Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Levels Research Articles

Phytotoxic impact of di-butyl phthalate (DBP) on physiological, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters of rice (Oryza sativa).

Phthalates are synthetic compounds, well-known plasticizers, with numerous applications and reported to have adverse effects on all living organisms residing in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In this study, the rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings were exposed to di-butyl phthalate (DBP) exogenously for 7days, with varying concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600mg/L, to explore the toxicological, physiological, and biochemical consequences by measuring various parameters such as pigment, lipid, and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) contents. The biochemical analysis of seedlings showed that the pigments, lipids, and H2O2 concentrations were altered abnormally. After 7days of exposure, the maximum amount of DBP was accumulated and translocated in both the shoot and root of the grown seedlings, and all morphological parameters (i.e., length and weight of both shoot and root) and pigment content (such as total carotenoid, chlorophyll a and b) were declined significantly. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), H2O2, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in seedlings increase as the stress increases due to the higher exposure dose of DBP. Cell viability was observed under a confocal microscope confirming the damage of the plasma membrane. Additionally, molecular docking studies indicated that DBP has a good binding affinity with key antioxidant enzymes of Oryza sativa, interacting via hydrogen bonds with specific amino acids. This suggests a potential mechanistic pathway for the observed biochemical changes in Oryza sativa.

Antioxidant and anti–inflammatory effects of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum extract in an experimental model of acute urolithiasis

This study aimed to view the antioxidant and anti–inflammatory properties of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum (HP) methanol extract on the urinary tract using an experimentally induced urolithiasis (U) model. The study included four groups: Group 1 was given a standard diet, Group 2 was given a diet added with HP, Group 3 was given a standard diet with induced urolithiasis, and Group 4 received an HP–supplemented diet with induced urolithiasis. Rats in Groups 2 and 4 were administered 500 mg·kg-1·day-1 of HP via gavage feeding for 21 days. Urolithiasis was induced in Groups 3 and 4 by administering 1% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride in their swig water for 21 days to create a calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis model. The study analyzed plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of serum oxidative stress (OS), HP, and HP levels. Additionally, oxalate (Ox), urea, calcium, and creatinine clearance levels were measured in both blood and urine, and routine histological evaluations were conducted. The results indicated important higher concentrations of HP in the groups given HP (P<0.001), while plasma TBARS concentrations were lower in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (P=0.001). The findings suggest that HP reduces OS by lowering plasma TBARS levels induced by CaOx, due to its antioxidant and anti–inflammatory properties. Furthermore, the measured biochemical measurements supported the anti–urolithiasis effects of HP. In results, this study supports the hypothesis that HP’s antioxidative and anti–inflammatory properties help prevent OS, which is a factor in stone formation, thereby preventing acute renal damage and stone formation.

Role of Vitamin E in Mitigating the Toxic Effects of Tramadol on Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances in Male Rabbits

This study investigates the role of vitamin E in mitigating the oxidative stress induced by tramadol in male rabbits, as measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels in blood, brain, and testes tissues. TBARS levels serve as a reliable indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Tramadol administration significantly increased blood TBARS levels from 2.60 ± 0.017 nmol/ml in the control group to 3.128 ± 0.095 nmol/ml (p < 0.05), reflecting heightened oxidative stress. Vitamin E treatment reduced TBARS levels to 1.69 ± 0.043 nmol/ml, demonstrating its potent antioxidant capacity. In the tramadol + vitamin E group, TBARS levels were moderately reduced to 2.75 ± 0.036 nmol/ml, indicating partial mitigation of oxidative stress. Tramadol treatment elevated brain TBARS levels from 43.8 ± 1.01 nmol/gT in the control group to 48.6 ± 2.02 nmol/gT, indicating oxidative damage to brain lipids. Vitamin E alone reduced TBARS to 39.7 ± 0.71 nmol/gT, showing neuroprotective effects. The tramadol + vitamin E group showed intermediate TBARS levels of 44.38 ± 1.42 nmol/gT, reflecting partial oxidative stress alleviation. Tramadol significantly increased TBARS levels in testes tissue from 13.8 ± 0.69 nmol/gT in controls to 24.0 ± 1.17 nmol/gT (p < 0.05), indicating testicular oxidative stress. Vitamin E treatment reduced TBARS to 11.2 ± 0.23 nmol/gT, while the tramadol + vitamin E group exhibited moderate levels of 14.3 ± 1.70 nmol/gT, suggesting protective effects on reproductive tissue. Tramadol induces significant oxidative stress across all studied tissues, as evidenced by elevated TBARS levels. Vitamin E effectively reduces lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic antioxidant. While the combination of tramadol and vitamin E ameliorates oxidative stress, it does not fully restore TBARS levels to normal. These findings underscore the value of vitamin E in managing oxidative stress associated with tramadol use.

Redox biomarker levels in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder characterized by insufficient hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenia and an increased risk for malignant transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Several factors, such as age, sex and lifestyle, promote the development of MDS syndrome. Oxidative stress, along with its detrimental effects, cause hematological disorders; however, its role in the pathogenesis of MDS is unknown. The present study enrolled 50 patients with MDS and 50 additional healthy individuals to assess the endogenous antioxidant defense system by measuring specific redox biomarkers at the time of diagnosis. Glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured in red blood cells, whereas levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls were measured in the plasma. A decrease in GSH levels, increased TBARS levels and TAC levels were observed in patients with MDS compared with healthy volunteers, supporting the hypothesis that oxidative stress disturbance could promote MDS.

Phyllanthus urinaria water extract ameliorates lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation in chickens with fatty liver syndrome

Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) is a common metabolic disease in laying hens, causing reduced egg production and sudden death. Phyllanthus urinaria (PU), a traditional Asian herbal medicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of water-extracted PU on FLS in both in vivo and in vitro chicken models. In oleic-acid (OA)-induced chicken hepatocytes, PU water extracts significantly reduced triglyceride accumulation and enhanced β-oxidation gene expression (CPT1α and PPARα). In palmitic-acid (PA)-induced hepatocytes, PU extracts curbed oxidative stress and decreased expression of the inflammation receptor TLR4. For the in vivo study, eight-week-old Lohmann layer pullets were divided into five groups: a control diet, a 2% FLS-inducing high cholesterol (HC) diet and HC diet with 0.5% PU, 1.0% PU or metformin (positive control) for six weeks. The HC diet significantly increased fatty scores, hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and oxidative stress. PU supplementation improved fatty liver scores, reduced hepatic lipid vacuole area, plasma triglyceride (TG) and serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, abdominal fat and hepatic inflammatory gene expression (TLR4, IL-1β, LITAF). In conclusion, PU improves FLS by reducing plasma TG and serum TBARS levels, body fats and inflammation while enhancing β-oxidation. PU shows potential as a dietary supplement and therapeutic agent for fatty liver diseases in humans and chickens.

Study of edaravone impact on oxidative stress biomarkers in serum and brain of rats with traumatic brain injury

It is known that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death and disability among people of all ages. Recently, the risk of TBI has increased dramatically in Ukraine, not only for the military, but also for civilians. After traumatic brain injury a cascade of multidirectional metabolic changes begins in the brain, including protein carbonylation, increased lipid peroxidation, free radicals formation, impaired neurotransmitters release and energy imbalance, which are associated with the development of various functional disorders. The search for effective drugs to eliminate or prevent these complications is very important. Nowadays, although edaravone has a limited range of indications (alleviation of neurological symptoms and functional disorders associated with acute ischemic stroke, as well as slowing the progression of functional disorders in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), the known mechanisms of its pharmacological action may be useful in other conditions of the central nervous system, where oxidative stress plays a leading role in pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of edaravone on biomarkers of carbonyl oxidative stress in rats with TBI. Modeling of TBI was carried out by applying a directed mechanical injury to the area of the scalped skull with a metal bar (450 g) falling from a height of 170 cm. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC370, PC430), the content of lactate and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in serum and S1 fractions of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of experimental animals were studied using spectrophotometry. It was established, that the modeling of TBI was associated with an elevation of PC430, AOPP and lactate in serum. Simultaneously, the levels of TBARS, IMA and lactate also were increased in the brain homogenates in addition to the above-mentioned changes. In our study edaravone demonstrated efficacy in reducing the levels of some specific biomarkers of oxidative stress. In particular, the administration of the drug was accompanied by a decrease in elevated contents of PC430, AOPP and lactate in serum, indicating its ability to systemically attenuate oxidative damage. It should be noted that a characteristic feature of the drug in case of TBI was its effect on the course of oxidative stress in the hippocampus. In addition, the ability of edaravone to a moderate increase in lactate production can be explained not by the phenomena of lactic acidosis, but by the activation of glia to meet the energy needs of the neurons in the injured brain. The results obtained provide valuable insight into the potential therapeutic effects of edaravone in TBI, but require further studies to elucidate more detailed mechanisms of therapeutic action of this drug.

Genotoxicity and oxidative stress assessment among farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt

ABSTRACT Background Recently, pesticide usage has rapidly increased worldwide and consequently, there is a great worry about their adverse health effects. In literature, there is paucity of research regarding the relationship between occupational pesticide exposure and genotoxicity. The current study aimed to detect sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of the participants and to assess biomarkers of genotoxicity and oxidative stress and reveal their association with exposure to pesticides. Methods A comparative cross-sectional approach was carried out at a randomly selected village where 58 farmers exposed to pesticides were compared with another 58 individuals not exposed to pesticides. Participants were interviewed; blood samples were withdrawn for measuring the following: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation percentage, serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, serum activity levels of glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Results Farmers had significantly higher levels of DNA fragmentation, TBARS, and SOD [8.07 ± 2.38, 1.42 (0.79), and 350.09 (30.03), respectively] than the comparison group [4.41 ± 1.35, 0.37 (0.72), and 281.25 (130.37), respectively]; While they had a lower GR, CAT, and BChE levels [14.53 ± 8.53, 21.7 (41.04), and 2707.77 ± 651.24, respectively] than the comparison group [24.92 ± 9.44, 37.8 (41.72), and 5694.3 ± 1175.76, respectively]. Exposure to pesticides was found to be independently associated with an increase in the percentage of DNA fragmentation by 3.146%; an increase in TBARS level by 0.717 nmol/dL; an increase in the SOD enzyme activity level by 72.614 IU/mL and a decrease in the GR enzyme activity level by 10.094 IU/mL. Conclusion Pesticide exposure is associated with genotoxicity and oxidative stress.

Two Novel Membranes Based on Collagen and Polyphenols for Enhanced Wound Healing.

Two novel membranes based on collagen and two polyphenols, taxifolin pentaglutarate (TfG5) and a conjugate of taxifolin with glyoxylic acid (DfTf), were prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examination confirmed the preservation of the triple helical structure of collagen. A scanning electron microscopy study showed that both materials had a porous structure. The incorporation of DfTf into the freeze-dried collagen matrix increased the aggregation of collagen fibers to a higher extent than the incorporation of TfG5, resulting in a more compact structure of the material containing DfTf. It was found that NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts were attached to, and relatively evenly spread out on, the surface of both newly obtained membranes. In addition, it was shown that the membranes enhanced skin wound healing in rats with a chemical burn induced by acetic acid. The treatment with the materials led to a faster reepithelization and granulation tissue formation compared with the use of other agents (collagen without polyphenols and buffer saline). It was also found that, in the wound tissue, the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly higher and the level of low-molecular-weight SH-containing compounds (RSH) was significantly lower than those in healthy skin, indicating a rise in oxidative stress at the site of injury. The treatment with collagen membranes containing polyphenols significantly decreased the TBARS level and increased the RSH level, suggesting the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect of the materials. The membrane containing TfG5 was more effective than other ones (the collagen membrane containing DfTf and collagen without polyphenols). On the whole, the data obtained indicate that collagen materials containing DfTf and TfG5 have potential as powerful therapeutic agents for the treatment of burn wounds.

Impact of Supplemented Nutrition on Semen Quality, Epigenetic-Related Gene Expression, and Oxidative Status in Boars.

This study investigates the impact of nutritional supplementation on semen quality, epigenetic-related gene expression, and oxidative status in boars. Thirty boars were divided into a control group and a treatment group receiving Espermaplus (a supplement containing various vitamins, amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and trace elements with antioxidant properties). The experiment was performed for 12 weeks. Semen samples were collected at four moments: before starting the supplementation and after 3 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Spermatozoa concentration, motility, and kinematics were assessed using the CASA system. The measured parameters included curvilinear velocity-VCL; straight-line velocity-VSL; average path velocity-VAP; curvilinear distance-DCL; straight line distance-DSL; distance of average path-DAP; amplitude of lateral head displacement-ALH; beat-cross frequency-BCF; and head activity-HAC. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in seminal plasma, as well as the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were measured to assess oxidative stress levels in boar's seminal plasma. The expression of epigenetic-related genes such as Protamine 1 (Prm1), Protamine 2 (Prm2), and DNA-methyltransferase 3 alpha (Dnmt3a) were evaluated using real-time PCR. The treated group showed a significant increase in spermatozoa concentration (p = 0.003), total motility (p = 0.001), and progressive motility (p = 0.002) after 12 weeks compared to the control group. Kinematic parameters such as VCL, VSL, and VAP were also significantly higher (p < 0.001; p = 0.028; p < 0.001, respectively) in the treated group by the end of the experiment. SOD and GPx activities were consistently higher (p < 0.01; p < 0.001, respectively) in the treated group, indicating enhanced antioxidative capacity. TBARS levels as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the treated group by the end of the study. Significant changes were observed in the expression of epigenetic-related genes. The supplementation of boar diets with Espermaplus significantly improved semen quality, reduced oxidative stress, and had an impact on the expression levels of certain epigenetic-related genes, suggesting that dietary antioxidants and bioactive compounds can enhance boar semen.

Abstract 4125587: Vasomotor function and its regulation by perivascular adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome vary depending on severity and combination of metabolic parameters

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Because perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) regulates arterial tone by releasing vasorelaxing/vasocontracting factors, the effects of PVAT on vasomotor function have been heterogeneously reported. Various PVAT functions can result from the severity or combination of metabolic parameters in MetS. Therefore, we compared the effects of mesenteric arterial PVAT on the nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation response among the three metabolic syndrome (MetS) model strains. We compared male OLETF, Zucker fatty (ZF), and SHRSPZF (SPZF) rats aged 20 weeks to lean controls, LETO, ZF +/+ , and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. To determine the effects of PVAT on vasodilators, we used organ bath techniques to assay nitroprusside-induced relaxation of isolated mesenteric arterial ring preparations with intact or removed PVAT. The waist circumference to length ratio in OLETF and ZF rats was higher than that in SPZF rats, and the systolic blood pressure was higher in SPZF rats than in the other groups. In the serum, there was no significant difference in triglyceride levels. Still, glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were higher in OLETF and SPZF rats than in ZF rats. Relaxation in ZF rats did not change compared to that in ZF +/+ rats and the presence of PVAT. In contrast, relaxation in OLETF rats was lower than in LETO rats, and there was no difference between the presence and absence of PVAT. However, relaxation in SPZF rats was lower than in WKY rats, and relaxation increased to the same level as in WKY rats in the presence of PVAT. This study unveils novel insights, suggesting that high serum glucose and oxidative stress cause arterial dysfunction, whereas high blood pressure induces PVAT functional changes. These findings underscore the complex interplay between metabolic disorders and vascular health, potentially paving the way for more targeted interventions in patients with MetS.

The Haematotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Effects of Diazepam Administration in Male Albino Rats

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the haematological and nephrotoxic effects of diazepam at varying doses in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were administered therapeutic (0.062 mg/kg/day), high (0.33 mg/kg/day), and extremely high (0.661 mg/kg/day) doses of diazepam orally for 14 and 28 days. Blood and kidney samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analysis.Results: Diazepam administration significantly reduced red blood cell count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and platelet count (PLT), while other haematological indices were not notably affected. Plasma creatinine and urea levels increased, and total protein decreased across all doses. The treatment also elevated renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, while reducing antioxidant enzyme activity superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Conclusions: Diazepam poses significant risks of oxidative stress, haematotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. While effective in managing anxiety, caution is necessary due to its potentially harmful effects on blood and renal function.

Melatonin Mediates Cardiac Tissue Damage under Septic Conditions Induced by Lipopolysaccharide.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to significant damage in cardiac tissues. This study investigates the protective effects of melatonin (MLT) against LPS-induced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat heart tissue. Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): control, melatonin-treated, LPS-treated, and LPS + melatonin-treated. Oxidative stress markers, including thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), were measured. Additionally, inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) content, and apoptotic markers, caspase-3, caspase-9, and acidic DNase activity, were evaluated. LPS treatment significantly increased TBARS, AOPP, and IL-6 levels, as well as the activity of caspase-3, acidic DNase and iNOS and NO content compared to the control group. Co-treatment with melatonin significantly reduced the levels of TBARS and AOPP levels, and caspase-3 and acidic DNase activities nearly matched those of the control group, while caspse-9 was still slightly increased. Interestingly, IL-6, iNOS and NO levels were significantly decreased but did not fully match the values in the control group. Melatonin mitigates LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat heart tissue by affecting all studied parameters, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for conditions characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical applications of melatonin in cardiovascular diseases.

7447 Rare KSR2 Variants: The Effect of Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) Supplementation

Abstract Disclosure: J. Youn: None. Y. Carcamo-Bahena: None. E. Lartigue: None. S. Sisley: None. Kinase suppressor of ras 2 (KSR2) is an intracellular scaffolding protein involved in multiple signaling pathways. Of note, disruption of the kinase domain of KSR2 in humans and mice causes obesity by reducing metabolic rate, suggesting its important role in energy homeostasis. In the present study, we identified two variants (P189L, T290A) with mutations located in the proximal CA2 region from children with severe, early-onset obesity. Since variants in this region have not been confirmed to cause obesity, we generated plasmid constructs containing these KSR2 mutations by site directed mutagenesis. The HEK293 cells transfected with KSR2 plasmid construct containing P189L or T290A had reduced binding affinity with AMPK and phosphorylation of AMPK without affecting KSR2 protein integrity. These variants also significantly reduced cellular metabolic rates measured by Seahorse analysis in C2C12 cells, suggesting that KSR2 variants in the proximal CA2 region can result in impaired KSR2 function, subsequently leading to a decrease in cellular metabolic rate. In addition, these KSR2 variants decreased protein levels of NRF-2, a transcription factor of cytoprotective genes regulating the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) pathway compared to wild type KSR2 which augmented NRF2 levels. We also observed lower levels of total GSH and GSH/Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio and higher levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of oxidative stress, indicating an imbalance of antioxidant and oxidant with proximal KSR2 variants. However, treatment of cells with Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) reversed the detrimental effects of KSR2 variants by normalizing protein expression levels of NRF-2, GSH/GSSG ratios and TBARS levels. Taken together, we show strong evidence that two new KSR2 variants, P189L and T290A, cause disruption of KSR2 function. Additionally, we also report a novel role of KSR2 in maintaining redox homeostasis suggesting that increased oxidative stress following GSH deficiency may play an important role in the development of obesity from KSR2 variants. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Troxerutin effect on gastric ulcers induced by ketorolac in rats: Relation with oxidative stress

Gastric ulcers are an essential side effect associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Free radicals are one of the important mechanisms contributing to the development of gastric ulcers caused by NSAIDs. This prompted us to choose troxerutin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, especially with a lack of studies investigating the preventive effect of troxerutin on gastric ulcers. Twenty-nine rats were divided into five groups: A Vehicle group, a Keto group (30 mg/kg of ketorolac), and two troxerutin groups (150 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg of troxerutin, respectively). A Miso group was used as a reference with (100 μg/kg of misoprostol). Troxerutin and misoprostol were administered orally 1 h before ketorolac. The ulcer index was determined considering the numbers and severity of ulcerations. Gastric tissue inflammation was evaluation microscopically. Both thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels and catalase activity were measured as markers of oxidative stress in gastric tissue. Our data showed an improvement in ulcer indices with troxerutin and misoprostol compared with ketorolac, with improvement in gastric inflammation observed with misoprostol but not with troxerutin. These results were accompanied by a reduction in gastric oxidative stress induced by ketorolac with both troxerutin and misoprostol. This study highlights, for the first time, the antioxidant effect of troxerutin on gastric ulcers. This effect may contribute to the good prevention of ketorolac-induced gastric ulcers.

In vitro gastrointestinal digestibility and lipid oxidation of fish oil-in-water emulsions: Influence of different EPA/DHA ratios

The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are known to play roles in supporting human health, primarily by reducing inflammation and promoting its resolution. In this study, the impacts of EPA/DHA ratios (5.13/1, 2.45/1,1.34/1) on lipid oxidation and digestion behaviors were explored using an in vitro digestion model. Emulsions were characterzied by droplet size, zeta-potential as well as microstructure. Additionally, the release of free fatty acids (FFAs), lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were also investigaed throughout simulated digestion phases. Notably, for all EPA/DHA ratios, from saliva fluid to gastric fluid, droplet size was slightly changed, accompanied by a significant decrease in absolute zeta-potential, followed by an increase in both parameters after intestinal digestion. Emulsions with the lowest ratio of EPA/DHA (i.e., 1.34/1) exhibited lower FFA release compared to those with higher ratios (i.e., 5.13/1 and 2.45/1). Conversely, the lowest EPA/DHA ratio increased oxidation during the intestinal phase, as indicated by elevated LPO and TBARS levels. This study clearly suggests that EPA/DHA ratios influence the oxidative stability of fish oil emulisions during digestion and provides useful information to formulate fish oil supplementation that improves in vivo oxidative status.

Administration of Lacticaseibacillus casei CSL3 in Swiss Mice with Immunosuppression Induced by Cyclophosphamide: Effects on Immunological, Biochemical, Oxidative Stress, and Histological Parameters.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus casei CSL3 in Swiss mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide on immunological, biochemical, oxidative stress, and histological parameters. The animals were distributed into four groups (control, CSL3, cyclophosphamide, and CSL3 + cyclophosphamide), where two groups were treated with L. casei CSL3 (10 log CFU mL-1) for 30days, and two groups received chemotherapy (days 27 and 30-total dose of 250mgkg-1). Counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bile-resistant LAB in stool samples; blood count (erythrogram, leukogram, and platelets); serum total cholesterol levels; catalase enzyme activity; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in liver, kidney, and brain; IL-4 expression; IL-23, TNF-α, NF-κβ in the spleen; and histological changes in the liver, kidneys, and intestine were evaluated. The CSL3 + cyclophosphamide group showed a significant increase in bile-resistant LAB counts in feces (p = 0.0001), leukocyte counts, and expression of IL-23, TNF-α, and NF-κβ (p < 0.05) significantly reduced total cholesterol levels (p = 0.001) and protected liver damage of supplemented animals. For oxidative stress damage, the bacterium did not influence the results. It is concluded that the bacterium is safe at a concentration of 10 log CFU mL-1 and has probiotic potential due to its positive influence on the immune response and lipid metabolism.

Haemosporidian Infection Is Associated with the Oxidative Status in a Neotropical Bird

Haemosporidians are common blood parasites in wild bird populations, yet their effects on oxidative status remain understudied. Here, we measured the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) as an indicator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as an indicator of non-enzymatic molecular antioxidants, and TBARS/TAC ratio as an indicator of oxidative status. We also used parasite genus-specific primers and PCR techniques to detect haemosporidians in 117 adults of Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) from four locations in south–central Chile. Mixed-effect models were employed to compare oxidative indicators between infected and uninfected birds. Infected birds showed significantly higher TBARS levels, but no significant differences in TAC, leading to a higher TBARS/TAC ratio, especially in reproductive individuals. This suggests increased oxidative damage in infected birds, irrespective of sex or body condition. A positive relationship between TBARS and TAC was observed in both groups, but the antioxidant response was weaker in infected birds, indicating differential oxidative stress responses based on infection status. Body condition did not differ significantly between infected and uninfected individuals. These results demonstrate that haemosporidian infections impose oxidative costs on birds, potentially compounding the oxidative costs associated with reproduction.

Mechanisms of thiazide-induced hypertension treatment: insights from gene expression and histological analysis in malignant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Diuretics, including thiazides and thiazide-like drugs, are commonly recommended for treating hypertension, though their precise mechanism of action is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects of trichloromethiazide (TCM) in malignant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (M-SHRSP). M-SHRSPs were treated with varying doses of TCM. Prognosis, histological changes, and mRNA expression related to hypertension and stroke were assessed. The high-dose TCM group (3%) exhibited significantly lower SBP compared with the untreated group, whereas the low-dose group (0.3%) did not show a significant reduction in SBP. The survival rate was 54% in the low-dose group, whereas all rats in the high-dose group survived without experiencing a stroke by 16 weeks of age. Organ weights in both TCM-treated groups were lower than those in the control group, without severe histological abnormalities, including stroke and sclerosis. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly reduced in both TCM-treated groups. Additionally, 20 genes related to tissue protection, repair, proliferation, maintenance, and function were significantly expressed. TCM administration in M-SHRSPs significantly modulated the expression of 20 genes associated with tissue protection and maintenance, and reduced plasma TBARS levels. These findings suggest that TCM, a thiazide diuretic, may protect against tissue impairment in hypertension by modulating gene expression and exhibiting antioxidant activity.

Influence of inhibiting methemoglobin formation on erythrocyte antioxidant defense

We aimed to study the influence of preventing methemoglobin (metHb) formation, in the roles of peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) on the erythrocyte antioxidant defense system. We performed in vitro assays using healthy erythrocytes, with and without inhibition of autoxidation of Hb (saturation with carbon monoxide), followed by H2O2-induced oxidative stress. We assessed the enzyme activities and amounts of CAT, GPx and Prx2 in the red blood cell (RBC) cytosol and membrane and several biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as the reduced and oxidized glutathione levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, membrane bound hemoglobin and total antioxidant status. When autoxidation of Hb was inhibited, no significant changes were found for GPx and CAT; Prx2 was observed only in the monomeric form in the cytosol and none bound to the membrane. Blocking the function of Hb as a pseudo-peroxidase does not seem to have an impact on the function of the RBC peroxidases.

Evaluation of the Effects of Repetitive Anaesthesia Administration on the Brain Tissues and Cognitive Functions of Rats with Experimental Alzheimer's Disease.

Introduction: We evaluated the effects of repeated ketamine, propofol, and ketamine + propofol administration on cognitive functions and brain tissue of elderly rat models with streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease. Materials and Methods: Thirty elderly male Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups: control (Group C), Alzheimer's (Group A), Alzheimer's + ketamine (Group AK), Alzheimer's + propofol (Group AP), and Alzheimer's + propofol + ketamine (Group APK). Alzheimer's disease was induced in Groups A, AK, AP, and APK via intracerebroventricular streptozotocin. Four weeks after surgery, ketamine, propofol, and ketamine + propofol were administered intraperitoneally for 3 days to Groups AK, AP, and APK, respectively. The radial arm maze test (RAMT) was performed in the initial, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks after surgery and daily following anaesthesia. Blood and brain tissue samples were obtained. Results: The RAMT results of Groups A, AK, AP, and APK decreased compared to Group C 2 weeks after Alzheimer's disease onset. Compared to Group A, the RAMT results increased in Groups AK and APK after the first anaesthesia, and in Group AP after the second anaesthesia. Brain tissue paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and catalase (CAT) activities were low, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level was high in Group A compared to Group C. TBARS levels of Groups AP and APK were lower than Group A, while CAT activity was higher. PON-1 activity was higher in Groups AK, AP, and APK than in Group A. Histopathological changes decreased in Groups AP and AK. A decrease in p53 was found in Group C compared to Group A. Ketamine and propofol were found to be effective at Bcl-2 immunoexpression, but a decrease in Caspase-3 was observed in Group APK. GFAP immunoexpression increased in Group A compared to Group C and in Group AP compared to Group AK. Conclusions: Repetitive anaesthesia application was found to positively affect cognitive functions. This was supported by histopathological and biochemical markers.