes; its reduction is associated with obesity-related disorders, including insulin resistance (IR). The study analysed levels of total adiponectin and its high-molecular-weight (HMW) oligomer in a group of metabolically healthy adults and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to evaluate these levels as potential predictors of the presence of IR. The study comprised 269 metabolically healthy adults and 300 patients with T2DM. Anthropometric and bio-chemical indices were measured, including total and HMW adiponectin levels; the Homeostatic Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) index was calculated, and logistic regression analysis was used to predict the presence of IR. In healthy individuals, both total and HMW adiponectin levels were significantly higher than in diabetic patients. Total and HMW adiponectin levels were moderately correlated with the HOMA-IR index. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased levels of both total adiponectin (odds ratio [OR] 0.598, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.483-0.723) and the HMW form (OR 0.360, 95% CI 0.242-0.511) are protective factors for the development of IR. The cut-off levels were 4.22 mg/L for total adiponectin and 2.75 mg/L for HMW adiponectin. The results are valid for middle-aged European adults. Adiponectin levels below the indicated cut-offs may predict a potential risk for the development of IR.

2520 Proteomics in the early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a Hispanic pre-teen cohort

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of the present study is to determine if decreased adiponectin and increased leptin levels are associated with the development of MetS and identifiable endothelial dysfunction in a cohort of Hispanic pre-pubertal children. To do so we propose the following aims: (1) To measure expression of adiponectin and leptin levels in a Hispanic pre-pubertal cohort and determine their correlation with features of the MetS. (2) To perform proteomic analysis in a Hispanic pre-pubertal cohort. (3) Evaluate early onset of endothelial dysfunction and its correlation with expression of adiponectin and leptin levels in a Hispanic pre-pubertal cohort. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A cross-sectional pilot study will obtain a random representative sampling of children aged 6–12 years from all geographical areas of Puerto Rico. Children will be assessed regarding pre-pubertal status through Tanner staging and later divided into pre-MetS Versus MetS groups as well as controls. MetS will include children meeting 3 or more of the current International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Pre-MetS will include children with at least 1 criterion for MetS. Anthropometric data, blood pressure readings, ultrasound-based noninvasive testing for endothelial dysfunction, and laboratory assays will be performed to the study population and data analyzed for correlation. Total adiponectin and leptin levels will be measured using a commercially available quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay test. The study will be submitted to the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus’ Institutional Review Board (IRB) for approval. Written consent and assent will be obtained from parents and children respectively to ensure patient anonymity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that low levels of adiponectin and high levels of leptin will correlate with features of the MetS as defined by the IDF consensus statement, as well as with clinical features of MetS in undiagnosed Hispanic pre-pubertal youth. We also hypothesize that non-invasive testing of endothelial function will correlate both with clinical features of the MetS and with low levels of adinopectin and high levels of leptin. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The correlation of findings suggestive of endothelial dysfunction and biomarker expression (mainly adiponectin and leptin levels) in a pre-pubertal cohort has yet to be established and could also provide information regarding early atherogenesis in otherwise unidentified youth at risk. Therefore, by using a proteomic approach, this study aims to measure associations between clinical features of the MetS and expression of proteins associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile in a Hispanic pre-pubertal population. We will concurrently measure the degree of endothelial dysfunction and evaluate whether a correlation exists between previously mentioned protein expression and early onset of dysfunction.

Adiponectin is not associated with renal function decline in community-dwelling elderly adults.

Adiponectin secreted by adipocytes plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Contrary to findings in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), no prospective data about the association of serum adiponectin with renal function decline in the general population have yet appeared. Our objective was to analyze the relationship of total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin with renal function decline as measured by cystatin C in community-dwelling elderly adults without moderate or severe CKD.In a prospective observational analysis, a total of 216 healthy elderly volunteers with eGFRcys ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 underwent anthropometric and laboratory tests at baseline and at follow-up visits. A subgroup with serum samples collected 5 years apart was further analyzed.There were no differences in either total or HMW adiponectin level between subjects subsequently undergoing rapid renal function decline and subjects with normal physiologic renal function decline (P = .71, P = .81). On univariate linear regression, neither total nor HMW adiponectin were associated with annual renal function decline (β = −0.23; P = .71, β = −0.057; P = .90). Multivariate analysis did not show a significant contribution of either total or HMW adiponectin to annual renal function decline (β = −0.50; P = .46, β = 0.01; P = .98). In the logistic regression analysis, we did not observe any statistically significant association of serum adiponectin levels with rapid renal function decline or incidence of CKD.Contrary to findings in populations with CKD, neither total nor HMW adiponectin had a substantial association with renal function decline in an elderly population with eGFRcys ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Our results and conclusions should not be extrapolated to subjects with other characteristics.

Ethnic Variations in Adiponectin Levels and Its Association with Age, Gender, Body Composition and Diet: Differences Between Iranians, Indians and Europeans Living in Australia.

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived protein with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory action, but there are few studies on its association with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in different ethnic groups in Australia. This cross-sectional study evaluated ethnic differences in adiponectin levels and its association with age, gender, body composition and diet in 89 adult Australians of European (n = 28), Indian (n = 28) and Iranian (n = 33) ancestries. Different measures of adiposity were assessed using the method of whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). Total adiponectin levels determined in Indians and Iranians were significantly lower than those in Europeans (p values < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the adiponectin levels in Indians and Iranians (p value > 0.05). There was no substantial change in the results after adjustment for potential confounders. Circulating levels of adiponectin was associated with age, truncal fat percentage, dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and carbohydrate intake, by correlation analysis (p values < 0.05). Using multiple linear regression analysis, a model including truncal fat percentage (p < 0.001), ethnicity (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.001) and dietary glycemic index (p = 0.04) could predict 50% of the variance in adiponectin levels (R2 = 0.504). Among different variables assessed, truncal fat percentage (in Indian and Iranian groups) and glycemic index (in European group) were the strongest predictors of serum adiponectin when data were analysed for three ethnic groups, separately. In conclusion, individuals with Iranian or Indian ancestries may have lower adiponectin levels compared to Europeans. Ethnicity was found as an independent factor affecting adiponectin levels. Our results also highlighted age, truncal adiposity and dietary glycemic index as other determinants of serum adiponectin, however the extent to which these factors influence adiponectin concentrations may vary across ethnicities.

Leptin/adiponectin ratio in overweight patients - gender differences.

Obesity-related atherosclerosis is a systemic disease with a background connected to multiple metabolic-neurohumoral pathways. The leptin/adiponectin ratio has been suggested as an atherosclerotic marker in obese patients. The aim of this study was to assess (1) the significance of the L/A ratio in overweight subjects, (2) the relation with anthropometric/metabolic parameters and (3) gender difference. The study included 80 adult males and females, overweight, non-diabetic patients. Biochemical blood analysis and anthropometric and cardiovascular measurements were performed. Serum leptin levels were measured with a radioimmunoassay test and total adiponectin levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Leptin/adiponectin ratios were calculated as ratios between total serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin. Differences between leptin, adiponectin serum levels and leptin/adiponectin ratios are presented in overweight persons, where females have a significantly higher leptin/adiponectin ratio than men ( p < 0.001). In men, the leptin/adiponectin ratio showed a positive correlation with total cholesterol levels ( p = 0.011), low-density lipoprotein ( p = 0.013) and triglycerides ( p = 0.032). In females, the leptin/adiponectin ratio correlated with anthropometric parameters of visceral obesity: waist circumference ( p = 0.001) and waist-to-hip ratio ( p = 0.025). The leptin/adiponectin ratio could represent an atherosclerotic risk marker of the early stage of obesity. Gender plays a significant role in pathophysiological changes, with different clinical manifestations, where sex hormones have a crucial effect on neurohumoral adipose tissue activity.

The association of SNP276G>T at adiponectin gene with insulin resistance and circulating adiponectin in response to two different hypocaloric diets

BackgroundSeveral adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) have been related with adiponectin levels and risk for obesity. ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to analyze the effect of rs1501299 ADIPOQ gene polymorphism and dietary intake on total adiponectin levels and insulin resistance after two hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. Material and MethodsA Caucasian population of 284 obese patients was enrolled in a randomized clinical trial with two hypocaloric diets (I: moderate carbohydrates vs II: low fat). Before and after 12 weeks on each hypocaloric diet, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake and a biochemical analysis were realized. The statistical analysis was performed for the combined GT and TT as a group (mutant) and GG as second group (wild) (dominant model). ResultsThe genotype distribution was 149 GG, 124 GT and 21 TT. With caloric restriction strategies, body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, total LDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and leptin levels decreased. Only in subjects with GG genotype, diet I and II decreased fasting insulin levels, HOMA-IR and adiponectin levels. The improvement was similar with both diets; insulin concentrations (Diet I: −4.7 ± 1.4 mUI/L vs. Diet II: −5.9 ± 1.9 mUI/L: p = .76), HOMA-IR (Diet I: −1.4 ± 0.6 units vs. Diet II: −2.0 ± 0.7 units: p = .56) and adiponectin levels (Diet I: −10.2 ± 3.4 ng/dl vs. Diet II: −14.0 ± 2.9 ng/dl: p = .33). ConclusionThe GG genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs1501299) is associated with an increase in adiponectin levels and a decrease of insulin and HOMA-IR after weight loss.

Association of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B with fasting glucose, serum adipokine levels and components of metabolic syndrome in adult obese subjects.

Background and objectives: the aim of the present investigation was to describe the association of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with fasting glucose levels, serum adipokine levels and diabetes mellitus. Methods: the study involved a population of 1,002 adult obese subjects. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA-B, lipid profi le and adipocytokines levels were performed. Genotype of MTNR1B gene polymorphism (rs10830963) was evaluated. Results: fasting glucose levels (GG: 101.5 ± 19.1 mg/dl vs GT: 103.5 ± 8.1 units vs TT: 107.2 ± 8.0 mg/dl; p = 0.01) and HOMA-IR (GG: 3.1 ± 1.6 units vs GT: 3.4 ± 1.1 units vs TT: 3.7 ± 1.0 units; p = 0.02) were higher in subjects with GG genotype than in other genotypes. Total adiponectin levels (CC: 20.5 ± 8.4 ng/dl vs CG: 21.8 ± 5.4 ng/dl vs GG: 15.4 ± 1.4 ng/dl; p = 0.02) and HOMA-B (CC: 2.3 ± 0.8 units vs CG: 2.2 ± 1.1 units vs GG: 1.9 ± 0.9 units; p = 0.01) were lower in subjects with GG genotype than GC or CC genotypes. Logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hyperglicemia (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.12-2.78, p = 0.03) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.14-2.86, p = 0.04). Conclusions: this study showed that the MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphism was associated with increased fasting glucose levels, HOMA-IR, and risk of DM2. This SNP was associated with decreased adiponectin levels and HOMA-B.

Low Molecular Weight Adiponectin Increases the Mortality Risk in Very Old Patients.

Despite its beneficial role on insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, adiponectin has been frequently reported as an independent positive predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Very few information is available regarding adiponectin isoforms and mortality, in particular in advanced aging. Baseline serum levels of Total Adiponectin and its circulating isoforms (HMW-, MMW-, LMW-Adiponectin) were measured in 97 old patients (mean age: 79 years). Patients were followed up for all-cause mortality (study end-point) for an average of 76.4 ± 37.3 months. A positive association was observed for LMW-Ad and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1,22, p: 0.002). After multivariate adjustment for age, sex and a previous history of myocardial infarction, higher levels of LMW-Ad were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.21; p: 0.017). Interestingly neither total adiponectin neither the other two circulating isoforms (MMW- and HMW-Ad) showed any significant association with the study end-point. Our data suggest that the association between high serum adiponectin levels and increased mortality rate in elderly is contingent to an unbalanced circulating levels of adiponectin isoforms. The present results support the hypothesis that high levels of Low Molecular Weight adiponectin are a biomarker for mortality risk in very old patients.

Ameliorative effect of panaxynol on the reduction in high-molecular-weight adiponectin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitic acids

Reduced plasma levels of the high-molecular weight (HMW) form of adiponectin, rather than total adiponectin levels, have been shown to be closely associated with various metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we sought to explore active, naturally occurring compounds that promote the recovery of HMW adiponectin secretion suppressed by palmitic acid in our model. A total of 90 crude drug extracts were screened for the ability to augment HMW adiponectin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitic acid. Panaxynol was isolated from Saposhnikovia divaricata as an active compound with HMW adiponectin promoting properties. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists are reported to increase the secretion of HMW adiponectin, although the effects of panaxynol were found to be independent of PPARγ activation. When the underlying mechanisms were further examined, panaxynol was found to inhibit the palmitic-acid-induced downregulation of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) protein, and the anti-lipotoxic effects were abolished by a FoxO1 inhibitor. Furthermore, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) mRNA levels were also increased by panaxynol. Reactive oxygen species have critical roles in the reduction in HMW adiponection secretion by palmitic acid; however, panaxynol reduced this increase in reactive oxygen species generation, followed by reductions in markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. Taken together, these findings suggest that panaxynol ameliorates the impaired HMW adiponection secretion in adipocytes treated with palmitic acid by restoring FoxO1 expression, owing to inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, in a PPARγ-independent manner.

Cardiovascular Risk in Early Psychosis: Relationship with Inflammation and Clinical Features 6 Months after Diagnosis.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the state of cardiovascular risk/protection factors in early psychosis patients.MethodsA total 119 subjects were recruited during the first year after their first episode of psychosis. Eighty-five of these subjects were followed during the next 6 months. Cardiovascular risk/protection factors were measured in plasma and co-variated by sociodemographic/clinical characteristics. Multiple linear regression models detected the change of each biological marker from baseline to follow-up in relation to clinical scales, antipsychotic medication, and pro-/antiinflammatory mediators.ResultsGlycosylated hemoglobin is a state biomarker in first episode of psychosis follow-up patients and inversely correlated to the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. We found opposite alterations in the levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in first episode of psychosis baseline conditions compared with control that were absent in the first episode of psychosis follow-up group. Adiponectin levels decreased in a continuum in both pathological time points studied. E-Selectin plasma levels were inversely related to total antipsychotic equivalents and adiponectin levels inversely co-related to the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Finally, adiponectin levels were directly related to antiinflammatory nuclear receptor PPARγ expression in first episode of psychosis baseline conditions and to proinflammatory nuclear factor nuclear factor κB activity in follow-up conditions, respectively.ConclusionsOur results support the need for integrating cardiovascular healthcare very early after the first episode of psychosis.

Role of rs1501299 variant in the adiponectin gene on total adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and weight loss after a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet

Background/AimSeveral adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) have been related with adiponectin levels and risk for obesity. Our aim was to analyze the effects of rs1501299 ADIPOQ gene polymorphism on total adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and weight loss after a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet in obese subjects. MethodsA Caucasian population of 82 obese patients was analyzed, before and after 3 months on a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet. Before and after 3 months on a hypocaloric diet, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake and a biochemical analysis were performed. ResultsAfter dietary treatment and in wild type group, weight, BMI, fat mass, leptin levels, systolic blood pressure and waist circumference decreases were similar to the mutant type group. In wild type group, the decrease in total cholesterol was −28.1 ± 15.3 mg/dl (mutant group: −12.6 ± 16.7 mg/dl:p = 0.009), LDL- cholesterol was −31.8 ± 20.5 mg/dl (−12.2 ± 11.5 mg/dl:p = 0.006), fasting glucose plasma −4.8 ± 2.5 mg/dL (−0.5 ± 0.1 mg/dL:p = 0.02), insulin −3.6 ± 1.5 mUI/L (+0.6 ± 1.1 mUI/L:p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR −1.2 ± 0.9 (−0.1 ± 1.1:p = 0.03). ConclusionThe present study suggests that T allele of ADIPO (rs1501299) could be a predictor of a lack of response of HOMA-IR, insulin, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol secondary to a Mediterranean hypocaloric diet in obese subjects.

Adiponectin circulating levels and 10-year (2002-2012) cardiovascular disease incidence: the ATTICA Study.

Adiponectin is an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular-protective properties. Existing epidemiological evidence is conflicting on the exact relationship between adiponectin and long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Our aim was to prospectively assess whether circulating adiponectin is associated with long-term incident CVD. A population-based, prospective study in adults (>18 years) without previous CVD history (ATTICA study). Circulating total adiponectin levels were measured at baseline (2001-2002) in a sub-sample (n = 531; women/men: 222/309; age: 40 ± 11 years) of the ATTICA cohort and complete 10-year follow-up data were available in 366 of these participants (women/men: 154/212; age: 40 ± 12 years). After adjusting for multiple factors, including age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, physical activity, Mediterranean diet adherence, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, our logistic regression analysis indicates that an increase in circulating total adiponectin levels by 1 unit was associated with 36% lower CVD risk (relative risk [RR]: 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-0.96; p = 0.03). Further adjusting for interleukin-6 plasma levels had no significant impact (RR: 0.60, 95% CI 0.38-0.94; p = 0.03), while additional adjustment for circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) modestly attenuated this association (RR: 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.99; p = 0.046). In our study, elevated circulating total adiponectin levels were associated with lower 10-year CVD risk in adults without previous CVD, independently of other established CVD risk factors. This association appeared to be modestly attenuated by CRP, yet was not mediated by interleukin-6 which is the main endocrine/circulating pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Development of metabolic syndrome in high-sucrose diet fed rats is not associated with decrease in adiponectin levels.

Association of circulating adiponectin levels with metabolic syndrome has been controversial, with studies reporting low as well as high circulating adiponectin levels in metabolic syndrome. Present study aims to examine prospectively the course of circulating adiponectin levels during development of metabolic syndrome in a diet-induced rat model of metabolic syndrome. In a prospective study, eight-week-old male wistar rats were randomized into two groups (n = 24 each). Group A: standard chow diet and group B: high sucrose diet. Body weight, total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and insulin levels were measured during the study. Oral fat and glucose tolerance tests were done during the study at various time points from weeks 2 to 26. Visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and adiponectin levels were also measured at week 48 in some of the rats. Significantly higher total adiponectin levels were found from week 2 to 26 in group B compared to group A (P = <0.05), whereas HMW adiponectin levels were similar in both the groups. Postprandial triglycerides, obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance were also found to be significantly higher in group B compared to group A during this period (P = <0.05). Total adiponectin levels of week 26 showed significant positive correlation with preceding postprandial triglyceride burden in group B (r = 0.60, P = 0.002). In conclusion, the present study finds that development of metabolic syndrome in high-sucrose diet fed rats is not associated with decrease in circulating adiponectin levels.