Level Of Tax Burden Research Articles

THE MONITORING OF THE TAX BURDEN IN THE UKRAINE AND THE COUNTRIES EU

Introduction. In Ukraine, which chose European integration course, there is a need for constant depth analysis of all phenomena and processes that play an important role in the development of tax systems and use taxes as an instrument of state regulation. For Ukraine it is important to consider and study in detail all the trends that are characteristic for EU countries to apply extensive experience in taxation. This will ensure the stability of the socio-economic development and to optimize the tax burden. The purpose of the article is covering the theoretical and methodological aspects of the definition of the tax burden, the analysis of the impact of the tax burden on business entities and shaping the prospects of optimize the tax burden with European experience. Results. The author attempts to evaluate the level of tax burden in Ukraine and the EU Member States in this article. The main trends, specific to the tax systems of the EU-27 and Ukraine, are investigated. Regularities of establishing the level of taxation and the ratio of different tax payments in the structure of tax systems are defined. Showing, how to optimize tax burden in fiscal Ukrainian practice in terms of European integration. Conclusion. The study showed that the tax burden is an important parameter that expresses the state guidelines for socio-economic policy. The level of tax burden in Europe is much higher than in Ukraine. The low level of GDP in our country per capita does not allow for qualitative social policy. GDP growth depends on the creation of a favorable investment climate. Reforming the tax system of Ukraine should consider Taxation of foreign countries. In particular, the use differentiated tax rate for individual tax rates Single Contribution gradual reduction and simplification of tax administration in general, and reducing the tax burden due to improvements in the distribution and redistribution of GDP

How to boost tax compliance and tax morale in Serbia?

Shadow economy in Serbia is estimated at approx. 31% of GDP, which is by one sixth above the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) average, suggesting that tax compliance and tax morale in Serbia are low, with severe effects on public finances sustainability, quality of goods provided by the public sector, and doing business environment. This paper examines the factors of high shadow economy, i.e. the drivers of low tax compliance in Serbia compared to other CEE countries, and identifies key elements of the effective strategy aimed at boosting tax compliance and tax morale. Tax compliance decision depends on fundamental factors (level of taxes, penalties and probability of detection), as well as on other factors shaping taxpayers' willingness to pay taxes voluntarily (tax morale). The results suggest that the level and structure of tax burden, along with the tax penalties policy in Serbia do not differ significantly from other CEE countries, while probability of detection of non-compliance is most likely lower than in other countries. In terms of tax morale drivers, Serbia performs as good as other CEE countries in terms of tax compliance costs, while frequent tax amnesties and low quality of public goods and services (compared to other CEE countries) have adverse impact on tax morale and tax compliance. Effective strategy to boost tax compliance and tax morale should entail a thorough reform of the Tax Administration, credible commitment that tax amnesties will not be repeated and a set of measures aimed at improving the quality of basic goods and services provided by the public sector.

KEY ASPECTS OF THE TAX PLANNING FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

Small and medium enterprises make a significant contribution to the Russian economy. However, the effective development of small and medium-sized sector of the economy prevents a number of problems, including a high level of tax burden of subjects of small and average business. One of the tools of financial management of these entities to reduce the tax burden without violating the tax law, is the system of tax planning. The article considers the key aspects of tax planning system in small and medium-sized enterprises and made recommendations aimed at its improvement.

Fiscal policy in terms of global institutionalization: Ukraine and experience of foreign countries

The article is devoted to the fiscal policy in the context of global processes of institutionalization. Solving the problem was carried out on the basis of modern scientific thoughts. Essence and main trends in fiscal sphere are highlighted regarding tax rates, implementation of the crisis tax for the purpose of accumulating additional funds in the state budget. Statistical data on the level of tax rates and tax burden in the world were analyzed. An experience of foreign countries and the possibility of considering and implementation it by national state were considered

Zmiany struktur systemów podatkowych – podobieństwa i różnice między krajami OECD

Numerous studies indicate that the structure of taxation is of greater significance for economic growth than the level of fiscalism measured with the tax revenue to GDP ratio. Hence, the aim of the paper is to answer the question whether the tendencies taking place in tax systems of individual countries indeed reflect efforts to apply such economic growth-friendly tax instruments. The subject of the study were OECD member states in the period of 2000–2012. Data clustering method was applied to assess the direction of changes in the tax structures of OECD countries. In the analysis, four parameters characterizing tax systems were used: the ratio of income taxes to GDP, which describes the overall level of tax burden in the examined countries and three parameters characterizing the tax revenue structure of tax systems, i.e. the share of social security contributions in total tax revenue and the share of consumption taxes in total tax revenue.

Tax Freedom Day in Albania, 2016: Tax Freedom Day in Kosovo and other Balkan countries, 2016

ALTax Center (Albanian Taxation Center) present this document for the fourth time in Albania about the situation of tax burden collected by central and local tax authorities, by 12 regions based on the highest rank until to lowest rank of the ratio of tax burden. The other presentation is about the total tax rates in 2015 in Balkan countries, as well as in Albania and Kosovo. The tax burden is presented comparable with Albanian neighbor countries ratios and also the comparison between tax burdens that is the performance of tax administration of these countries with Total tax rates that is the output of tax policy. The object of the study it is the level of tax burden from one Albanian region to another, pointing to the need to have the ability to increase revenues through comparison with similar regions, in order to finance the costs for central and local investment. On the other hand, every citizen who is contributor to the government budget should be recognized what’s the burden that bear in relation to citizens in other regions of Albania and the Balkans, and especially in Kosovo. The results of this study are based on income derived by residents under the residence principle where they belong, without excluding tax revenues from large taxpayers of the country (included under the address of residence), who meet around 50% of the total tax revenue for both levels of tax administration. The statistics for regions are also subject to analysis as data comparing the budgetary programs, the level of performance and different sources. The structure of this paper consists of two parts. The first part is the presentation of statistical data at the international (Balkan) level. The second part is an analysis and interpretation of regional rankings under the tax burden.

EVALUATION OF TAX BURDEN ADMISSIBILITY IN THE CRIMEA AND SEVASTOPOL

This paper deal with problem of formation tax burden at the regional level with the consent terms interests of the budget and taxpayers. The objective of this study is to estimate admissibility level of tax burden for economic entities of Crimea republic and Sevastopol city in transition period. Theoretical and methodological base of the research was the concept of the Laffer curve. Accordance with classification Russian regions by natural-resource potential we developed author’s model of evaluation influence of tax burden on gross regional product (GRP). With model based on linear non-uniform production function. Marginal allowable values of tax burden in Crimea, Sevastopol and in the Russian regions with a similar natural-resource potential - the Krasnodar and Kamchatka regions - are calculated through the author’s model. Based on received results it has been revealed that the level of tax burden in Crimea republic and Sevastopol during the occurrence of these territories to the Russian Federation a bit more , than in the Russian regions. Also it was found that tax burden in Crimea and Sevastopol in 2015 exceeds marginal allowable value from the perspective of GRP. The determined laws are explained by process of full reorganization economy of the territory of Crimean Federal District during transition under jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and, as a result , obviously low values of taxable base in comparison with the Russian regions. In process of implementation of investment projects in these regions, including integration of their economies in economic space of Russia, tax potential of areas will grow due to expansion of a production activity operating enterprises and the emergence of new enterprises. Therefore, in the long term it is possible to expect that the level of tax burden, which formed in Crimea and Sevastopol in connection with transition to the Russian tax standards, will be feasible for economic entities of these regions.

Research on Tax Burden and Industrial Structure Optimization of Guangdong Province

Reasonable tax burden level is of great significance to the industrial structure adjustment. Based on current situation of industrial structure and industry tax in Guangdong province, we use econometric analysis method with the level coefficient of industrial structure, analyze the relationship between tax burden and industrial structure and put forward reasonable tax burden of industries in Guangdong province and policy recommendations to promote the upgrading of industrial structure.

IMPROVING REGIONAL TAX POLICIES TO ENHANCE INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF ENTERPRISES

The purpose of the article is a study of the existing relationship between the level of tax burden on businesses and the state innovation development areas, as well as the development of activities that contribute to the revitalization of the innovation business entities at the regional level. The novelty of the work lies in the development and the proposal by a method of controlling the tax burden on innovative active business entities in the framework of regional taxation, thereby increasing the level of innovation development in the regions. The proposed instrument adjustments of tax rates within the regional tax increases of profits by releasing funds invested in the further expansion of production of goods and services through the introduction of the production of scientific and technological progress. This study proves the feasibility of the revision of the regional tax policy and making appropriate changes in the legal documents of regional significance.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CALCULATION OF THE TAX BURDEN IN THE RUSSIAN OIL AND GAS COMPANIES

The paper analyzes the level and methods of calculating the tax burden in the oil and gas companies. It is shown that the existing estimates its level based on erroneous methodology. The author's concept of determining the level of tax burden based on the comparison of net income with expenses.

Tax Freedom Day in 2015 in Albania

AL-Tax Center (Albanian Taxation Association) present in this document for the third time in country about the estimation of tax burden collected by central and local tax authorities, by 12 regions based on the highest rank until to lowest rank of the ratio of tax burden. The tax burden is comparable with regional countries ratios and biggest countries of the world.The purpose of the presentation of estimation is to have the attention of lawmakers and media, as far as good also to attire the attention of critics and scholars that perhaps could have opinions about this study or have questions in regard of the methodology, or want to know better the sources of information, or have other specific questions. The estimation and calculation used in this document are based on different sources, internal and external ones.The object of the presentation is the level of tax burden from one Albanian region to another, pointing to the need to have the ability to increase revenues through comparison with similar regions, in order to finance the costs for central and local investment. On the other hand, every citizen who is contributor to the government budget should be recognized that as is the burden that holds in relation to citizens in other regions of Albania and the Balkans.

Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Corporate Income Tax

Corporate income tax burden comparisons in different countries are mostly performed by using the statutory corporate tax rates. A more objective level of the current corporate tax burden, however, is represented by effective corporate tax rates that include the influence of both factors, i.e. the statutory corporate tax rate and the tax base. The economic literature (see e.g. Nicodeme, G., European Commission 2001) offers a variety of approaches toward calculating effective corporate tax rates. The most commonly used ones can be divided into three groups: approaches based on using the macro backward-looking methods, micro backward-looking methods and micro forward-looking methods. The differences among macro and micro approaches depend on the data used. The macro approaches compute the effective tax rates based on aggregated macroeconomic data, contained in the national accounting of individual states. The micro approaches calculate these rates using elements of financial statements of individual companies that contain either empirical data or the data concerning theoretical perspectives. To estimate the company’s tax burden the backward-looking approaches use the ex-post reallife data of the companies concerned. The forward-looking approaches use the data concerning particular future entrepreneurial investment decisions of companies. Approaches based on the macro backward-looking methods are able to detect the total taxation differences at the national level. Approaches based on the micro backward-looking methods are mainly based on the nationality of particular companies, regardless of the nationality of tax systems that currently affect their taxable operations. Approaches based on the micro forward-looking methods are based on methodologies developed by King, M.A. and Fullerton, D. (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.1058, 1983), and also by Devereux and Griffi (Institute for Fiscal Studies Working Paper Series No.W98/16, 1999), and do not Int Adv Econ Res (2015) 21:247–248 DOI 10.1007/s11294-014-9505-9

Fiskalne zakłócenia procesu decyzyjnego dotyczącego wyboru czynników wytwórczych w przedsiębiorstwie

Purpose – The main objective of this paper is to identify the key factors of production for the company, to determine the theoretical basis of the use and analysis of the impact of pay and how these decision-making processes in the enterprise is the level of tax burden. Design/Methodology/approach – Progress towards the development of methods require the use of descriptive statistics, in particular, according to the analysis of changes in tax and labor and capital in certain countries. In the theoretical part conducted a critical analysis of the literature. Findings – The studies show differences in the taxation of labor and capital. When choosing your preferred mode of production is fiscally capital. This reduces significantly the decisions of entrepreneurs, it also has consequences for the economy as a whole. Worse conditions for the use of work may result in persistent long-term unemployment or proliferation of the informal economy. Particularly large differences in the taxation of labor and capital in the economies of Central and Eastern Europe a much more difficult operation of companies based their existence and development work than on equity. By their nature, they are native to micro and small enterprises.Originality/value – The main value of this paper is to provide knowledge on reducing the possibility of making an entrepreneur, as defined in the theory of production and distribution. Demonstration of errors in tax systems will hamper the implementation of the postulate of sustainable development. Delivered in an article knowledge can be a reference point for efforts to optimize the ultimate model for business taxation.

ДИНАМИКА РАЗВИТИЯ НАЛОГОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И НАЛОГОВОГО АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the process and summarize the results of changes in the tax area in Russia with regard to the evolution of the national tax system and the tax administration reform. To this end, the methods of historical analysis and comparative study are used. Based on these methods, the evolution of the tax system of the Russian Federation is described from the point of view of the dynamics of transformation of the tax structure and modification of the tax rates, as well as changes in the forms and instruments of tax administration. To research and estimate the competitive ability of Russia in the international financial framework, an evaluation of the contemporary Russian tax system is made in regard to the tax burden level and general fiscal conditions for doing business. It is demonstrated that the ongoing reform will help Russia become a more attractive place for doing business. Basic stages in the development of the Russian tax system, along with the main features of taxation, are identified. As a result of an analysis of the development of tax administration in Russia over the past 25 years, general stages in reforming and institutionalizing tax administration are summarized. In order to investigate the capacity and resources of the Russian tax system and tax administration, the results of implementation of some new services and procedures are evaluated. Mid-term and long-term perspectives for the development of the tax system are outlined, followed by an overall conclusion.

Tax Burden Level Leverage on Size of the Shadow Economy, Cases of EU Countries 2003-2013

The burden of taxation and social security levels are combined with rising activities of the state regulatory. Fiscal and social policies in the current economic times are becoming one of the most important formal driving forces controlling the shadow economy levels in EU. Spearman's correlational coefficients connections between changes of the social contributions, along with its benefits, tax burden structure elements (% of GDP ratio) are used to discern impact for the shadow economy's level and the aim is to examine the relationship between this type of economy and tax system input factors influence in EU countries, with different level of economic development, groups.

The optimal taxation of logistics industry in China

Purpose: Putting forward policy proposes to improve the tax policy of the logistics industry. Design/methodology/approach: Based on Cobb-Douglas production function model, combined theoretical analysis, this paper puts forward Cobb-Douglas production function expansion model, and using the function estimates the optimal tax burden level of China's logistics industry. Findings: The result of empirical analysis on the state-owned companies and the listed companies of transportation and storage industry show that, the actual tax burden of China's logistics industry is higher than the optimal taxation. This implies that tax problem has restricted the normal operation of the logistics industry in China. Research limitations/implications: Affected by lack of Chinese logistics industry statistics, we only estimate the optimal taxation of state-owned logistics enterprises and listed companies of logistics. But, the two samples are the main force of the logistics industry in China, and the optimal tax calculation result is close, so we can believe that the calculation results are representative. Originality/value: At present, the study of the tax burden on China's logistics industry is almost blank. This research estimates the optimal tax burden level of China's logistics industry, and puts forward recommendations to improve the tax policy of the logistics industry.

Tax Evasion in Bosnia and Hercegovina and Business Environment

Global economic crisis and its consequences especially on the countries in transition has contributed to the trend of decreasing of economic activities, decreasing of employment and increasing the level of tax burden which is especially expresed in conditions of not favorably business environment. Tax evasion has been present in theory for many years, but in our practice until now it has not been significantly consideres and this is one of the research goals to answer what woud happen to total business and economic environment if we decided for radical fight against tax fraud with the goal of increasing public revenues on one side, and relief of economy and increasing of competitiveness both in the domestic and foreign markets, on the other side. Decreasing of tax frauds, before all, would positivly affect on the public sector in long-term perion because it would lead to growth and greater stability of public revenues (grater revenues of VAT as the most important tax form), would create conditions for new investment activity, which affected the growth of companies, and thus the overall growth of the economy.

Determinantes da rentabilidade bancária no Brasil

Banking profitability has been a theme of study in many countries. In Brazil, research on this area has been concentrated in studying banking spread, usually testing economic variables as drivers. The present study has the aim of finding the determinants of bank profitability in Brazil, measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) by testing economic, accounting and operating factors as explanatory variables. Using a sample with the 50 largest banks and considering the data referring to end-of-semester financial statements from December 2000 to December 2009, we test nine research hypotheses. The results, estimated in panel data by the method of GMM show that bank profitability is not entirely contemporaneous since it presents inertial behavior (relationship with its lagged value) and also a statistically positive and relevant relationship with the economy’s basic interest rate, with the level of economic activity, with the level of tax burden, with the institutions’ operating efficiency, and with the relative participation of domestic banks as expected. We also found a negative relationship with changes in the exchange rate, which diverges from the a priori expectations. Additionally, we show that bank profitability holds a relationship with the level of inflation, which is positive or negative depending on the model utilized. However, we could not find relevant relationships between bank profitability and the level of compulsory deposits and cash holdings, neither with the relative participation of state-owned versus privately-owned banking institutions. The results obtained with ROE or ROA as alternative proxies for profitability are virtually equivalent, which gives robustness to the outcomes.Key words: banks, profitability, financial institutions, ROA, ROE.

Research on the Relation of Carbon Tax on Carbon Emission and Economic Development in China

In this paper, a model of energy-environment-economic model based on dynamic CGE model is constructed after the linkage of dynamic CGE model and energy technology model, the choices of policy of energy conservation and carbon reduction to deal with the change of climate are analysed. Besides the improvement of technology of energy, if carbon taxation is employed, the goal to reduce its carbon intensity by 40% by 2020 compared with 2005 need to levy a tax of 60yuan per tonne, the simulations of this tax to carbon reduction, economic and income of residents are analysed under different circumstances, the results shows that there is a great impact on income of residents and reduction-intensive industries with a higher tax burden level.

Research on the Influence of Carbon Tax on Carbon Emission and Economic Development in China

Carbon tax is one of ways to cut the emissions of GHG, which has already been employed by the west. To study the effect of carbon tax on energy conservation and carbon reduction in China, a new model is constructed based on dynamic CGE model and the linkage of dynamic CGE model and energy technology model. Besides the improvement of technology of energy, if carbon taxation is employed, the goal to reduce its carbon intensity by 40% by 2020 compared with 2005 need to levy a tax of 60 yuan at least per tonne, the simulations of this tax to carbon reduction, economic and income of residents are analysed under different circumstances, the results shows that there is a great impact on income of residents and GDP with a higher tax burden level.