Level Of T1 Research Articles

Acerentulus panamensis sp. nov. (Protura, Acerentomidae) from Panama

Acerentulus panamensis sp. nov. from the tropical forest of the Gigante Peninsula of Barro Colorado Nature Monument (9°06’N, 79°54’W – Panama) is described. The new species belongs to the cunhai group being characterized by a short sensillum a not reaching the base of seta γ3 and by sensillum b shorter than c. Acerentulus panamensis sp. nov. is close to A. gerezianus da Cunha, 1952, A. ladeiroi Da Cunha, 1950, A. omoi Imadaté, 1988 and A. catalanus Condé, 1951. It differs from the first species by the absence of seta Pc on sternite VII, by the chaetotaxy of tergites II–V (6/16 in the new species and 8/14 in A. gerezianus), by the longer foretarsal sensillum e and by shorter sensilla f and a’. Finally, in Acerentulus panamensis sp. nov. sensillum a’ is at the same level of t1 closer to the base of tarsus than in A. gerezianus. In A. ladeiroi, the chaetotaxy of tergites II–V is 8/14 (as in A. gerezianus). Moreover, A. ladeiroi is distinguishable from the new species by shorter foretarsal sensilla e and t2, by a longer sensillum f, and by a longer sensillum a’ placed distally to t1. The new species differs from A. omoi by the absence of seta Pc on sternite VII, by the porotaxy of sternites I–III, and by the longer foretarsal sensillum e and shorter sensillum b. Acerentulus panamensis sp. nov. differs from A. catalanus by the chaetotaxy of tergites II–V, by the shorter sensilla a, b and f, and by the number of teeth of comb VIII (11–12 vs 7–8). https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:19B1F711-95B9-47DA-8157-98327ADEF104

Influence of Maternal Contact on Hormonal, Growth, and Behavioral Responses of Murrah Buffalo Calves in Winter

Aims: The study was conducted to reveal the effect of calf-mother contact and ameliorative measures on cortisol, growth rate and behaviour of Murrah Buffalo calves during the winter season.
 Place and Duration of Study: Livestock Research Centre (LRC) of ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, India and between November 2021 to February 2022.
 Methodology: A total of 21 advanced-pregnant Murrah buffaloes were carefully chosen and the buffalo-calf pairs were divided into three treatment groups, each consisting of 7 pairs. In the first group (T0), the Murrah buffalo mothers were permitted to nurse their calves with colostrum and later milk twice a day. In the second group (T1), the buffalo mothers had direct contact with their calves during the first five days, allowing free-choice colostrum suckling. Afterward, they were housed near their calves, separated by a fence line. These buffalo mothers were allowed to nurse their calves twice a day, following a similar routine as the T0 group. In the third group (T2), all conditions were similar to those of the T1 group, a notable distinction was that the calves in the T2 group were provided with halogen lights in the shed.
 Results: Minimum temperature in T2 shed was significantly (p <0.05) higher than that in T0 and T1 shed. The mean cortisol level of T1 (6.64±0.71 ng/mL) and T2 (6.21±0.67 ng/mL) was significantly lower (P<0.05) as compared to T0 (7.88±0.70 ng/mL) group of calves. The findings indicated that within the experimental calf groups, both T2 and T1 exhibited higher (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared to the T0 group basis every week. Moreover, calves in T2 and T1 spent significantly (P<0.05) more time resting, eating, and engaging in rumination compared to the calves in the T0 group.
 Conclusion: The findings show that offering fenceline mother-calf contact can reduces stress and enhances growth, behavior, and welfare of calves more effectively than calves with restricted contact during winter season.

Dual erector spinae plane block for complex traumas of upper and lower limb: an opioid reduction strategy—a case series

BackgroundPatients with polytrauma (fractures of the humerus and the femur) require concurrent operative fixation. Pain originating from multiple operative sites leads to increasing doses of opioid-based analgesia, which has detrimental effects in the form of longer hospital stays, higher costs, and increased mortality.Case presentationIn twelve patients with humerus and femur fractures, a cervical erector spinae plane block (ESPB) at the level of T1 and a lumbar ESPB at the level of L2 were administered with a catheter and continuous infusion technique for postoperative analgesia. None of these patients required opioids in the postoperative period. The catheters were removed after 48 h.ConclusionsA dual ESPB can be used successfully in patients with multiple injuries by appropriately selecting the level of intervention, and opioid-sparing analgesia can be effectively delivered to these patients.

Impact of mixing coriander oil with goat feed on the chemical, microbiological and sensory characterizations of bio rayeb milk

This research aimed to investigate the properties of bio rayeb milk that results from goats fed on feed supplemented with different concentrations of coriander oil. The study design included a control treatment (C) and two coriander oil concentrations, a low level of (0.95%) T1 and a high level of (1.9%) T2. A probiotic starter culture, Direct Vat Set (DVS) of lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus in the ratio (1:1) was used to prepare bio rayeb. All treatments were stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks and analyzed on day one and at the end of storage. Results showed that the coagulation time during bio rayeb manufacturing remained consistent at almost 6 h for all batches. However, using a high coriander oil level (1.90%) significantly decreased the apparent viscosity and the content of monounsaturated fatty acids. The DPPH inhibition and the content of monounsaturated fatty acids increased. The electrophoresis chromatogram exhibited a high degree of proteolysis in T2 compared to the control and T1. Microbiologically, yeast, molds, and coliforms were absent in all treatments. Feeding goats on provender supplemented with a low concentration of coriander oil may positively impact the resultant milk's technological and sensorial properties.

Metallic Foreign Body in the Neck – a Rare Incidence

Penetrating injuries of the neck comprise upto 10% of all cases of trauma.We report the case of a 19 years old female who was admitted in Neurosurgery department of Lahore General Hospital with complaints of upper and mid back pain for 3 weeks, numbness of legs, abdomen and chest for 2 weeks and weakness of legs for 10 days. There was no preceeding history of trauma, major surgery or systemic illness. Her neurological examination suggested upper motor neuron signs in both lower limbs. She underwent a series of extensive investigations to rule out the differential diagnosis of myelitis, arteriovenous malformation and caries spine. In parallel to ongoing investigations, she received symptomatic treatment and empirical antituberculous therapy. Her MRI report showed a photon deficient area at the level of T1, which was also seen in chest Xray but was overlooked as artefact. Later on it was found to be a stray bullet which was causing the symptoms.

S2899 A Rare Case of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Posterior Mediastinum Diagnosed With Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, accounting for 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths in 2020.1 10-15% of all lung cancers are small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive form that grows more rapidly and metastasizes more easily than NSCLC. Thus, in patients with suspected lung cancer, a tissue diagnosis is crucial. Here, we present a unique case of a man with a posterior mediastinal mass for whom obtaining a tissue diagnosis presented a diagnostic challenge. Case Description/Methods: A 49 y/o M, with a 30 pack-year smoking history, presented with worsening left-sided chest pain and a 10-pound unintentional weight loss over 2 months. Vital signs and physical exam were unremarkable. Labs demonstrated a mild anemia (Hb 11-12, MCV 82) and elevated inflammatory markers (ESR 54, CRP 70.9). CT scan demonstrated a 12.0x10.7x8.4 cm hypodense soft tissue density mass in the left posterior mediastinum, extending from the level of T1 to T7 vertebral bodies. The mass displaced the trachea, esophagus, and adjacent vessels. Several enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes were seen, the largest measuring up to 1.5 cm. However, there was no lymphadenopathy seen elsewhere and no convincing evidence of metastatic disease in the abdomen or pelvis. CT surgery recommended a CT-guided biopsy with IR vs. endoscopic bronchial US-guided biopsy. IR was unable to find a safe access point to go in for the biopsy as there was no window, as the lung was seen overlying the mass. The patient was discharged, and he returned the next week for outpatient EUS-FNB, which demonstrated a 72x39 mm mediastinal mass (Fig 1A). EUS-FNB was performed and EUS-guided transesophageal biopsies were performed. He was also found to have erosive gastritis, healing superficial sub-cm gastric ulcers, and multiple healing superficial duodenal ulcers. Pathology results demonstrated SCLC (Fig 1B-E) and H. pylori. He was treated with standard quadruple therapy, referred to his PCP to confirm eradication in 6 weeks, and referred to Oncology. For stage III-b SCLC treatment, he completed external beam RT and chemotherapy. Repeat PETCT demonstrated a decrease in the residual mass to 5.5x3.5x5.8 cm. Discussion: For patients presenting with a posterior mediastinal mass, for whom IR may not be able to perform a biopsy, obtaining a tissue diagnosis may be a diagnostic challenge. EUS-FNB provides a useful tool to assess the mediastinum and can provide timely diagnosis and staging of patients with rare forms of lung cancer.Figure 1.: A) A posterior mediastinal mass vs. esophageal mass measuring 72.1 mm by 39.2 mm was identified status-post EUS with FNB x 6. This mass appeared to arise from the muscularis propria of the esophagus; however, an extrinsic mediastinal mass could not be definitively ruled out due to the severe compressive effects of the mass on the esophagus. Mediastinal mass, needle biopsy: -Minute fragments of malignant neoplasm with necrosis. -Tumor cells are positive for AE1/3, CAM5.2, Chromogranin, Synaptophysin, CD56 and negative for p40, CD3, CD20, and CD45. Ki-67 demonstrats about 60% positivity. Combined with morphological features, this immunoprofile supports the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma. B) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. C) CAM5.2. D) CD56. E) Chromogranin.

Influence of negative pressure on changes in blood supply in donor zones of perforant flaps formation

Our study is based on the establishment of normative indicators of the effect of negative pressure on the skin of the thigh. To do this, a group of healthy volunteers was examined – 35 people: 17 women and 18 men aged 19 to 58. The study was conducted on the clinical basis of the burn centre in 2020-2021. The local vacuum was created using a negative pressure device “AGAT-Dnepr” by applying a silver-containing polyurethane sponge directly on the front surface of the thigh. The pressure (P) – 110-160 mmHg has been applied for 30 minutes. Tissue perfusion was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry and thermal imaging research. Measurements were performed before vacuum, immediately after the end of the application of negative pressure, for three days at the same time at a constant temperature. According to the results of the cluster analysis, based on the effect of negative pressure on the thigh skin, patients with three types of reactions were identified – low, medium and high perfusion changes. The perfusion level of tissue volume per unit time increased the most rapidly: in the group of high perfusion by 45.56 (95% CI 42.09-51.96) PU; in the group of average perfusion – by 22.49 (95% CI 19.93-28.99) PU; in the low perfusion group – by 22.43 (95% CI 15.90-25.13) PU. The number of erythrocytes per unit tissue changed at a medium rate: in the high perfusion group by 57.77 (95% CI 53.05-62.48) AU; in the group of average perfusion – by 55.86 (95% CI 49.62-65.06) PU; in the low perfusion group – by 34.85 (95% CI 13.19-53.55) PU. Among those surveyed, 12 people were included in the low perfusion group (34.29%), 16 people in the medium perfusion group (45.71%) and 7 people in the high perfusion group (20.0%). Before VAC-action the ascending level of thigh skin temperature T1 ranged from 28.60 to 32.90°C and averaged 31.46 (95% CI 30.97-31.95)°C. Immediately, after the offset of the negative pressure the area of the fields of local skin temperature rise increased, the average temperature level ranged from 30.60 to 35.0°C and the average T2 was 33.59 (95% CI 33.16-34.01)°C. The temperature rise occurred on average by 2.13 (95% 1.72-2.54)°C, which corresponded to an increase of 6.77% with significant (p<0.001) statistical differences. Only 1 examined had a slight decrease in the tem­perature of the thigh skin from 31.9 to 31.6°C, in the rest of the examined the rise was by 6.4°С maximally, from 28.6 to 35.0°С, there was a temperature rise by 2°С or more degrees among 9 people (25.71%). After 24 hours there was a rise in local body temperature among all examined (100%), after 48 hours – among 25 (71.43%), and after 72 hours – among 21 examined (60.0%). When choosing a donor site of the perforant flaps, we recommend relying on areas which will belong to the group of indicators with high perfusion. According to the analysis, the group of high perfusion will include patients with an initial average level of perfusion in the donor areas per unit time of 15.84 (14.47-17.21) PU, the number of erythrocytes per unit tissue – 58.73 (53.44-64.02) AU and skin temperature – 29.23 (28.65-29.80)°С; to the average according to F rates – 14.36 (13.0-15.73) PU, C rates – 45.37 (39.74-51.0) AU, T rates – 28.17 (27.74-28.60)°С; to the group of low perfusion, respectively, according to F rates – 12.38 (10.74-14.0) PU, C rates – 43.89 (40.18-47.61) AU, T rates – 29.79 (29.17-30.40)°С. In general, the effect of negative pressure contributes to increased perfusion and local microcirculation in tissues, as evidenced by dynamic infrared thermography: increased “hot” skin fields, increased temperature with a temperature gra­dient ∆T2.1=2.13 (95% 1.72-2.54)°C and for indicators of laser Doppler flowmetry – increase in perfusion by 2.42 times (p<0.001).

Computed Tomographic Measurement of Thoracic Pedicle in Filipino Patients

Knowledge of the morphometric measurements of Filipino thoracic spine pedicles would help the surgeons in determining the proper size and increase accuracy of pedicle screws placement during surgery to avoid complications. This study aims to measure the outer diameter, chord length and transverse angulation of the thoracic spine pedicles (T1-T12). A retrospective analysis of patients ages 18-85 years who underwent CT scan of the thoracic spine from January to December 2019. A total of 65 patients were included in the study. Pedicle morphology was measured with the following: transverse outer pedicle diameter, pedicle chord length, and transverse pedicle angle. TOPD was narrowest at the level of T4 (4.2 ± 1.0mm) followed by T5 (4.6 ± 1.0mm) and the largest TOPD at the level of T12 (8.7 ± 2.1mm). The largest PCL was at the level T12 (47.7 ± 4.6mm) and the shortest was at T2 (35.6 ± 3.7mm). The mean TPA largest at the level of T1 (35.8 ± 6.1mm) and progressively decreasing and slight increase at the level of T12 (6.3 ± 3.5mm). Men have larger pedicles as compared with women. It is recommended to use 4.5mm pedicle screw however it should be used with extra caution especially at mid thoracic level and among female patients.

Silent Information Regulator T1 in Aqueous Humor of Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the aqueous humor level of Silent Information Regulator T1 (SIRT1) between patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and cataract patients. Materials and Methods: Aqueous humor level of SIRT1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 13 patients with wet-type AMD (n=13, AMD group) and 13 patients with cataracts (cataract group). In addition, the thickness of each retinal layer was determined by optical coherence tomography. Results: The aqueous humor level of SIRT1 was significantly lower in the AMD group than in the cataract group (p=0.007). In the AMD group, the SIRT1 level was positively correlated with the thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer (r=0.31) and the inner nuclear layer (r=0.76). Conclusion: The aqueous level of SIRT1 decreased as the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer became thinner, suggesting that reduction of SIRT1 activity might be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.

S2096 Development of Achalasia in Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (CIPO)

Introduction: Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the esophagus is a rare malignancy and represents approximately 0.4-2% of all esophageal cancer. Histologically, two types of NEC of the esophagus have been described: small cell NEC and large cell NEC. Small cell NEC is the more common type, comprising almost 95% of all NEC of the esophagus. Case Description/Methods: We present a 52-year-old Hispanic male with 30 pack year smoking history and chronic alcohol abuse presented with sore throat and worsening dysphagia to both liquids and solids for 3 weeks. Physical examination revealed anterior cervical swelling which was tender to palpation. The oropharynx looked moist with mild tonsillar erythema. Complete blood chemistry showed mild leucocytosis. COVID-19 PCR and streptococcal Ag test came back negative. The computer tomography (CT) of the neck with contrast revealed an esophageal mass at the level of T1- T2 with paratracheal extension associated with enlarged paratracheal lymph nodes. The endoscopic evaluation revealed a large bloody, exophytic, friable, and necrotic mass in the oropharynx which was partially obstructing the airway. A large, circumferential, ulcerating and partially obstructing mass was found in the proximal esophagus. Immunohistochemistry was positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin and negative for CK5/6 and p63. KI-67 was greater than 90%. The biopsies were consistent with a neuroendocrine malignancy. The decision was made to start him on cisplatin, etoposide with the addition of Durvalumab and radiation therapy. Discussion: Neuroendocrine tumors of the esophagus have an aggressive nature, with no current standard treatment guidelines. From the limited literature available, The treatment strategy is dictated by the extent of disease with surgery being the preference in limited disease and a combination of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy for the extended disease. The most commonly used chemotherapy is cisplatin with etoposide and the addition of immunotherapy, durvalumab. An alternative chemotherapy regimen that may be used if patients exhibit intolerance to cisplatin includes carboplatin with etoposide and the addition of durvalumab. In our case, we used cisplatin, Etoposide, Durvalumab and radiotherapy which is protocol for small cell carcinoma of lung.Although many recent advances were made in NEC management, there are no definitive guidelines. As of now, despite all aggressive measures, NEC of the esophagus has a poor overall prognosis.

A cadaveric study of thoracic paravertebral spaces from the point of view of paravertebral block

Background: Paravertebral block (PVB) is a regional anesthetic technique, in which a local anesthetic is injected into the thoracic PVS, resulting in ipsilateral somatic and sympathetic nerve blockade. Objectives: The present study aimed at observing the extent of thoracic paravertebral space (TPVS) at the levels of T1–2, T6–7, and T11–12 by measuring the horizontal and vertical spread of the dye in the Indian population. Materials and Methods: Methylene blue dye was injected into the TPVS at the levels of T1–2, T6–7, and T11–12 and its spread observed. Results: A total of 25 cadavers were studied. The extent of horizontal the spread was average of 83.0 mm at the level of T1–2, 103.0 mm at the level of T6–7, and 88.2 mm at the T11–12 level. The average vertical spread in the intercostal space at the level of T1–2 was found to 48.1 mm, at the level of T6–7 was found to be 44.6 mm, and at the level of T11–12 was found to be 55.04 mm. The maximum vertical spread of dye was over three intercostal spaces. Sixty-four percent of the cadavers studied showed a spread of dye from TPVS to lumbar paravertebral space. In 20% of the cadavers, a contralateral spread of injected dye was observed. The average depth of the needle to reach the TPVS was observed to be 36.8, 35.7, and 36.1 mm for T1–2, T6–7, and T11–12, respectively. Conclusions: A paravertebral block (PVB) has immense potential in regional anesthetic techniques involving thoracic and lumbar dermatomes. The present study will be helpful for surgeons and anesthesiologists to reduce uncertainties of the spread of anesthetic agents in thoracic PVB and its complications.

Triplet Acceptors with a D‐A Structure and Twisted Conformation for Efficient Organic Solar Cells

AbstractTriplet acceptors have been developed to construct high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) as the long lifetime and diffusion range of triplet excitons may dissociate into free charges instead of net recombination when the energy levels of the lowest triplet state (T1) are close to those of charge‐transfer states (3CT). The current triplet acceptors were designed by introducing heavy atoms to enhance the intersystem crossing, limiting their applications. Herein, two twisted acceptors without heavy atoms, analogues of Y6, constructed with large π‐conjugated core and D‐A structure, were confirmed to be triplet materials, leading to high‐performance OSCs. The mechanism of triplet excitons were investigated to show that the twisted and D‐A structures result in large spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and small energy gap between the singlet and triplet states, and thus efficient intersystem crossing. Moreover, the energy level of T1 is close to 3CT, facilitating the split of triplet exciton to free charges.

Triplet Acceptors with a D-A Structure and Twisted Conformation for Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

Triplet acceptors have been developed to construct high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) as the long lifetime and diffusion range of triplet excitons may dissociate into free charges instead of net recombination when the energy levels of the lowest triplet state (T1) are close to those of charge‐transfer states (3CT). The current triplet acceptors were designed by introducing heavy atoms to enhance the intersystem crossing, limiting their applications. Herein, two twisted acceptors without heavy atoms, analogues of Y6, constructed with large π‐conjugated core and D‐A structure, were confirmed to be triplet materials, leading to high‐performance OSCs. The mechanism of triplet excitons were investigated to show that the twisted and D‐A structures result in large spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and small energy gap between the singlet and triplet states, and thus efficient intersystem crossing. Moreover, the energy level of T1 is close to 3CT, facilitating the split of triplet exciton to free charges.

Analisis Proksimat Abon Bonggol Pisang Dengan Fortifikasi Tepung Tempe Dan Lesitin

The aim of this research was to evaluate a proximate test (protein, fat, water content and carbohydrate) shredded banana corm with tempeh flour and lechitin fortification. This research is an experimental study using a completely randomized design factorial pattern. The first treatment was: Tempe soybean flour (T) with a level of T1 (5%), T2 (10%) and T3 (15%). The second treatment was lecithin (L) with levels of L1 (3%), L2 (5%) and L3 (7%) so that 9 treatment combinations were obtained. The collected data were analyzed with a 2-way classification variance test (analysis of variance). If there is a difference between treatments followed by LSD test. Proximate test results on the protein content of shredded banana corm showed that the addition of tempeh flour (T) had a very significant effect on protein content (P <0.01), while the addition of lecithin (L) was not significant (P> 0.05) both tempeh flour and lechitin did not significant on fat content and water content (P> 0.05). Tempeh flour (T) has a very significant effect on carbohydrate content (P <0.01), while the addition of lecithin (L) is not significant (P> 0.05).
 
 Keywords: banana corn, shredded, tempeh flour, lecithin, proximate test

Effects of Replacing Inorganic with Respective Complexed Glycinate Minerals on Apparent Mineral Bioavailability and Deposition Rate in Tissues of Broiler Breeders.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITMs) with respective low-dose complexed glycinate minerals (CGMs) on their bioavailability and retention during peak laying period of broiler breeders. In this experiment, 648 ZhenNing broiler breeders (23weeks old) were randomly allocated to four treatments with six replicates (27 birds/replicate) and fed for 14weeks including 2weeks adaptation period. The treatments were T1-ITM, commercially recommended levels of ITMs (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn sulphates); T2-MIX, half of the minerals were supplemented with ITMs and half with CGMs; T3-L-CGMs, minerals were supplemented with CGMs (50% level of T1); and T4-M-CGMs, minerals were supplemented with CGMs (70% level of T1). The results showed that birds fed on ITM had lower bioavailability of Fe, Mn, and Zn (P < 0.05) than those fed on L-CGMs, but the highest (P < 0.01) bioavailability of Cu was found in those fed on MIX. Mineral retention (in serum, muscle, bone, and tissues) was not affected by reducing supplementation levels of trace minerals up to 50% of ITMs, but Zn (in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and albumen) and Fe (in serum and the yolk) retention was negatively affected (P < 0.05). In conclusion, replacing dietary ITMs with low-dose complexed glycinate minerals increases the apparent bioavailability of Fe, Mn, and Zn without compromising the mineral retention rates in most of the tissues tested.

The Effect of Low pH Level on Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Reproductive Performance

Danio rerio or commonly known as zebrafish are a very popular fish among scientists and also a well-known vertebrate model species widely used in research. Zebrafish, are also a popular species among aquarists and have been put in aquariums all around the world as ornamental fish. The acid rain phenomenon has lowered the pH level of the wild habitat of zebrafish by shifting it to a more acidic pH level. This study was carried out to observe the effect of low pH level on the reproductive performance of zebrafish. The zebrafish were quarantined for a week to make sure they were healthy to be used in the experiment. The zebrafish were reared continuously for 14 days in three different pH treatments T1 (pH 2-4), T2 (pH 4-6), T3 (pH 6-8)). T3 (pH 6-8) was used as the control treatment. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used to control the pH level of treatments T1 (pH 2-4), T2 (pH 4-6), T3 (pH 6-8) with three replicates of each treatment. The male chasing female frequency was significant (p: 0.0001) and the data showed the highest frequency (2568.000±140.6272) at treatment 3 (pH 6-8). For the spawning frequency of zebrafish, treatment 3 (pH 6-8) showed the highest value (4.000±0.5774) followed by treatment 2 and treatment 1 and the data was significant (p: 0.0004). The fertilisation rate of the zebrafish was significant (p: 0.0001) and the highest was shown at T2 (pH 4-6) with 89.8018±0.3782, followed by T3 and treatment T1. For the hatching rate of the zebrafish, the data collected were significant (p: 0.0002) and the highest value of 2.9350±0.4070 was shown at T3 (pH 6-8), followed by T2 (pH 4-6) and T1 (pH 2-4). The overall result showed that pH 2-4 had the worst effect on the reproductive performance of zebrafish. Therefore, low pH has a significant effect on reducing the reproductive performance of zebrafish. The local fish population can be affected by the decrease of pH level due to acid rains and chemical waste pollution.

Evaluation of the effect of Boyle-Davis mouth gag on intracranial pressure in patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy by using ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter measurement

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the effect of an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to sympatho-adrenergic response caused by mouth gag and tongue depressor during adenotonsillectomy by measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) by ultrasonographic method. MethodsForty patients (age range 3–12 years) who underwent adenotonsillectomy were included in the study. All patients underwent surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Boyle-Davis mouth gag was used during the procedure. ONSD measurement was performed and a high-frequency linear probe. All ONSD measurements were performed by a single investigator experienced in the use of ultrasound. Ultrasonographically measured ONSD before induction was accepted as baseline (T0) value. Immediately after insertion of the mouth gag (T1), just before removal of the mouth gag (T2), and just before extubation (T3), ultrasonographic measurements of ONSD were recorded. ResultsWhen patients' baseline ONSD values were compared with the values obtained in T1, T2, T3, and a statistically significant increase was detected. The ONSD value measured before removing the mouth gag (T2) was significantly higher than the ONSD value measured immediately after the insertion of the mouth gag (T1). The ONSD value measured just before extubation (T3) and after removal of the mouth gag was significantly lower than the ONSD value (T2) measured just before removal of the mouth gag. When heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) values of T0, T1, T2, T3 were compared, any statistically significant difference was not observed. When end-tidal carbon dioxide level (etCO2) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) values of T1, T2, T3 were compared, any statistically significant difference was not observed. ConclusionThis study showed that the Boyle-Davis mouth gag used during the adenotonsillectomy operation resulted in a significant increase in the diameter of the optic nerve sheath measured ultrasonographically and increased the ONSD even further during the time the mouth gag was remained in situ. In children with intracranial pathologies who will undergo adenotonsillectomy or those with increased ICP-related risk factors, the risks that may arise from the effect of the Boyle-Davis mouth gag on ICP should be considered.

Effects of reinfusion of the remaining blood filtered by leukocyte depletion filter on postoperative cellar immune function after cardiopulmonary bypass

To evaluate effects of reinfusion of the remaining blood filtered by leukocyte depletion filter on postoperative cellular immune function after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Forty patients who underwent selective cardiac valve replacement surgery with CPB in department of anesthesiology of Haikou Municipal Hospital from January to June in 2018 were enrolled. All the patients were divided into the control group and experimental group according to the random number table method, with 20 patients in each group. In the experimental group, patients received residual pump blood transfusion which had been filtered by leukocyte depletion filter and stored in sterile blood collection bags. In the control group, patients received residual pump blood transfusion which was stored in sterile blood collection bags without being filtered. The remaining blood was reinfused after CPB in two groups. Blood samples were taken before CPB (T1), 2 hours following CPB (T2), and 1, 3, 5 days after reinfusion of the remaining blood (T3, T4, T5), the levels of T lymphocyte subsets CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer cells (NK cells) were detected by flow cytometer, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio was calculated. The levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent essay (ELISA). The duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, the length of hospital stay, and incidence of wound and pulmonary infection after surgery were compared between two groups. Among 40 patients, there were 22 males and 18 females; with an age of (47.88±12.29) years old; and with 25 cases of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II, and 15 cases of ASA III. There was no statistical difference in the volume of the remaining blood between the two groups (mL: 959.00±116.84 vs. 971.50±115.68, P > 0.05). Compared with T1, the levels of T lymphocyte subsets CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells and plasma levels of IL-2 were significantly decreased from T2, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly decreased from T3 in two groups, but there was no statistical difference in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio or plasma level of IL-2 at each time between the two groups. Compared with T1, the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased at T2 in two groups and then decreased gradually. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 from T3 in experimental group were lower than those in control group [TNF-α (ng/L): 28.49±4.66 vs. 33.82±4.30, IL-6 (ng/L): 25.98±4.51 vs. 31.38±5.42, IL-8 (ng/L): 38.98±4.67 vs. 45.76±5.33, all P < 0.05], they restored to the level of T1 at T5. In addition, compared with control group, the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of ICU stay in experimental group were significantly decreased (hours: 8.07±1.30 vs. 9.16±1.52, 28.22±2.78 vs. 31.25±3.18, both P < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference in the length of hospital stay (days: 20.65±2.76 vs. 22.45±3.22), incidence of wound and pulmonary infection (25.0% vs. 15.0%, 5.0% vs. 15.0%) between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Reinfusion of the remaining blood filtered by leukocyte depletion filtercan inhibit inflammatory responses and don't affect the function of cellular immunity, and don't increase the incidence of infection.

Nicotine-free, nontransgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum l.) edited by CRISPR-Cas9.

Nicotine-free, nontransgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum l.) edited by CRISPR-Cas9.

Antibacterial activity test combination of Indigofera zollingeriana and turmeric (Curcuma domestica val.) as alternative Feed Additive for poultry

Indigofera zollingeriana and turmeric are potentially antibacterial plants. Tannin and phenol in Indigofera zollingeriana and turmeric are able to block the formation of bacterial cells and lyse cell membranes. The purpose of this research was to examine the antibacterial effectiveness contained in Indigofera zollingeriana and turmeric flour against Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus sp. The research consisted of 5 treatments and 4 replications with T0 treatment: Tetracycline (Control), T1: Indigofera zollingeriana 5% T2: Indigofera zollingeriana 10%, T3: Indigofera zollingeriana 15%, T4: Indigofera zollingeriana 20% and addition of turmeric powder as much as 2.5% at the level of T1, T2, T3 and T4. The research designed according to the Completely Randomized Design and Duncan test was performed to defining the difference among treatments. The results showed that the inhibition zone around the wells of Escherichia coli bacteria was T0: 33.03, T1: 11.02, T2: 11.42, T3: 11.72, T4: 11.32; Salmonella sp. T0: 24.12, T1: 10.68, T2: 12.33, T3: 14.12, T4: 13.65 and Lactobacillus sp. T0: 33.61, T1: 25.67, T2: 25.93, T3: 26.65, T4: 27.16 mm, respectively. It was concluded that the inhibition zone was influenced by several factors such as the concentration of samples used and the properties of bacteria. The combination of Indigofera zollingeriana and turmeric can be used as an alternative feed additive for poultry.